UNIT-5
Lecturer: Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
Department of Physics
14-11-2024
GITAM Deemed to be University 1
Properties of laser beams: mono-chromaticity, coherence, directionality and
brightness
Absorption
Population Inversion
Spontaneous and Stimulated emission
Different types of Lasers- Ruby and CO 2 and Neodymium YAG (Neodymium-doped
Yttrium Aluminium Garnet)
Laser speckles
Applications of lasers.
Fiber optics principle
Types of optical fibers and applications
Numerical Aperture
Recommended Books:
1. Unified Physics: Vol-2, Dr. S.L Gupta and Sanjeev Gupta
2. A Textbook of Optics (S CHAND Publication), Dr. N.
Subrahmanyam Brij lal and Dr. M.N. Avadhanulu
14-11-2024 Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
14-11-2024 Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
14-11-2024 Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
14-11-2024 Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
14-11-2024 Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
14-11-2024 Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
14-11-2024 Dr. Manoranjan Mandal
FIBER OPTICS
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Why Fiber Optics ?
Optical fibers found applications in
• toys to nuclear reactors
• submarines to jet engines
Telecommunications: Transmittingeceiving
and
r purposes, high bandwidth
Networking: Increasing the speed and
uracy of
acc transmission.
data
Medical: Nonsurgical
viewing of the
internal human body for
diagnosis-endoscopes.
Defense: As wiring in aircraft and submarines
Industry: As wiring in automobiles, sensory
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devices to make temperature, pressure and other
measurements.
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Fiber Structure
• 1.- Core 8-10 µm
2.- Cladding 125 µm
3.- Buffer 250 µm
4.- Jacket 400 µm
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Advantages of optical fiber
• Greater bandwidth than copper
• Low loss
• Immunity to
electromagnetic
interference
• No electrical hazard and
enhanced safety
• Increased signal security
• Small size and light weight
• Suitable for extreme harsh environment
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0
Classification of optical fibers
• Based on modes of propagation:
• Single mode optical fiber
• Multimode optical fiber
• Based on RI profile:
• Step-index single mode optical fiber
• Step-index multi mode optical fiber
• Graded-index multi mode optical fiber
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Single mode fiber
• Only permits the fundamental mode (one path) of the light
• Smaller diameter of the core (~ 10
• Numerical aperture is also small
• It has higher bandwidth (~1000MHz)
• Used for long distance high speed communications
• Reduced acceptance angle
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Multi mode fiber
• It permits multiple ray paths (more than one modes)
• Larger core diameter (50 – 200
• It has lower bandwidth
• NA is high
• Dispersion degrades signal
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