Session: 2022-2023

General studies project

Topic: ‘Culture of the Seven Sister States and their Brother’

Name: Niharika Kiraula

Class and section: XIIth ‘H’
Roll no.: 07
Date of submission:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In this endeavour, I was constantly helped and guided by the following

people, without whom this project would not have been possible.

Firstly, I would like to thank the Principal Ms. Anita Sharma for giving us
the opportunity to work on this project.

I would also like to thank our Subject teacher Ms. Monica Shukla for her
constant and appreciable effort throughout the project.

Lastly, I would like to thank my family and peers, for extending their
support throughout.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Niharika Kiraula, student of XIIth H of Army Public

School Pune, has satisfactorily completed the general studies project on
the topic ‘Culture of the Seven States and their Brother’ for the
academic session 2022-2023.

I certify that this project is up to my expectations and as per the

guidelines of CBSE.

_______________________ _________________________
Ms. Monica Shukla Ms. Anita Sharma
(Subject teacher) (Principal)

_______________________________
(External examiner’s signature)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.no. Title Pages covered

1. Introduction to north-east India’s culture. 01

2. Arunachal Pradesh and its culture 02-06

3. Assam and its culture 07-11

4. Manipur and its culture 12-16

5. Meghalaya and its culture 17-21

6. Mizoram and its culture 22-26

7. Nagaland and its culture 27-31

8. Tripura and its culture 32-36

9. Sikkim and its culture 37-41

10. Cultural differences, discrimination and 42

present.
(Conclusion)

11. Learning outcome 43

12. Bibliography 44
 T H E TA L E O F T H E S E V E N S I S T E R S A N D S I K K I M

North East India – An Unexplored Slice of

Paradise

Culture plays an important role in the development of any

nation. It represents a set of shared attitudes, values, goals
and practices. Culture and Creativity manifest themselves in
almost all economic, social and other activities. A country as
diverse as India is symbolized by the plurality of its
culture.
The beauty of the North
Eastern States of India
has always been talked
about and has been kept
under the covers of
nature. The states have a
lot to offer, from having
the cleanest village in
Asia to India’s oldest oil
refinery in Assam, and you
know where the fun lies?
mostly all the seven
sisters have international
boundaries. The largest monastery in India also happens to be
in Arunachal Pradesh known as the Tawang Monastery, the
highest average rainfall on Earth happens to be in Mawsynram,
Meghalaya and do you know about the undivided dynasty of
India, which ruled for nearly 600 years!!

WHY IS THE NORTH-EASTERN REGION CALLED THE

SEVEN SISTERS AND SIKKIM THEIR ONLY
B R O T H E R ? The North-Eastern state consists of the seven
sisters. This includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya,
Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura, all the seven states
are hugely dependent on each other and share great
similarities in its biodiversity, religions, politics, economy
and culture. But sadly, Sikkim is not part of the seven
sisters, it is separated by a chicken neck corridor or
Siliguri corridor. A tiny strip of land in the northern region
of Bengal joins the North East with the rest of India. Except
for Assam, which has substantial plains areas, this is a
region of high mountains and dramatic rivers. It is home to
over two hundred tribal groups and subgroups, many of whose
historic rivalries continue today.
This study briefly covers the Arts (Performing and Visual),
Cuisines, Attire, Festivals, Language and Tribes of the North-
eastern states of India.

The land of the ‘dawn-lit mountains’ shares its borders with

the international countries of Bhutan, Myanmar and China and
the Indian states Assam and Nagaland. It means “land of the
rising sun”, originating from ‘Arun’ meaning ‘sun’ and ‘Achal’
meaning ‘to rise’. Itanagar is its capital and it became a
state of India on 20th February 1987, thus becoming the 24th
state of the Indian union.

Tribes: Arunachal Pradesh is home to 26 major tribes and 110

sub tribes. The listed twelve tribes are: Adi (Abor), Aka,
Apatani, Nyishi, Tagin, Galo, Kampti, Mishmi Momba(monpa), any
Naga tribes, Asherdukpen, Singpho.

Language: English is recognised as the official language of

state. In addition, innumerable dialects and sub-dialects
exist, possibly 50 in number. Some prominent ones being Adi,
Miji, Dafla, Hill Miri, Wancho, Tibeto-Burmese, Nagamese and
Hindi.
Cuisine: Apong-alcoholic beverage made of fermented rice;
Bamboo shoots-healthy boiled bamboo shoots with
vegetables;
 Thupka-noodle soup dish prepared with
chicken/vegetables;
Pasa- soup prepared with fresh fish, ginger, garlic,
chillies, meat paste and local herbs.
Lukter-combination of cooked dry meat and chili flakes
from king chilly/bhut jolokia eaten with rice;
Pika pila-pickle of bamboo shoots and pig fat with
spices.

Bardo Cham being performed by Women performing Buiya

Women of Apatani
tribe
Arts:
Thupa/Thupka
Arunachal Pradesh is gifted with traditional Rice beer/Apong
craftsmen
skills that have been passed on from generations to
generations. Local men are skilled in weaving, carpet
making, wood carving, painting, pottery, ornament making,
cane and bamboo work, smithy work, basketry and many others.
The women are expert in making handicrafts and handlooms.
They manufacture products like skirt (Gale), shirt (Galuk),
cotton shawl, side bag, curtain cloth in different patterns,
quality, traditional value, motive and design.
Paintings is yet another important art that Arunachal Pradesh
is proud of. A special type of painting called Tangkha is
prevalent in Buddhist dominated areas of the state like
Tawang, West Kameng, and Upper Siang Districts.
Carpet weaving in Arunachal is mostly seen in the regions same
as that of the painting making. Apart from carpets, wall
hanging, cushion pad, telephone pad, floor covering etc. are
also handmade in the state. Wangcho Bag, which is handmade by
the women folk of Wangcho tribe of Tirap District. The Wangcho
women also make grass necklaces, necklace wristband, waist
band, head gear and earring are also made in the Tirap
district.
Other crafts include making religious images, figures of
dancers, toys, and ornaments like multi-coloured beads, bamboo
bangles and earrings, and papers for religious prayers.

Attire: Arunachal Pradesh is a land of diversity with over 26

tribes and 100 sub-tribes. Some prominent ones:1. Sherdukpen
Tribe: (Men’s Clothing): sleeveless silk material, knee length
with skull cap which has yak’s hair, (Women’s Clothing):
collarless and sleeveless dresses till knee length, waist
cloth along with a fully embroidered jacket having full
sleeves is worn.2. Tangsa Tribe: (Men’s Clothing) green
coloured wrap around spun in white, red as well as yellow
coloured yarn. (Women’s Clothing): wear a petticoat which is
intricately woven linen blouse is worn. 3. Miji: A long cloak
is generally worn by them, accessorized with huge earrings and
beautiful neck pieces. 4. Adi Tribe: Because of the cool
temperature in the region, men, as well as women, are required
to wear jackets and made out of deerskin, bearskin and cane
skin. 5.Tribe of Lower Kamla Valley: rings cover the upper
part of the body as blouse, hair is neatly arranged on the top
of the head into a Dilling. Earrings and silver rings which
are intricately designed with beads of various colours are a
very popular accessory in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Costume ofhandicrafts
Wooden state A Thangka
Solung festival’s tabloid

A folklore being depicted in a theatre

Music: The folksongs bring forth the historic past of the
tribes. These songs are mythological and related to the folk
history like Ja jin ja, Baryi and Nayihoga.
Wind Instruments: Ujuk Tapu: made of bottle gourd. They are
similar to the ‘Been’ used by snake charmers. ‘Jingre Tapu’ is
an instrument made partly of bamboo and partly of goat bone.
‘Pupe Tapu’ are reed flutes made of bamboo. Solid Instruments:
Ponu Yoksi is an instrument that looks like a sword with a
sharp edge. ‘Ame Bali’ is a heavy metal plate which is struck
with a stick to keep the beat. ‘Kiring’ is an instrument
similar to the ‘ghungroo’ with metal beads bound together. The
‘Emul’ is an instrument which is made up of a group of star-
shaped metal pieces. String Instrument: The ‘Pui’ is made of
bottle gourd with bamboo and string. The ‘Guga’ has a string
attached to a small bamboo stick.

Dance and Theatre: Buiya chalo, Wangsho, Pasi kongki, Ponang

pochir, Bardo chham some popular folk dances of Arunachal
Pradesh which also include Aji Lamu, Lion dance and Peacock
dance. Most of dances are performed on the rhythm of the
songs sung in chorus. Cymbals and drums are played in the
background while the songs are sung.
Two-day long International Tribal Film Festival began its
maiden showcase in Dirang. The play, ‘Arunachal – Ek
Safarnama’ was directed by Riken Ngomle, an assistant
professor in New Delhi’s National School of Drama (NSD).
Fests: The people of Arunachal celebrate various occasions
and for various reasons, be it religious, socio-cultural or
agricultural. The tribal people are simple living people and
derive happiness out of small things in life. Since
agriculture is the main occupation, there are various
festivals where people pray and thank God for a good
harvest. Some of the prominent festivals celebrated in
Arunachal Pradesh are Losar, Solung, Boori-Boot, Mopin,
Dree, Nyokum, Reh, Si-Donyi, etc.
Other prominent festivals:
1. Siang River Festival5. Boori boot
2. Pangsau Pass Winter Festival
3. Ziro Festival of Music
4. Dree Festival
 The Losar Festival of Arunachal Pradesh

The main festival of Arunachal Pradesh, Losar Festival marks

the Tibetan New Year.
Termed as the land of “Blue Hills and Red River”, the
gateway to the north eastern states and has been aptly
described as the sentinel of Northeast India. Seven
Indian States and two countries Bhutan and Bangladesh,
surround Assam which is also close to India’s
international borders with China and Myanmar. The name
Assam is derived from the word ‘asama’, meaning “peerless” in
the now extinct Ahom language. Its capital is Dispur, a suburb
of Guwahati. With the partition of India in 1947, Assam became
a constituent state of India.
Tribes: the population of Assam is a broad racial intermixture
of Mongolian, Indo-Burmese, Indo-Iranian and Aryan origin like
Bodo, Karbi, The Mishing, Sonowal Kacharis, Deori, Rabha,
Dimasa and Tai- phake, Koch-Rajbongshi, Moran, Matak, and Tai-
Ahom to name a few.
Language: the official languages are Assamese, Bodo and
Bengali while Sylheti, Nepali and Hindi are commonly spoken.
Various indigenous tribal languages are Santali, Karbi, Deori,
Sadri, Garo, Gorkha etc.
Cuisines: Paror Mangxo: pigeon meat curry, Masor tenga: tangy
fish with citrus fruits., Doi chira: beaten rice with curd and
jaggery, Silkworm: larvae is stir fried with spices, this is essentially a tribal
dish, Pitha: sweet and savoury depending on its ingredients, Aloo pitika: mashed
boiled potato with a touch of Assamese style, Tea:
(Saah in Assamese) is an indispensable part of Assamese
cuisine, Xaj Pani: fermented rice drink same as Apong in
Arunachal Pradesh.

Sattriy Bihu

Mishing
tribe
Assamese
tea

Masor
Arts: Assam has a rich tradition of crafts like Cane and
bamboo craft, bell metal and brass craft, silk and
cotton weaving, toy
and mask making, pottery and terracotta work, wood
craft, jewellery making, and musical instruments making.
Assam is the home of several types of silks, the most
prestigious are: Muga – the natural golden silk, Pat – a
creamy-bright-silver coloured silk and Eri – a variety used
for manufacturing warm clothes for winter
The Jappi, the traditional sunshade continues to be the most
prestigious of bamboo items of the state.
Gold, silver and copper form a part of traditional metal
craft in Assam.
The various articles in a satra and naam-ghar (place of
worship) are stiff cut on wood, depicting the guru asana
(pedestal of the lords), apart from various kinds of birds
and animals figuring in mythology.
With tribal art and folk elements form the base of Assamese
culture, masks have found an important place in the cultural
activities of the people. Dark blue, dark green and white
were the preferred enamelling, but red and yellow were used
occasionally.
Necklaces carry names like Jonbiri, Dholbiri and Dugdugi
while Lokaparo and Thuria are popular ear-rings. The rings
have names like Patia, Angathi and Babari while a variety of
bracelets include Gam Kharu, Baju and Kangkan.
Ahom palaces and satras and naam-ghar etc. are still abound
in brightly-coloured paintings depicting various stories and
events from history and mythology.
Manuscript paintings of assam are historical and contemporary
perspectives of the Assamese school of thought on our
culture.

Attire: Dhoti is a piece of clothing which covers the lower

body and Gamosa is usually white in colour with red
embroidered on both ends. It is used to felicitate people to
show respect and gratitude in the state.

The Mekhela Chador is the primary traditional attire of Assam

for women. This is a two-piece cloth similarly worn as a
saree. The upper piece is called Chador and the lower piece is
the Mekhela.
The Dimasa Tribe: Sgaopha or a Phagri
The Bodo Tribe: Gamosa and 'Khorom.' Dokhna and Agor.
the Mishing: Gonru Ugon and Mibu Galuk.
Other tribal communities: belts worn are commonly called the
Labok and are tied around the abdomen. This is a traditional
dress worn by men and young boys of Assam. It is a waistcloth
just like a belt. The Tongali has a special significance in
the Bihu dance.
The indigenous people of Assam apart from farmers and
fishermen use this as their loincloth. This belt type strap
holds the shirt or the dhoti.

Wooden Mekhela
handicrafts saree

Parijaat Haran being

performed
 Bihu
instruments
Music: The indigenous music of Assam includes following that
are all structured and sung to the Pentatonic scale,
indicating a strong influence of Chinese music on Assamese
culture.
Bihu Geet: The festival of Bihu is the heart and soul
of Assamese culture and Bihugeet are the songs sung during
this festival. These songs are performed by youth, which is
characterized by, flinging and flipping of hands, brisk
stepping and swaying of hips;
Tokari Geet: On Indian mythological stories as well as the
social life of people; Aainaam is a devotional folk music of
the state, which is sung by the women.
Bianaam is another popular form of folk music of Assam, These
are basically marriage songs,
Gogona is a type of Jew’s harp, a reed instrument that is used
for traditional music especially for Bihu,
Khol - terracotta two-sided drum for Vaishnava music,
Tokari -single string instrument played with fingers. It is
mainly used for Tokari Geet.
Dance and theatre: Assamese dances include Bihu, Sattriya,
Bagurumba, Ali Ai Ligang, Bharpeta Bhortal nritya and many
more.
In theatre groups, they precede the main play with a
short Nritya Natika or dance drama which is mostly dance
based. Here dialogues are recited from background and the
artists are supposed to mime it accordingly. This is Ankia
Bhaona, a theatre form that blends classical and folk idioms,
presents a unique dimension of Assamese culture
Festivals: Bihu is the most important festival of the Assamese
community. Being the state festival of Assam, Bihu is
celebrated thrice in a year. There are three types of Bihu--
Bhogali bihu, Rongali bihu and Kongali bihu. Rongali or Bohag
Bihu is celebrated with much festivity and joy during the
month of April. Bihu dance is associated with the Rongali
Bihu. The Bihu dance is a graceful and beautiful form of folk
dance of Assam. Programmes are held of the Bihu dance and
other dances of Assam during the Rongali Bihu. Bihu dance
competitions are also held in Bihutolis across the state.
Other festivities include: Brahmaputra beach festival,
Ambubachi mela, Durga pooja, Biswakarma pooja, Rajini Gabra
and Harni Gabra Festival.
Raas Rongker & Chomangkan Festivals:
These festivals are celebrated by the Karbi people for good
health and prosperity for the whole New Year.

Manipur is strategically located in the North-eastern corner

of India bordering Myanmar. Nestled in the foothills of the
Eastern Himalayas, the state is considered the Gateway to
South East Asia offering immense possibilities for growth of
tourism and regional business. The serene beauty of the state
leaves every traveller spellbound that Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru
once described the state as the ‘Land of jewels’. Imphal is
the capital of this state which was founded on 21 January
1972.
Tribes: In Manipur, there are 33 recognized tribes that
either belongs to the Nagas or the Kukis, two separate
conglomerates of Manipur tribals. Some examples:
Aimol, Anal, Chiru, Chothe, Gangte, Inpui, Hmar, Kharam,
Khoibu, Koirao, Kom, Lamkang, Liangmai, Mao, Maram, Maring,
Mate, Monsang, Moyon, Paite, Poumai, Purum, Ralte, Rongmei
(Kabui), Simte, Suhte, Tangkhul, Tarao, Thadou, Thangal,
Vaiphei, Zeme and Zou.
Language: Meiti/ Manipuri and English are the official
languages. Mostly sino-tibetan languages and its sub groups
like Thadou, Tangkhul, Poula, rongmei, nepali, Bengali mao
etc.
Cuisine: Kangsoi (a vegetable stew with ngari), ooti (a thick
curry made of green/yellow peas, chives and beans), nga Atoiba
thongba (a curry made of fish), kanghou (stir-fried
vegetables), eromba (a mash of boiled vegetables, ngari and
chilli), singju (a salad made of seasonal vegetables)
and morok metpa (a paste of roasted chilies, ngari and
garlic). An exotic dessert called chakhao (a pudding made of
black rice) completes the meal. fermented bamboo shoots
(soidon).
Arts: The state is also one of the largest producers of bamboo
crafts in India. Wood Carving, textile weaving, stone carving,
block printing and hand-embroidery, Papier mache, decorative
ivory, collectible dance dolls, bamboo, and cane work are some
of the many crafts of this state. The pottery skill is worth
seeing in Manipur, the locals are skilled in making black as
well as ceramic pottery. On the other hand, the tribes of
Andro, Thongjao, and Nungbi have mastered the skill of pottery
over the centuries and that too without the use of a potters’
wheel. Wood carving is one of the top products you can find in
Manipur. The craftsmen depend on local wood to make products
like a wooden tray, spoon, and drum, etc. loin loom weaving
also known as Laichamphi in which cotton or woolen yarn is
used Toys are also made of cloth, cotton clay, wood and bamboo
which make for pretty decor items as well stone-carving is
popular; items of utility like bowls, candle-stands, grinders,
flower-vases, and plates are made use this skill. Hand block
printing is yet another important art & craft in Manipur.
Earlier hand block-printed towels called Khamen Chatpa Kauna
(Water Reed) Mat is a special craft to see in Manipur. Kauna
is a type of reed usually grown in the wetlands and marshes
which is used by the craftsmen to make mats and cushions.
Manipur is famous for its special fabrics like moiraingphee,
leirum, lasingphee and phanek. Tribal textiles are woven on a
loin-loom, a type of back-strap loom commonly used by hill
people.

 Hand-woven and embroidered textiles

 Mats made of water reed
 Manipuri dance doll
 Shawls and blankets
 Manipuri bed covers of Moirangfee
 Cane and bamboo work
 Wood carving

Attire Inaphi

 Phanek

Mayek Naibi

 Lai Phi and Chin Phi

 Dhoti- Pagri/Khamen Chapta
 Potloi Phanek is worn like a sarong. The Manipuri dress is woven with the hand in
horizontal line designs. The people also weave special Phanek, those called Mayek Naibi. The
designs on Naibi are horizontal stripes and very attractive to look. This dress gives an extra
appearance to the women and glows the beauty of the wearer. Meitai Females only stitch a
cloth which called Kanap Phanek. The Kanap Phanek seems in the design of skirt and Meitai
females stitched it with various designs. ‘Lai-Phi is another attractive Manipur Men wear
their traditional costume dhoti with a jacket. The white turban called Pagri wear commonly.
The superior member of society wears cloth which called Khamen Chatpa. The Khamen
Chatpa is generally worn on the ritual occasions.
Music: Khullong ishei- means community singing. It is a folk song commonly sung
by the Meities in villageLai Haraoba ishei- are songs sung to please god. It is sung
on the ceremonial occasion at Lai Haraoba.Pena ishei-A love song narrating love
story of Khamba-Thoibi is sung along with musical instrument called
Pena..Khongjom Parva-The story of heroic struggle of Major Pauna and Tikendrajit
( a famous warrior)in the famous battle of Khongjom which was fought with the
British is sung to celebrate the occasion.Thable Chongma or moonlight jumping is
celebrated by singing and dancing to mark the victory of the warriors .
Drums
Pena(an instrument made from a bamboo rod and the shell of a gourd or coconut.
Cymbals and PercussionsManjira and Kartal(Cymbals)
Pung(Mridanga)(Cylindrical Drum)
Pipe Instruments
Sankh (conch)Selki(mithun's horn)
String InstrumentEsraj(A string instrument with a bow which is known as
gaz)
Dance and Theatre: raas leela, Manipuri, pung cholom, luivat
pheizak, shim lam, thang tha, Phampak lila ( stage drama ) performed in the
proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model
though its contents are indigenous. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang"
( courtyard ) and "Lila" ( play or performance ). It is also known as Jatra or jatrawali which is an import
from Assam and Bengal as a result of contact with the mainstream Indian culture. It is performed in an area
of 13/13 ft in the centre of any open space - courtyard or playground or mandap (pavilion) or bank of a
This dance depicts the love story of Lord Krishna and his
river.
lover Radha during the festival of Raas Leela.
Festivals:

 Lai Haraoba
 Cheiraoba
 Yaosang
 Ningol Chakouba
 Panthoibi Iratpa
 Imoinu Iratpa
 Mera Hou Chongba
 Mera Chaorel Houba
 Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba
 Kwaak Taanba
 Heikru Hidongba
 Gaan-Ngai
Meghalaya- “The abode of clouds” also known as the Scotland of
east. It is also the wettest state, located in the north-
eastern part of the country. It is bounded by the Indian state
of Assam to the north and northeast and by Bangladesh to the
south and southwest. The state capital is the hill town
of Shillong, located in east-central Meghalaya. It was
incorporated into India in the year 1972.
Tribes: three matrilineal communities are garo khasi jaintias.
The minority tribes include the Hajong, Koch, Rabha, Boro and
Mann. The Jaintia tribe people comprise of other sub-
tribes which reside in the Jaintia hills, namely, the
Pnars, Wars, and Bhois. The Garo people form the second
largest tribal community in the state of Meghalaya. The
sub-tribes under the Khasis include Pnar, War, Bhoi, and
Lyngngam.
Language: Khasi and Garo along with Jaintia and English are
the state’s official languages; other languages spoken in the
state include Pnar-Synteng, Nepali, and Haijong, as well as
the plains languages of Bengali, Assamese, and Hindi.

Cuisines: Khasi community of Meghalaya the most popular dish

from the land of the hills, Jadoh rice. Its made with rice and
pork mixed with the best spices, chopped vegetables and
garnished with eggs or fried fish.

A popular dish among the Garo tribe of Meghalaya, Minil

Songa is a sticky rice preparation. Kyat (fermented rice
beer) is made from fermented rice. It is boiled along with
water and garnished with local ingredients. Cha khoo (cha
is tea and khoo is rice in the Jaintia dialect) is traditional
rice concoction that yields a beverage similar to tea but
leaves a bland coffee taste.
Arts

The most prominent art here is woodcarving and cane and bamboo work as the state
produces abundant wood material. The craftsmen weave amazing cane mats,
winnowing fans,caps, umbrellas, stools and baskets. The special kind of cane mat
weaved by the Khasis is known as 'Tlieng' which is highly durable. They are also
known for making domestic knives, utensils and even guns. The Garo weave the
material used for their dresses called 'Dakmanda'. They also weave shirts, bed
covers, bedsheets and tablecloths.

The Garo people manufacture beautiful baskets known as 'Meghum Khoks' which are
used by them to store different items. Another speciality of the Garo people is
expertise in Pokerwork in which designs are burnt into the bamboo with a red-hot
pointed rod. Jaintia tribe of Meghalaya are skilled in making bamboo fishing
traps which function very well. Maghalaya is also known for other arts such as silk
weaving, carpet weaving and manufacturing of ornaments and musical
instruments. The best bazaars to buy the Meghalaya handicrafts are in
Shillong. Police bazar, Bara bazar and Laitumkhrah are a few to name. Meghalaya
Handicrafts, Khadi Gramodyog and Purbashree offers fantastic handicrafts. The
handicrafts of Meghalaya are not only appealing but are also high on durability
quotient. Take back home some of these handicrafts and you will know it for yourself.
Some of the famous handicrafts of Meghalaya are:

 Baskets
 Open Weave Carrying Basket
 Closed Weave Carrying Basket
 Small Storage Baskets
 Coiled Cane Containers
 Large Storage Basket
 Rain Shield and Headgears
 Winnowing Trays & Fans
 Mud Shovel
 Shield made of bamboo plints
 Khasi Bamboo Comb
 Khasi Bamboo Pipes

Attire

The tribes of Meghalaya have distinct jewellery and costumes of

their own. The costumes of the Khasis include Jainsem, and
Tapmohkhlieh. The costumes of the Jaintiasare the same as the
Khasis with the addition of the Kyrshah, Thoh Khyrwang, Dakmanda
and so on. The Garos wear Rigitok. The costumes are made by the
tribes in a unique way that is very beautiful in traditional design.

The jewellery of the Khasis and the Jaintias are also mostly the
same. The pendent is called Kynjri Ksiar and Palia.
Music music of
Meghalaya is
characterized by folk
songs and music
accentuated by traditional instruments. These folk songs relate tales
of birth, marriage, love and other issues. The state of Meghalaya
also has a flair for western music with many rock bands from this
part of the country taking part in rock concerts. The state has also
hosted some of the major rock concerts of popular national and
international bands.

The Garos generally sing folk songs relating to birth, marriage,

festivals, love and heroic deeds. The songs are sung on the music of
drums and flutes. The Khasis and Jaintias are particularly fond of
songs which praise the nature like lakes, waterfalls, hills etc. and
also express love for their land. They use different types of musical
instruments like drums, duitara and instruments similar to guitar,
flutes, pipes and cymbals.

Dance and Theatre Behdiengkhlam is the main dance оf the

“Jaintias” festival held every July in Jоwai, Jaintia Hills.
This festival mainly invоkes the blessings оf the Creatоr fоr
a healthy harvest and tо ward оff disease and pestilence. Shad
Suk Mynsiem is an annual spring dance that celebrates the
harvest and planting seasоn. It is perfоrmed tо celebrate the
agricultural cycles. Wangala dance is essentially a part оf
the Wangala festival. It is a majоr festival оf the Garоs held
in the fall, after the harvest seasоn. The Lahоо dance is a
part оf the Behdienkhlam festival. Also known as Chambil
Mesara, the Pomelo Dance Festival is very popular amongst art
connoisseurs and fun-seeking holidaymaker

Shad Suk Mynsiem

Shad Suk Mynsiem is an important festival of the people of Khasi
Hills. Ka Pom-Blang Nongkrem
This festival is celebrated for five days. It was one of the major
festivals celebrated by the Khasi people.
Behdienkhlam
Behdienkhlam is an important festival of the people of Jaintia Hills.

Laho dance
Another very important festival of the Jaintia people is the Laho
dance festival

Mangona or Chugana
It is a post-funeral ceremony of the Garo People.
The land of the Mizos or the Highlanders who belong to the
Mongoloid race, exudes an exotic charm of its own. Aizawl is
the state capital, and also the political and cultural centre
of Mizoram. It is located in the north-eastern part of the
country and is bounded by Myanmar (Burma) to the east and
south and Bangladesh to the west and by the states
of Tripura to the northwest, Assam to the north,
and Manipur to the northeast. It achieved its statehood in
1987.
Tribes: Mizo comprises of 5 major tribes and 11 minor tribes
known under the common name Awzia. The 5 major tribes
are- Lushei, Ralte, Hmar, Paihte, Pawi (or Poi).
Language: English and Mizo are the official languages with
Aso. Chho, Mara, Thado-Kuki etc.
Cuisine: Bai: pork, bamboo shoots and steamed vegetables,
Bamboo Shoot Fry, Koat Pitha is basically a deep-fried dish
with bananas and sweet rice flour, Misa Mach Poora: Shrimps
are grilled & cooked with mustard oil with other ingredients
like lemon juice, orange zest & Spices.

Arts: Some of the traditional art and craft items to buy in

Mizoram while traveling there are: Basketry is another
important art and craft to try out during your time in this
northeast Indian state. Mizo women are very much involved in
weaving, and they are experts in it. A vast range of textile
products are being produced in Mizoram. Out of them all some
of the textile products of Mizoram which are famous, not only
in India but also internationally, are puanspuon dum, puon
pie, thangou puon, puon laisen, jawl puon, thangsuo puon,
hmarm and zakuolaisen; major works of bamboo and cane are
animal and fish trapscone, hats, wide range of local jewellery
and japis. Bamboo and cane industry is a very significant
domain of mizo men. In their flawless bamboo works can be seen
both unique and decorative piece which shows pride in its
beauty. The very popular products of basketry are paiem,
dawrawn, paikawng, tlamen, emsin, fawng-te-laivel, fawng and
thul. e state of Mizoram has some great weavers who create
intricately beautiful products. These traditionally skilled
artisans make bamboo products like baskets, utensils, hats,
Handcrafted Furniture and flower vases as well as weaves
shawls too.

Woven predominantly on a loin loom, the puan is also

occasionally woven on a frame loom or a Zo loom.
Attire: worn by Mizoram women is the traditional dress
called 'Puan'. Puanchei is the dress worn by most Mizo women
during festivals. The main dress is Pawl Kut and Chapchar
Kut. Another traditional dress worn by Mizo girls is known
as Kawrechi. It is a kind of handmade blouse, made up of
cotton fabric and worn by Mizo women while dancing on
festivals. It is generally paired up with Puanchei. The
shades are made up of 'Ting'. In addition to this, an extra
piece of fabric is wrapped around the upper body during
winter season paired up with a white-colored coat. There are
white and red bands present on the sleeves of the coat along
with some other intricate designs. The favorite dress of
Mizo men is a red and white coloured coat. During summers,
generally, a dress which one can be wrapped around the waist
is preferred. To protect themselves from the scorching heat,
men generally wear a turban or a pagri on their head.
Music:
1. Bawh Hla: This is the chant or cry raised by the warriors
when returning from successful raid. 2. Hlado: This is the
chant or cry raised by the hunters when a successful hunting
has taken place. 3. Thiam hla & dawi hla (Invocation &
Incantation): These two verse forms are chanted by the Priests
and the witch while performing ceremonies.
STRINGED INSTRUMENTS:
The Mizo have only three kinds of stringed-Instruments such as
Tingtang; Lemlawi and Tuiumdar:
Tingtang: This is Mizo guitar.
WIND-INSTRUMENTS:
The Mizo have six varieties of Wind-instruments such as
Rawchhem, Tumphit, Mautawtawrawl, Phenglawng, Buhchangkuang,
Hnahtum.
Lemlawi: Lemlawi is the family of Jew’s harp.
Dance and Theatre:
Khuallam: Khuallam literary means 'Dance of the Guests'. It is
a dance usually performed in the ceremony called
'Khuangchawi'. In order to claim a distinguished place in the
society and to have a place in paradise or Pialral one has to
attain the coveted title of 'Thangchhuah'.
Cheraw: Cheraw is a very old traditional dance of the Mizos.
Sarlamkai/Solakia: This is an impressive dance originating
from the Pawi and Mara communities in the southern part of
Mizoram. This dance is known as 'Sarlamkai' whereas the
Lushais referred to it as 'Rallu Lam'.
Chailam: Chailam is a popular dance performed on the occasion
of 'Chapchar Kut' one of the most important festivals of the
Mizos. In this dance, men and women stand alternatively in
circles, with the women holding on to the waist of the man,
and the man on the women's shoulder.
Chawnglaizawn: This is a popular fold dance of one of the Mizo
communities known as Pawi.

Festivals: Chapchar Kut Festival: celebrated after clearance of

jungles for jhum, Mim Kut Festival: usually celebrated after the

harvest of maize. Pawl Kut Festival, Mizoram: straw harvest

festival; Anthurium Festival: celebrated to promote tourism

and more.
The land of the Nagas, is a state of India, lying in the hills
and mountains of the north-eastern part of the country. It is
one of the smaller states of India. Nagaland is bounded by the
Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the
northeast, Manipur to the south, and Assam to the west and
northwest and the country of Myanmar (Burma) to the east. The
state capital is Kohima, located in the southern part of
Nagaland. It became a part of India on 1 December 1963. (The
Falcon Capital of The World)
Tribes: The Nagas, an Indo-Asiatic people, form more than 20
tribes, The Konyaks are the largest tribe, followed by the
Aos, Tangkhuls, Semas, and Angamis. Other tribes include the
Lothas, Sangtams, Phoms, Changs, Khiemnungams, Yimchungres,
Zeliangs, Chakhesangs (Chokri), and Rengmas.

Language: The Naga tribes lack a common language; there are

about 60 spoken dialects, all belonging to the Sino-
Tibetan language family. Intertribal conversation generally is
carried on through broken Assamese, and many Nagas speak Hindi
and English. English is the official language of the state.

Cuisine: Anishi (dry Colocasia stems and leaves), Fermented

dry fish fermented, Akhuni: soybean product often served with
smoked pork and beef, Tathu is a chutney or a pickle, Zutho
similar to Apong, fermented rice beer.
Arts: Nagaland is known for its exquisite bamboo and
cane products, weaving and wood carving. The most
important works of art and crafts exist in the form
of Basketry, Weaving, Woodcarving, Pottery, Metal
work, Jewellery and Beadwork. The abundance of bamboo
makes it possible for the artists to make the bamboo
and cane products. The tribes of Nagaland are apt in
making different kinds of cane and bamboo products
and in weaving. Cane and bamboo products like
different household items, furniture, accessories and
musical instruments like Naga flute are made by the
people. The significant items of cane and bamboo are
baskets, mats, hats, headgear, trays, bowl mug,
container, fans, bamboo pipes, chairs, utensils,
knives and many more.
Basketry Products: well-known for their intricate
weaves.

Jewellery and costume: Iron tin and brass are used for
making ornaments. Jewellery and bead work are famous with
the craftsmen. The Nagas are skilled in making different
ornaments including neckbands, armlets, bracelets,
bangles which are intricate in design.
Naga shawls like Tiongkong su, Tabensa su, Lungkhum
subang, Keyi su among the many others are the
characteristic cloths of the Naga people.

Attire: Classification of Nagaland Traditional Dresses on the

basis of tribes: Angami Tribe The pattern is common amongst
all the dresses of Angamis which is bands coloured red and
yellow on top of a black cloth named Lohe. Lohe - Traditional
Shawl of Angami Tribe. Lothas have a separate distinction of
shawls on the basis of the number of gennas which are
performed by the one wearing it. Tsungkotepsu It is an Ao
warrior shawl which has a variety of figures including those
of Tiger, Mithun, elephant, cock, a human head, and spear on
top of it. Changs (Shawls) Kaksi nei is the dress worn by
unmarried boys as well as girls. A newly married couple wears
the Silang nei. Tobu nei is a different kind of Chang shawl
which has zig-zag patterns of red and black colours
alternately on a blue band. Kilt is another commonly worn
dress apart from the shawl. It is intricately designed with
cowries which make it appear like a male dress. Before the
cowries are designed on the kilt, they are rubbed on a stone
so as to make them stick well on the cloth.
Music: Different types of musical instruments like Tati,
Theku, Asem (drums), Jemji, and instruments like violin, mouth
organ, bamboo flute, guitar, flutes, pipes are the main
instruments accompanying the songs and dance of Nagaland.
Heliamleu is a popular tribal song of Nagaland.

Neuleu song is a special form of Nagaland music which is

formed primarily by the older generation of Nagaland state.
Common musical instrument played by the Nagas is Petu. It is a
string instrument. The Angamis and Chakhesangs are particularly
fond of it and it is used to give the desired accompaniment to
one's voice. Another popular string instrument is Theku. Of the
wind instrument, the flute is quite common Bamboo flute.
It is one of the simplest instruments which is made of thin
bamboo.

Dance and theatre: the major folk dances of Nagaland include

Modse, Agurshikukula, Butterfly Dance, Aaluyattu, Sadal Kekai,
Changai Dance, Kuki Dance, Leshalaptu, Khamba Lim, Mayur
Dance, Monyoasho, Rengma, Seecha and Kukui Kucho, Shankai and
Moyashai etc, however, the prominent ones are War Dance and
Zeliang Dance. Chang Lo or Sua Lua is a traditional dance of
the Chang tribe of Nagaland state. Similar to the Zeliang
dance, this tribe is gracefully performed with men and women
both geared up with traditional war weapons like Dao, shield
and spear.
The Dance form of Sumi tribe: Dance is of different kinds for
both male and females and is commonly known as Apfii Laho. The
theme revolves around the stories told by their ancestors.
Festivals:
Fests Hornbill festival, you should visit Nagaland during the
first week of December. Sekrenyi is a famous festival among
the people belonging to the Angami tribe in Nagaland. Nagaland
is called the Land of Festivals

Moatsu Festival: Mimkut (by the Kuki tribe), Bushu (by the
Kachari tribe), Tsukhenye Festival (by the Chakhesang tribe)
and Yemshe (by the Pochury tribe).
Ngada festival is celebrated by the Rwengma tribe in Nagaland.
The festival is celebrated post-harvest marking the end of
agriculture session.

Tokhu Emong Festival is mainly celebrated by the Lotha tribe

in Nagaland. The festival is celebrated post harvesting.
The third-smallest state in the country, names after its
proximity to the sea and is bordered by Bangladesh to the
north, south, and west, with the Indian states
of Assam and Mizoram to the east. The capital is Agartala,
near the Bangladesh border in the north-western part of the
state, incorporated on 21st January 1972.
Tribes: The Tripuri constitute more than half the
tribal community. Other prominent tribal groups include the
Reang, the Chakma, the Halam (a subgroup of the Kuki), the
Garo, the Lusai (Mizo), and the Marma (Mogh);
Language: Bengali (Bangla), an Indo-Aryan language, is spoken
by more than half the population; it and Kokborok (Tripuri),
a Tibeto-Burman language, are the state’s official
languages. Manipuri, another Tibeto-Burman language, also is
widely spoken.
Cuisine: Time ingredient of a Tripuri cuisine is Berma which
is a fermented and dried fish by the name ‘puti’. Gudok
This dish is as rare as they come. Rare because traditionally
this dish is prepared inside the hollow of young bamboo
pipes.
Some dessetrs Thentrwi mwkhwi
 Thaiplo mwkhwi
 Belphui mwkhwi
Traditionally drinks are called chwak in Tripuri.
 Chwak bwtwi
 Chwarak
 Arts: Tripura is noted for bamboo and cane
handicrafts, Bamboo played important part in
the jhumia (shifting cultivation) of the tribes. It was used
to make watch stations on stilts and was devised to carry food
and water. Besides these usages, bamboo, woods and cane were
used to create an array of furniture, utensils, hand-held
fans, replicas, mats, baskets, idols and interior decoration
materials.
Fabricated using split cane and bamboo, a Tripura ‘mudha’ is a
low-rise stool used in many households. he craftsmen of
Tripura are highly skilled in crafting excellent handicrafts.
The different ethnic groups of the state are perfect in bamboo
and cane work. Some of the attractive handicrafts of the state
are room divider, decorated wall panels, silver jewellery,
lamps, furniture of cane, ornamental articles, bamboo dining
table mats and floor mats. The artisans of Tripura weave
wonderful fabrics with great designs. The typical handloom
consists of vertical and horizontal stripes with colourful
embroidery.
o Cane and Bamboo Handicrafts the land of Tripura produces abundant
bamboo and cane which are used to make different types of
Handicrafts like chairs, tables, mats, hats, bags, hand fans,
containers etc. These durable articles are exported to different
countries where they are in great demand.
o Handloom the tribes of Tripura wear their own handmade clothes
with great colour combinations and designs. Risa and Riha are the
famous traditional items of Tripura. Here every tribal girl is
expected to know the art of weaving. In fact, this art is an
integral part of their lives. You can buy great handloom products
from Purbasha, a Government of Tripura undertaking Sales Emporium
and other private emporium.
Rock carving at unakoti etc.

Attire: hakloo tribes weave outstanding designed

clothing. Traditional costume for men in Tripura is a towel,
which is known as Rikutu Gamcha. Kubai is one type of shirt.
Men wear Rikutu Gamcha with Kubai. Rinai is a traditional
cloth of Khakloo tribe women Risa, Rignai, and Rikutu are the
traditional costumes of Tripura, which feature vibrant
artistry in fabric. ‘Rignai’ which is a very long and broad
piece of cloth draped around the waist.

These women of Tripura also love to wear different fashion

accessories, particularly beads and coin strands around their
necks. The striped layout of the Risa is supplemented with
varying patterns of embroidery. The usual costume for men is a
garment known as Rikutu gamcha worn with a shirt known as
Kubai. They love to wear different fashion accessories mainly
coin strands and plethora of beads around their necks.
The male counterpart used to wear ‘Rikutu’ for the loin
and ‘kamchwlwi borok’ for the upper part of the body. Kubai is
a type of shirt that men wear with Rikutu.
Music: songs sung e.g.

1.Jadukolija or Jaduni 2. Resekhagra:

3. Chamaritunmani

Tripuris use musical instruments like the kham made of wood and animal
skin, the Sumui (flute) made of bamboo, Sarinda, Chongpreng, Dangdu
and cymbals are very famous and popular among indigenous Tripuri
people.

Tripuri language, song means 'Rwchabmung', the tune of

Tripuri songs maintain the respective style in rhythm
which is entirely based on their tradition.
music is integral to the tribal lifestyle. Some of the
aboriginal instruments, developed in Tripura, are Sarinda,
Khamb (Drum), Lebang, Do- Tara, Chongpreng, Khengrong, and
Sumui (a kind of flute). Be it the occasion of marriage,
religious ceremony or other festival, songs are sung to
commemorate each event in the state. The renowned musicians,
Sachin Dev Burman and Rahul Dev Burman, belonged to Tripura.
Dance and Theatre: Garia, Masak, Sumani, Jhoom, and Lebang
Boomani are famous among the folk dances here. Every community
has its own dance, such as Hoangagiri of Reang, Gadiya of
Tripuri, Jhoom, Malamita, Masak Sumani, and Lebang Boomani,
Chakma’s Biju, Lusai Ker, and Welkam, Malsoom’s Hi-Haak,
Garo’s Vangala, Mog’s Sangraika Chimithang, Pdisha and Abngma,
Gdia of Kti and Jmtia, Bengali community Ganjn, Dmal, Surrey
and Rabindra music, Manipuri community of spring amount and
Pungclam major musical instrument Khanb, flute, Lebang,
Srinda, two Are by and Khengrong.
Festivals: Neermahal literally means water palace. The historic
monument also called the ‘lake palace’ curates the kale
festivities. Pousha Sankranti or Tirthamukh mela, Kharchi
Puja is one of the most popular festivals in Tripura. On this
day, essay on festivals of Tripura it is believed that Lord
Krishna killed the demon named Narkasur ruling Goa, through
his ‘Sudarshan chakra’. Kharchi Puja is a Hindu festival.

Festivals like Durga Puja, Navaratri, Vijayadashami, Dol Jatra

(Holi), Pous Sankranti, Ashokashtmi, and Diwali are the most
celebrated festivals. The two major annual festivals
are Gadiya (April) and Kas (June or July), in which animal
sacrifices are made Garia Puja is one of the most celebrated
festivals by the indigenous people of the state Tripura.
state in north-eastern India, It borders the Tibet Autonomous
Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the
east, Province No. 1 of Nepal in the west, and West Bengal in
the south. Sikkim is also close to the Siliguri Corridor,
which borders Bangladesh. Sikkim's capital and largest city
is Gangtok. On 16 may 1975, it was announced as an official
sate of India.
Tribes: There are three ethnic groups in Sikkim- Lepchas,
Bhutias and Nepalese. The three ethnic groups of people
represent a synthesis of three diverse cultures, traditions
and religions in Sikkim
Language: Nepali is the primary language of Sikkim while
Lepcha and Sikkimese (Bhutia) are also spoken in some part of
this north-east province. English is also spoken by the people
of Sikkim. Other languages include Kafle, Limbu, Majhwar,
Yakha, Tamang, Tibetan, and Sherpa.
Cuisines

Thupka or Gya Thuk: comforting noodle-based Tibetan soup.

Sha phaely: bread stuffed with meat and cabbage.

Sinki: Nepali preserved fermented vegetable similar to
gundruk.

Dhindo daal bhaat: dhindo is similar to halwa while daal

bhaat is traditional dal chawal.
Arts: the handicrafts of Sikkim have a kind of appeal in them,
whether it is fantastic woven carpet or amazing 'choktse'
table, everything is just wonderful. People from India as well
as abroad, stroll the markets to grab hold of the crafts of
Sikkim. In the following lines, we have tried to give a
glimpse of Sikkimese handicrafts.

Carpet Weaving
Sikkimese' practice of weaving is probably the oldest form of
carpet weaving in the world.
Wood Carving
The wood carving in Sikkim is symbolic of true art of
India.Thangka Paintings
Thangka Paintings are unique to the state of Sikkim.
Initially, these paintings were the only medium to preach the
highest ideals of Buddhism.

Handicrafts
The native Sikkimese weaves various striking designs and
patterns. They weave woolen blankets, bags, shawls and jackets
with the reflection of their mastery over the art. The
'thankas' (traditional tapestry), leather works, dolls,
multicolored applique work, batiks, a fine collection of dolls
and a range of fashionable garments are the additional
specialties of Sikkim

ChoktseTables
Choktse is a kind of foldable table and has become a special
product of Sikkim. Choktse Tables are renowned here as well as
outside India. These tables are made in different designs and
dimensions.

Attire:
The Kho or Bakhu is a traditional dress worn by Bhutia, ethnic
Sikkimese people of Sikkim and Nepal.
The Thokro-Dum is the primary outfit for the Lepcha
community members. Usually, the Lepcha bread makers sport
this.
The traditional attire of Lepcha women involves a sari-like
garment known as Dumvum or Dumyam. It is an ankle-length
outfit, silky and smooth binding comfort and culture
together. Underneath, a loose-fitting blouse in a
contrasting colour is worn known as Tago. To complete the
look, a type of belt called the Nyamrek and Taro, a cap is
worn. A scarf called Gorey is often used to cover the head.
Augmenting the grace of Nepalese women, the traditional
attire called Pharia is available in a variety of different
hues. Like in the case of the Bhutias, a long, loose blouse
fastened on four sides is worn, standing true to its name,
Chaubandi Cholo.
 Music:
Music Music of Sikkim ranges
from traditional Nepali folk music to
Westernized pop music. The ethnic
communities, Lepcha, Limbu, Bhutia, Kiratis
and Nepalis constitute the music which is an
ingrained part of Sikkimese culture. Hira Devi Waiba is hailed as the pioneer of Nepali folk
songs and Tamang Selo. Her song 'Chura ta Hoina Astura' is said to be the first Tamang Selo
ever recorded. ala. Detail. String instruments played with scratching on the strings. ...
 Susira. Detail. Wind instruments played by blowing the air and tuning the
node with fingers. ...
 Ghana or Solids. Detail. ...
 Avandya - Instruments of Percussion. Detail.

Dance and Theatre

Mask Dance is the most famous dance of Sikkim and one can say
it is almost synonymous to Sikkim. The Mask dance is divided
into various types, Enchey Chaam, Rumtek Chaam and Gouthor
Chaam. Gouthor (winter) Chaam, is performed two days prior to
Losar in the month of February.
Monastic Dances: Sikkim's famous mask dances are simply
spectacular. Chaams are performed on ceremonial and festive
occasions. Though these dances differ from one another in
style and theme, but they all deal with the triumph of good
over evil.

Festivals:
Mask Dance is the most famous dance of Sikkim and one can say
it is almost synonymous to Sikkim. The Mask dance is divided
into various types, Enchey Chaam, Rumtek Chaam and Gouthor
Chaam. Gouthor (winter) Chaam, is performed two days prior to
Losar in the month of February.

SagaDawa,.Losar Festival: Losar is Tibetan New Year festival

and is marked with a lot of festivities, gaiety,
merrymaking, and feasting, Tihaar Festival:The Tihaar
Festival is another exciting festival of Sikkim that is
celebrated as the festival of lights which is somewhat
like Diwali and HeeBermiok Tourism Festival

Conclusion

SOCIAL INCLUSION
“Oh Nagaland? You eat dog meat?” It speaks to the stereotypes
that are unfortunately prevalent in India about people from the
North East, which include the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. They
are assumptions held about the people of Nagaland specifically,
by those who have little knowledge about the region, its history,
and its

“are nothing but those assumptions that have become common

knowledge” . Even though North-East India “is considered to be
one of the most diverse, culturally rich and environmentally rich
regions of the country”, most people in India know little about
it. Given thier physical features, which resemble people from
Tibet or Burma more than those from Gujarat or Kerala, it’s not
uncommon that most Indians assume I’m a foreigner, even though
I’m Indian, born and bred here. It’s often that the term “Chini”
(a derogatory term meaning “Chinese”) is used for people like
me.Despite its advantages, the NER is categorised as one of the
backward regions of India, characterised by low per -capita
income, a lack of private investment, low capital formation,
inadequate infrastructure facilities, geographical isolation and
inadequate utilisation of its mineral resources, hydropower
potential, and biodiversity.

North East India is the land of gripping scenic beauty formed

of The main issue is that these people are facing racism in
their own country, In most of the places these people are not
treated well.The problem is that we never talked about their
culture, their stories and is not explored with rest of India.

Conclusion, Do you know where in the world you will find the
world’s largest river island?Majuli was declared as the
largest river island in the world. In fact, it’s in India and
the more exciting thing is it is situated in Assam, Northeast.
Majuli has been the cultural capital and the birthplace of
Assamese Civilization for the past 500 yearsDo you know which
state in India is considered as the ‘Land of the Rising Sun’?
Located between 26.28° N and 29.30° N latitude and 91.20° E
and 97.30° E longitude, thus being the first Indian state to
receice the first rays of the sun .The hilly state is also known
as the ‘Land of Dawn-Lit-mountains’. Arunachal Pradesh is the
abode of some exotic Orchids, thus also known as the Lands of
Orchids.Did you know which state is considered the cleanest
village in Asia?Mawlynnong, Meghalaya, is famous for its
cleanliness. In 2003, it was declared as ‘The Cleanest Village
in Asia’ by Discover India. It is located 90 km away from the
Capital of Shillong and 92 km away from Cherrapunji.
Mawlynnong is also known as the ‘God’s Own Garden’.Which are
the most literate states in India?In fact, in 2013 census,
Tripura was declared the most literate state of the country
with 94.65% literacy rate, though the official records had
been taken in the 2011 census and Mizoram with the literacy
rate of 91.3%. But still, people consider the Northeast region
“backward”. However, Kerala is still considered the most
literate state of the country.Which place in India is known as
the ‘Scotland of the East?Well, everyone is aware that Kashmir
known as the “Paradise on Earth” and Kerala is known as the
“God’s Own Country”, but many of you don’t know that Shillong
(Meghalaya) is known as the “Scotland of the East”.
The North East of our nation is filled with unusual
sightings, untold tales, silent traditions and unique
fashion. When one sees the beautiful patterns and embroidery
that the people here are capable of making, they come to see
and experience the hidden beauty of this land of magic.
There are still many unexplored tribes that have their way
of dressing that helps us in upbringing the different
cultures that our country holds.
 Learning outcome

During the course of this project, following were my learning

outcomes:
I am acquainted with the socio-economic and cultural
importance of this place which is often overlooked.

I realise the importance of protecting and promoting the rich

and diverse traditions, folk art and culture of the North East
Zone.

It enhances my cultural connection to the Seven sisters and

Sikkim and encouraged my touring plans across the region to
ensure greater participation.

I became aware of the discrimination and stigmas associated

with the northeast which continue to exist. Our sincere
endeavours should be in the direction of increase in inclusion
and embracement of our own people whom we consider as
outsiders, who in turn teach us lessons of kindness and
hospitability.
I am able to understand the need for better integration of
historical and cultural narrative of northeast within the
education system. It needs to be represented and narrated our
curriculum effectively

I am aware of the differences in our cultures and I pledge to

respect and celebrate them to uphold our motto of “unity in
diversity”.

I am mindful of how our geographical, historical, social,

economical and psychological conditions have a big influence
on our present art and culture.

It enabled me to undertake a thorough research on north-

eastern India’s culture, thus producing this work in an
effective manner.

Bibliography

http://nezccindia.org.in/home/home
https://indianculture.gov.in/north-east
http://nezccindia.org.in/home/home
https://ncert.nic.in/pdf/publication/otherpublications/
tinei101.pdf
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00856400701714021?
journalCode=csas20
http://www.walkthroughindia.com/northeast/north-east-india-an-
unexplored-slice-of-paradise/
https://www.travelogyindia.com/north-east-india/culture.html
https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-the-
plight-of-northeasterners/407107
https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/in-perspective/
northeastmatters-even-beyond-a-twitter-trend-1007612.html
https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/northeast-
india-pride-and-prejudice-101628999784952.html
https://www.encyclopedia.com/
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/
offbeat-the-seven-sister-states-of-india-and-their-brother/
photostory/78546933.cms
https://liamtra.com/blog/seven-sisters-and-sikkim/
https://pickyourtrail.com/blog/guide-to-northeast-india/
https://thenortheasttoday.com/states
https://in.one.un.org/un-priority-areas-in-india/north-east/
https://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/janapada-sampada/northeastern-
regional-centre/about-north-east-india-an-introduction/

Thank you
Steamy jungles and
spellbinding cliffs, rushing
rivers, unique cultures,
delicious cuisines, windswept
highlands, and lush, verdant
valleys – Meghalaya
welcomes you with a
breathtaking array of sights
and experiences…..
Located in North-east India, Meghalaya, also known as the Abode of Clouds, falls in one of
the richest biodiversity areas in the world. The famed monsoons, the rich traditional festivals,
and the dramatic terrain are just some of the many things this state is famous for. Whether
you are looking for an adventure to give you an adrenaline high or a tranquil spot to recharge
yourself, Meghalaya has plenty to offer.
Sikkim, state in India,is located in the northeastern part of the country, in the
eastern Himalayas. It is one of the smallest states in India. Sikkim is bordered by
the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north and northeast, by Bhutan to the
southeast, by the Indian state of West Bengal to the south, and by Nepal to the west.
The capital is Gangtok, in the southeastern part of the state

Languages
The official languages of the state are English, Nepali, Sikkimese (Bhutia) and
Lepcha. Additional official languages include Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Mukhia, Newari,
Rai, Sherpa and Tamang for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition in
the state.

Nepali is the lingua franca of Sikkim, while Sikkimese (Bhutia) and Lepcha are
spoken in certain areas. English is also spoken and understood in most of Sikkim.
Other languages include Dzongkha, Groma, Hindi, Majhi, Majhwar, Thulung, Tibetan,
and Yakha.
The major languages spoken as per census 2001 are Nepali (62.61%), Sikkimese
(Bhutia) (7.73%), Hindi (6.67%), Lepcha (6.61%), Limbu (6.34%), Sherpa (2.57%),
Tamang (1.87%) and Rai (1.64%)

Tucked away in the hills of eastern sub-Himalayas is Meghalaya, one of the most
beautiful State in the country. Nature has blessed her with abundant rainfall, sun-
shine, virgin forests, high plateaus, tumbling waterfalls, crystal clear rivers,
meandering streamlets and above all with sturdy, intelligent and hospitable people.

Tripura, nestled in a tip of the Northeast, flourishes on the bounties of nature but the
beauty of the state is heightened by its human resources on the one hand and rich
cultural tradition on the other.

Folk culture of the tribal and non-tribal people of the state forms the backbone of
Tripura's cultural tradition. This is reflected as much in the delicately rhythmic physical
movement of the 'Hoza Giri' dance of the Reang tribesmen as in the collective musical
recitation of 'Manasa Mangal' or 'Kirtan' (devotional songs in chorus) of the non-tribals.
Apart from this, the 'Garia' dance of the tribals, organized on the occasion of New Year
festivities and worship of 'Garia', and 'Dhamail' dance of the non-tribals, organized on
familial occasions like wedding ceremony in rural areas as well as musical duels (Kabi
Gaan) between two rival rhyme-makers on public platforms form the staple of Tripura's
folk culture. Enriched by myths and legends of tribal society over the past half a
millennium.

Tripura's folk culture now confronts a major threat from so-called modernity. Gone are
the days when rhythmic movement of artists in 'Garia' or 'Dhamail' dance would keep
viewers awake all through the night.These forms of culture have been falling prey to
invasion of modernity as western musical instruments like guitar, mandolin etc keep
replacing the traditional instruments like indigenous drums and flutes and western 'break
dance' push aside the pristine purity of the 'Garia' dance or 'Dhamail'. However, cultural
programmes, marked by songs and dances, associated with birth anniversaries of great
poets and lyricists Rabindra Nath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam add colour and charm to
the state's multi-layered cultural mosaic enriched by contributions from many streams of
sub-culture.

Mizoram at a glance Mizoram is one of the states of Northeast India, with Aizawl as its
capital city. The name is derived from Mi (people), Zo (lofty place, such as a hill) and Ram
(land), and thus Mizoram implies "Land of the hill people".
Understanding the land of The Hill People
Mizoram is a destination with much to offer, with its wide array of festivals and dances,
handicrafts, flora and fauna, breathtaking natural beauty, and temperate climate. The
Mizo are very friendly and hospitable.

Today, Mizoram is a mix of this cross-cultural vibrancy with 92 % literacy (the second
highest in India, a fact in which every Mizo takes genuine pride), gender equality and a
vigorous pursuit of its ancient cultural traditions and social mores. Almost everybody in
the state is a Christian by religion and yet haven't allowed their distinct Mizo culture to
fade.
NAGALAND IS A LAND OF FESTIVALS. ALL THE TRIBES CELEBRATE THEIR
DISTINCT SEASONAL FESTIVALS WITH A PAGEANTRY OF COLOUR AND A
FEAST OF MUSIC.
Nagaland has a rich linguistic tradition with as many languages as there are
tribes, each exclusive to itself.

What is even more remarkable is that even within the language of a

particular tribe, there are dialects mutually unintelligible. For instance, in
some tribes like the Angami, every village has a slightly different variation
even within the same dialect-this variance progressively increasing with
the geographical distance. This makes inter-tribe and intra-tribe
communication very difficult. In the circumstances, English has come to
serve as the State language while Nagamese, a kind of pidgin Assamese,
has become the common lingua

ALL THE TRIBES HAVE THEIR OWN FESTIVALS WHICH THEY HOLD SO
DEAR. THEY REGARD THEIR FESTIVALS SACROSANCT AND
PARTICIPATION IN CELEBRATION IS COMPULSORY. THEY CELEBRATE
THEIR DISTINCT SEASONAL FESTIVALS WITH A PAGEANTRY OF COLOUR
AND A FEAST OF MUSIC.
Most of these festivals revolve round agriculture, it being the main-stay of
Naga society. Over 85% population of Nagaland is directly dependent on
agriculture and lives in a thousand and odd villages situated on high hill
tops or slopes overlooking verdant valleys humming with murmuring
streams. In this blissful setting Nagas enjoy the blessing of Nature with
rare gusto striking the onlookers with awe and admiration. In most of the
places agriculture consists of monocrop.

Although some religious and spiritual sentiments are inter woven into
secular rites and rituals, the pre- dominant theme of the festivals is
offering of prayers to a Supreme Being having different names in different
Naga dialects. At these festivals, the spirit of Gods is propitiated with
sacrifices by the Village Shaman for a bountiful harvest either before the
sowing or on the eve of harvest.

The State is replete with festivities throughout the year, as all tribes
celebrate their own festivals with a pageantry of colour, music and dance.
A common feature is that the festivals revolve around agriculture, the
mainstay of Naga economy. These festivals hark back to times prior to the
advent of Christianity.

It is a land of folklore passed down the generations through word of

mouth. Here, music is an integral part of life; folk songs eulogising
ancestors, the brave deeds of warriors and traditional heroes; poetic love
songs immortalising ancient tragic love stories; Gospel songs that touch
your soul (should you have a religious bend of mind) or the modern tunes
rendered exquisitely to set your feet a-tapping.

The traditional ceremonial attire of each tribe is in itself, an awe inspiring

sight to behold; the multicoloured spears and daos decorated with dyed
goats hair, the headgear made of finely woven bamboo interlaced with
orchid stems, adorned with boar's teeth and hornbill's feathers, elephant
tusk armlets. In days of yore every warrior had to earn each of these
items through acts of valour, to wear them.

ASSAM
The tea state, Assam sits pretty between the grand kingdom of
Bhutan, the land of the rising sun Arunachal Pradesh to its north,
the abode of clouds Meghalaya, the Land of Festivals Nagaland,
the Jeweled land Manipur, the songbird of India Mizoram and
Tripura in the southern region of this part of the country.

The state of Mizoram translates into the ‘Land of the Mizos’. It is a

landlocked state that shares its borders with Indian states Tripura,
Assam and Manipur and the international borders with Myanmar
and Bangladesh.

NAGALAND
Sharing its borders with Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Myanmar
in the southeastern part of Nagaland. The capital of Nagaland is
Kohima

NORTHEAST STATES, THE

Creating a more stable future

India's preoccupation with the law-and-order aspects of its

troubles in the northeastern states has tended to deepen
those states' alienation from Delhi. The key to a more stable
future lies in a better mix of Indian policies. The key
ingredients in future stability are economic development,
focusing especially on the region's energy resources; greater
tolerance for local control; willingness to work with local
leaders; and strengthening democracy and civil society.
Similarly, India's stress on maintaining and expanding its
current primacy with its smaller northeastern neighbors has
amplified their sensitivity about dealing with an overbearing
India. Dealing with the problems of the northeastern states
requires a twofold approach—one that addresses the
domestic causes and consequences of the insurgencies, and
another that works toward an integrated solution that involves
the Northeast's surrounding states, creating opportunities for
all.