5

Marxism and Cu Marxism and Cultural Materialism

stephen shapiro
I|is c|tc: iocuscs o: |oo|s u|lis|cc i: t|c clc oi \:xisu :c ultu:l
\tc:ilisu i: t|c ,c:s lcci:g u to !011 :c is civiccc i:to six scctio:s
1 l:t:ocuctio:, ! :o:icl kccovc:ics, ! ultu:l lo:us, + I|c :isis
oi :coli|c:lisu, . kcciti:g ouuu:isu, o Dc|t :c :co::c|isu
1. Introduction
ccu, lvc: |cio:c t|c out| :c c:t:lAuc:ic: :c lu:oA:|ic
\ccitc:::c: oul: uovcuc:ts gi:st citlisti:cuccc i:cqulit,,
:cc:ious:css, :c t|c cisosscssio: t|:oug| cc|t |ccuc :clictcc i:
t|c A:glo|o:c citics, t|:cs|olc |c |cc: c:osscc lcit cultu:l t|co:,
u, |vc |cc: :clcgtcc to t|c cccuic u:gi:s t|:oug|out t|c 1--0s :c
!000s, |ut it |s s:outcc :cw \uc| s lcit c:scctivcs ug:ctizcc t|c
ostw: golcc: gc oi t|co:,, t|is :cw ccccc sccus li|cwisc to
:ccst|lis| \:xist :c cultu:l utc:ilist c:iticisu s couss io: litc:
:, :c cultu:l stucics lc,o:c t|c si:gul: c|icvcuc:ts oi sccic c:itics,
l:gc: st:uctu:l :cssu:cs |vc ucc u:ologctic \:xisu |c, s,:tx io:
t|c cu::c:t tiucs :coli|c:lisu :c its c::i|liztio: oi t|c Wcsts
uicclcclss co:gc:ics csccill, :ccll t|c i:co:vc:ic:t t:ut|s oi \:xist
:c cultu:l utc:ilist :l,scs io: t|c u:ivc:sit,, w|ic| |s |ccouc |c,
l|o:to:, io: t|c coucstictio: oi citlist iuc:tivcs t|:oug| its :olc s
gc:c:to: oi ;stucc:t lo:, cc|t, cc|t t|t sc:vcs s iucl io: :ccitlizi:g
sccultivc u:ocuv:cs itc: t|c cow:ill oi !00 \uc| s i: 1-s
llc| \o:c, |c t|c iuuccitc ciicct oi |:us|i:g w, t|c lcvit, oi
ostst:uctu:list clius io: t|c tcxts l,iul:css, t|c cu::c:t uouc:t
sccus to |vc |loc|cc t|c uovc tow:cs cc:t:c:ig|t ositio:s oi |c:ou
c:ologicl cst|ctics t|t |c |ccouc i:c:csi:gl, uo:c :cvlc:t \:xist
:c cultu:l utc:ilistt|cucc uo:og:|s :c c:i:g wit| g:ctc:
sccc t|:oug|out t|c ciscili:cs s u:ivc:sit, :css cquisitio: ccito:s
|cgi: to :clizc t|c |u:gc: io: :c :clcv:cc oi lcitwi:g :oc|cs
The Years Work in Critical and Cultural Theory, I|c ut|o: ;!01!,
All :ig|ts :csc:vcc lo: c:uissio:s, lcsc cuil |ou::lsc:uissio:soucou
coi1010-!,wcctu|s00.

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lt is too soo: to |vc co:clusivc :cso:sc to o: suuu:, oi t|c ccu,
uovcuc:t, |ut its ::ivl will |vc lo:g til io: t|c lcit cccu, As t|c
cus :osc i: loclcs cc:sc wit| u:ivc:sitics, co|o:ts oi g:cutc stucc:ts,
wit| t|ci: g:ctc: cxi|ilit, i: cil, wo:| sc|cculcs, ci:cctl, cxc:ic:ccc
couuu:l ctivisu, ui:st:cu ucci o|iusctio:, :c ttc violc:cc
Dou|tlcss u:, oi t|csc ,ou:gc: sc|ol:s w:iti:g :o|ccts will cit|c: |c
iulicitl, o: cxlicitl, :c:outcc t|:oug| t|ci: c:ggcuc:ts wit| ccu,
I|is co:tct will lcvc t:gi|lc iu:i:t o: u:usc:its t|t will still t|c
scvc:l uo:c ,c:s to scc t|ci: w, to u|lictio: l: t|c iuuccitc i:uc,
ccu,s iuct c: |c iclt :ow i: two w,s ouc lo:gst:ci:g lcit c:itics,
li|c lvo| Z

izc| :c o::cl Wcst, |vc iou:c t|ci: cxisti:g wo:| :cwl,

:cso::t, csccill, t|:oug| tl|s givc: t ccu, cus cco:cl,, t|c
ciscussio:s |out tctics |vc io:cg:ou:ccc :c s|:c:cc lo:g|clc cc|tcs
|ctwcc: ::c|ists :c \:xists ovc: t|c :olc oi lcit i:stitutio:lit, :c
lcc io: llc| lloc st:cct violc:cc l:ccxisti:g t|co:cticl co:i:o:ttio:s
|ctwcc: :co::c|ists :c ,uuuicst|c ,ou:gc: ;s i: ostw:, u:ili
tcc \:xists sc|oolcc i: t|c co:stclltio:s oi t|c l::|iu:t c|ool,
ltli:A:glo cultu:l utc:ilisu, :c |isto:iog:|, i:ou t|c |ottou
u|vc |cc: :ccst i: lig|t oi :ccc:t cvc:ts I|c t|:cc ui: t:c:cs i:
lcit c:iticisu, |owcvc:, co:ti:uc to |c :ctu:: to iou:ci:g gu:cs oi
\:xisu uicst :c:cwcc co:cc:cc i: iu:cuc:tl tc:ui:olog,, li|c
couuu:isu, t|c tcsti:g oi uto:ouists :guuc:ts i: lig|t oi co:tcuo:
:, socil uovcuc:ts, :c : i:c:csi:g tu:: |c| to qucstio:s oi t|c :cl
tio: |ctwcc: couuu:ictivc io:us :c socil co:tcxts
2. Canonical Recoveries
:c sig: oi t|c :c:cwcc vi|::c, |s |cc: t|c c::cc oi wo:| |,
lo:gcst|lis|cc w:itc:s o: c:o:icl \:xisu i: tcxts t|t :c s|o:tc: i:
lc:gt|, st,listicll, uo:c cccssi|lc to wicc: ucic:ccs, :c u:|csitti:gl,
u:ologctic |out t|ci: \:xist li:cgc Ic::, lglcto:s Why Marx Was
Right uig|t :ot :ccc to co:vi:cc ,ou, :ccc:, |ut it ccsc:vcs :ccog:itio:
s : cssc:til tcxt io: t|osc cit|c: :cw to o: |csit:t |out t|ci: cu|:cc oi
clssicl \:xisu I|c |oo|s u:iicsto is siulc W|t ii ll t|c uost
iuili: o||cctio:s to \:xs wo:| :c uist|c: : t lcst, ii :ot totll,
w:o:g|cccc, uostl, so ; ix, lo: ws t|c:c cvc: t|i:|c: so t:vcs
ticc ; !!-, lglcto: |cgi:s cc| oi |is tc: c|tc:s |, cc:cssi:g
gc:c:ic sttcuc:t |ostilc to \:x, :c |c t|c: :occccs to w:cstlc wit| t|is
:tiutc:ilist :gcl lglcto: cocs :ot co:cc:: |iuscli |c:c wit|
\:xisu s uo:l :c cultu:l c:itiquc . . . t|c cxt:o:ci::il, :ic|, ic:tilc
2 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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|oc, oi \:xist w:iti:g . . . jo: lic:tio:, t|c couuocictio: oi socil
liic, cultu:c oi g:ccc, gg:cssio:, ui:clcss |cco:isu :c g:owi:g :i|ilisu,
t|c stcc, |cuo::|gc oi uc:i:g :c vluc i:ou |uu: cxistc:cc
; xixii, l:stcc, |is :o|cct is to sus| clius t|t scc| to i:vlictc
\:xs w:iti:g io: t|c cu::c:t uouc:t, suc| s t|c :otio: t|t \:xisu |s
|cc: i::ct:icv|l, co:tui:tcc |, t|c |isto:, oi ttc socilisu, o: t|t it is
cctc:ui:istic :c t|us i:c|lc oi :cso:ci:g to t|c cxi|lc swis| oi c
itlisus tc:tclcs
lo: lglcto:, \:xs visio: oi couuu:isu is oi its ccitics to cisc:
t:glc wclt| i:ou cquisitivc, i:civiculist io:us w|ic| |:cc it, i:vcstcc i:
t|c couuu:it, s w|olc, :c uscc to :cst:ict cisg:cc|lc wo:| to t|c
ui:iuuu lt c: t|us :clcsc uc: :c wouc: i:ou t|c clius oi cco:ouic
:cccssit, i:to liic, w|c:c t|c, :c i:cc to :clizc t|ci: c:ctivc otc:til
; .-, ouc :ccc:s uig|t |csittc t tiucs t lglcto:s st,lc t|t oitc:
sccus to vc:t:iloquizc t|c x|:icgc cxu :u|:ic ;X is Y Discuss,, w|ic|
c:cou:gcs |:vu: :iostc uo:c t|: cilccticl i:vcstigtio:, |ut |is tti
tucc :cclls t|c si:it oi : gc w|c: \:xist u|lic ssc:tio:s wc:c uo:c
co:cc:tl, sttcc :c :ot |o||lcc |, sct oi i:tc::lizcc |uus :c uscs
\:, :ccc:s oi t|is |ou::l :cccivcc ccgogicl t:i:i:g i:to litc::,
t|co:, |, :cci:g lglcto:s Literary Theory: An Introduction kccc:s oi t|c
i:su:gc:t gc:c:tio: s|oulc :c Why Marx Was Right s c:ucil : i:t:ocuc
tio: lo: t|osc cxc:ic:ccc i: \:xisu, Why Marx Was Right will |c :cccivcc
s c:ug|t i:ou lo:g:cucu|c:cc si:it lo: ou: stucc:ts, it s|oulc |c
:cc :c t|c: :ovoctivcl, |::cis|cc i: u|lic s sig: oi t|ci: couuit
uc:t to uo:c |ust wo:lc
l:cc:ic ucso:s Representing Capital: A Reading of Volume One |l:ccs
cxcgcticl cl:it, :c i:tc:vc:tio:ist :csto:tio: gi:st souc :ccctio:s
ccvolvi:g i:ou |is c:cc:lo:g co:cc::s W|ilc ucso:s Valences of the
Dialectic i:cluccs souc cxccllc:t css,s io: i:t:ocucto:, stucc:ts oi \:x,
Representing Capital ccsc:vcs sccil lcc i: |is ocuv:c io: |ot| wclcoui:g
:ccc:s i:to Capital, w|ilc lso :c:i:g t|cu to ltc: :cc souc oi
ucso:s uo:c c|llc:gi:g w:iti:gs li:ci:g t|c :ig|t c:t:, oi:t io: stu
cc:ts to ucso: |s :ot lw,s |cc: cs, t|c o:igi:l New Left Review css,
o: ostuocc::isu The Political Unconscious occsio:l css,s o: Wc|c: o:
lu|cs lo: :ow, Representing Capital uig|t |c t|c :cw |cst c|oicc, s its
:cltivcl, couct lc:gt| llows io: t|c oo:tu:it, to wo:| t|:oug| |is
:guuc:ts wit|i: t|c tiuc co:st:i:ts oi : u:cc:g:cutc scui:: l: its
siulcst :ccctio:, Representing Capital co:sicc:s :c:csc:ttio: s : cssc:
til oc:tio: i: cog:itivc ui:g :c i: iccologicl co:st:uctio: ;u:cc:
stooc |c:c i: ositivc sc:sc, o: w|t ucso: clscw|c:c |s i:cictcc s
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 3

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t|c co:scious:css oi clss st:ugglc kc:csc:ttio: cuc:gcs i:ou socil
co:t:cictio: :c ucso: u|cs us scc :cw \:xs clius io: t|c
A|solutc Gc:c:l lw oi itlist Accuuultio:, t|c tcticl :ocuctio:
oi u:culo,uc:t s ucc|:isu to :csto:c t|c :ot|ilit, oi |solutc
vluc, s t|c uost clcuc:tl uc:s oi su:lusvluc cxloittio: w|c:ci:
wo:|c:s wo:| |:cc: :c lo:gc: io: lcss wgcs, i: o:cc: to |olc o: to :,
|i:c oi culo,uc:t ucso:s iulicc ccu:c io: iull culo,uc:t u,
st:i|c souc s uo:c lc,:csi: t|: \:xist, |ut s ucso: c:ws ttc:tio:
w, i:ou t|c |iloso|icl ciscussio:s oi usc :c cxc|:gc vluc, w|ic|
|vc co:iou:ccc :c cis|c:tc:cc so u:, :cw :ccc:s, :c t|c uo:c
ovc:l, |isto:icl :c A:glocc:t:ic ictu:cs oi l:t lig|t o: o:igi:ti:g
;:iuitivc, ccuuultio: i: o:cc: to iocus o: u:culo,uc:t s Capitals
t|cuc, |c |s iou:c w, to cc:css co:tcuo::, co:cc::s |out :cc:
ious:css :c :cccuc:t t|cu wit|i: clssicl \:xist :guuc:ts Representing
Capital lso co:ti:s :ccctio:s o: totlit, :c uccitio: ucso:s cou
uc:t:, o: :c:csc:ttio: s cuc:gi:g i:ou t|c ciicult, oi co:cctulizi:g
t|c c:ti:c s,stcu, :t|c: t|: t|c ostst:uctu:list ositio: t|t woulc
:cvc:sc t|is o:cc:, coucs closcst to li:|i:g |is tic:t wo:| to :ccst|lis|
cilccticl t|i:|i:g wit| t|c :cw i:tc:cst i: t|co:izi:g citlist
wo:lcs,stcus :c cco:ouic lo:gwvcs s :t oi citlisus st:uctu:ll,
:ccu::i:g |ut v:i|lc vlc:ccs I|us ucso: sc|s |out t|c :ccc to
t::scocc t|c icc:tit, :c ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c stgcs oi citlisu,
cc| o:c :cui:i:g t:uc to t|c lttc:s cssc:cc :c st:uctu:c ;t|c :ot
uotivc, ccuuultio:, cxloittio: oi wgc l|ou:, t t|c suc t|t it
u:|s uuttio: i: cultu:c :c cvc:,c, liic, i: socil i:stitutio:s :c
|uu: :cltio:s|is ; -, Alo:gsicc Dvic l:vc,s A Companion to
Marxs Capital :c ot|c: :ovicco:ic:tcc titlcs ;suc| s u, How to Read
Marxs Capital,, ucso:s Representing Capital ccsc:vcs to |c :cc |, t|osc
w|o |vc cvc: :cc ucso: :c t|osc w|o |vc :ot ,ct co:c so
I|c ltc A:to:io :tucci ws co:c gu:c :cso:si|lc io: icilitti:g
t|c wicc: :ccctio: oi A:to:io G:usci W|ilc Di:ccto: oi t|c l:stituto
G:usci i: kouc, :tucci :ocuccc o:c oi t|c uost :cc|lc :c :cli|lc
i:t:ocuctio:s to G:uscis liic :c t|oug|t, Antonio Gramsci: A Guide to His
Thought and Writing ;lcito:i kiu:it j1-, Yct t|c o:igi:l cic :ot :cccivc
s uuc| :oticc s it ccsc:vcc, si:cc it ws soo: ovc:t|c: |, cvc:ts su:
:ou:ci:g t|c cisu:tli:g oi t|c ltli: ouuu:ist l:t, \o:t|l, kcvicw
l:css |s co:c ,cou:s sc:vicc |, :ll, |:i:gi:g out lo:g ovc:cuc
t::sltio:, cllcc siul, Antonio Gramsci, w|ic| i:cluccs io:cwo:c |,
osc| luttigicg t|t clcg:tl, couucuo:tcs :tucci :c :cui:cs us to
c:cou:gc oluu|i D:ivc:sit, l:css to |:i:g out luttigicgs coulctc
4 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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t::sltio: oi The Prison Notebooks G:usci: sc|ol:s|i |s lso |cc:
cv:ccc |, lctc: D I|ouss The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony
and Marxism, csil, t|c uost sig:ic:t A:glo|o:c :cso:sc to G:usci
si:cc tu:t lll I|ous t|cs issuc |ot| wit| Alt|ussc:s usc oi G:usci
:c lc::, A:cc:so:s i:uc:til css, I|c A:ti:ouics oi A:to:io G:usci
to :ocucc w|t I|ous co:sicc:s uo:c co::cct, clssicl :cci:g oi
G:usci W|ilc |is ccou:t |,sscs ;l:itis|, cultu:l stucics li:cgcs oi
G:usci i: t|c D :c Dl, w|ic| co :ot su|st:till, ccc:c o: cit|c:
Alt|ussc: o: A:cc:so:, t|c :cvivl oi :tiAlt|ussc:i:isu u, |vc souc
t|i:g to co wit| |ow Alt|ussc: u, :ow iu:ctio: s su::ogtc io: t|c
:cw cui:icll, c:ivc: litc::, stucics, oitc: :oui:tcc s t|c cigitl
|uu:itics, :c :c:csc:tcc i: lcit c:iticisu uost clc:l, |, l::co
\o:cttis :ccc:t qu:tittivc wo:| o: t|c :ovcl kcg:clcss, I|ouss :c
:tuccis wo:| :ow st:c s t|c |c:c|u:|s io: G:usci tucics i: t|c
twc:t,:st cc:tu:,
li Alt|ussc: co:ti:ucs to oc:tc s li:c oi civisio:, loucult, w|o uscc
to sc:vc t|is u:osc, |s |cc: u:cc:goi:g uo:c ivo:|lc :cvisio: |,
\:xist c:iticisu, w|ic| |s :ctu::cc to :ccog:izc t|c :oxiuit, |ctwcc:
loucult :c \:xs |isto:iog:|, :c t|ci: uutul co:cc:: io: oul:
:csist:cc I|is c:ccivcc ciiic:c:cc ws cuc :till, to loucults c|ici D
:cccto:s, w|o |vc liuitcc t|c t::sltio: oi loucults uo:c oliticl :c
\:xist w:iti:gs, |:is|i:g t|cu, io: i:st:cc, i:ou i:clusio: wit|i: t|c
socllcc The Essential Works of Foucault, 19541984 ;1----, kc:tivc
wo:| ws |cgu: wit| c:cu, W :uto: :c tu:t llcc:s Space,
Knowledge, and Power: Foucault and Geography ;!00, :c |s co:ti:ucc wit|
How to Read Foucaults Discipline and Punish |, A::c c|w: :c u,scli,
w|ic| u|cs t|c csc io: t|c :cccss:, co::cctio: |ctwcc: loucult :c
\:x |, illust:ti:g o:c oi loucults |c, tcxts ci:cct co:vc:stio: wit|
\:x
3. Cultural Forms
lo: litc::, stucics :oc:, ii o:c sc|ol:l, u|lictio: st:cs s t|c u:|c:
oi t|c ticl i:ow oi utc:ilist :l,scs, it uig|t |c |:isto|c: :clo:s
The Matter of Capital: Poetry and Crisis in the American Century :clo: uovcs
|c,o:c t|c l:gugc c|ool uouc:t to i:uc co:tcuo::, Auc:ic:
oct:, s cc:t:ll, :coccuicc wit| t|c wo:|i:gs oi citlisu I|is :c
occutio: |, t|c octs cocs :ot :cccss:il, uc: t|c, |vc cit|c: c:itiquc
oi t|ci: ow: isci:tio: o: co|c:c:t uct|oc io: li:|i:g cultu:l io:u to
oositio:l :cticc :clo:s ow: tcxt, t|oug|, sig:ic:tl, s|iits t|c
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 5

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g:ou:c oi oct:, c:iticisu i:ou io:ulist :ctu:: to scuiotic cssc:tilisu
tow:cs scliw:c lcit :oc|
:c wc|:css i: u:, cultu:l utc:ilist |isto:ics is : ovc::cli:cc o:
t|c lo:g :i:ctcc:t|cc:tu:, s t|c uo:c wcll|:ow: golcc: gc oi l:gc
sclc i:cust:il :olct:i:iztio: uc| iocus cisto:ts \:xs ow: cxlo:
tio: oi :c i:sistc:cc o: t|c :olc oi c:lic: c:iocs li|c t|c cig|tcc:t|
cc:tu:, gc oi |:cic:its o: :tis: wo:|:cltio:s kcci|c: :c li:c|ug|s
The Many-Headed Hydra ;!001, :coc:cc t|c cig|tcc:t| cc:tu:, io: :cw
gc:c:tio: oi sc|ol:s, csccill, t|osc :cviousl, u:iuili: wit| t|c wo:|
oi ko|i: llc||u::, uo:g ot|c:s I|c :csults oi t|is :cw oc:i:g :c
|cgi::i:g to scc u|lictio:s suc| s wit| o:c: kosc:|c:gs :igo:ous
:c i:cisivc Critical Enthusiasm: Capital Accumulation and the Transformation of
Religious Passion kosc:|c:g siccstcs : olcc: oositio: |ctwcc: uocc::
sccul:isu :c :cligio:, w|ic| s|c u:cc:st:cs s iu:ctio:i:g uo:c s :
o|stclc t|: s : ic to c:ccivi:g t|c c:ioc |c |ig|lig|ts t|c :isc oi
c:t|usistic :cligio: ;i:stcc oi lvi:ist sccticisu, s cocvl wit| t|c cou
uocit, ictis| :c ccuuultio: t|:oug| cisosscssio: A:l,si:g t|c :cl
tio:s |ctwcc: :cligious io:us, cst|ctic io:u, :c t|c io:us t|c: |, socil
:cltio:s u:cc: citlisu ; .,, s|c co:vc,s |ow si:itul c:c|:tuc:t is
li:|cc to t|c stil logic oi :iuitivc ccuuultio: t|:oug|out t|c lo:g
cig|tcc:t|cc:tu:,, csccill, wit| t|c :isc oi Atl:tic slvc:, :c t|c i:
co:o:tio: oi |c|cou:t:ics I|c lttc: ctl,scs :cgio:l g:icultu:l
l|ou: ;cs:t, :csist:cc t|t |ccoucs uocultcc t|:oug| io:us oi
ccsttic :cvcltio:, suc| s wit| t|c l:c:c| l:o|cts oi t|c l:guccoc
\i:l, ci:cctcc tow:cs l:glis| cvicc:ti:, utc:il, kosc:|c:gs c:ciul
cxlictio: situtcs t|c socllcc August: Agcs cquioisc s sco:cc |, t|c
tc:sio:s c:ctcc |, citlist :ctc::ito:iliztio: i:volvi:g su::tu:l :c
ligiosit, s cqull, s :coclssicl iccls Critical Enthusiasm st:cs s t|c
lcci:g cxcul: oi t|c :cw lcit cig|tcc:t|cc:tu:, stucics
luu:ucl Wllc:stci: cclivc:cc lo:g:ticitcc iou:t| voluuc i: t|c
Modern World-System sc:ics wit| wo:| su|titlcc Centrist Liberalism Triumphant,
17891914 lo: :o:|isto:i:s, t|is iou:t| voluuc is t|c uost :cc|lc :c
iuuccitcl, lic|lc s it |:i:gs togct|c: Wllc:stci:s :guuc:ts |out
t|c :isc oi li|c:l iccolog, i: its sttist :c socil scic:cc :::tivc io:us
lcw ciscussio:s |out :coli|c:lisu :c t|c otc:til t:|ccto:ics oi c|:gc
:c :ow ossi|lc wit|out :cic:c:cc to Wllc:stci:s wo:|, csccill, s uo:c
c:itics :c :cco:sicc:i:g cultu:l io:us s s|cc |, t|c wo:lcs,stcu :c
|isto:icl :c cco:ouic lo:g wvcs W|ilc t|c clc oi o:ti:c:tl t|co:
cticl gu:cs, suc| s t|osc uc:tio:cc |ovc, |vc ,ct to |c |:oug|t i:to
co:vc:stio: wit| cit|c: Wllc:stci: o: t|c ltc Giov::i A::ig|is wo:|, t|c
6 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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uouc:t oi t|is c:cou:tc: sccus |ot| i:cvit|lc :c :ouisi:g oi iuuc:scl,
:ocuctivc s,:t|csizi:g :cigus :c c:l, i:cictio: oi suc| :ouisc is
t|c collcctio: Immanuel Wallerstein and the Problem of the World: System, Scale,
Culture, w|ic| i:cluccs co:t:i|utio: |, l::co \o:ctti As t|c collcctio:
stgcs co:vc:stio: |ctwcc: wo:lcs,stcus :c litc::, :c cultu:l stu
cics, it |:i:gs Wllc:stci: i:to t|c otics oi t|c |:ow: io: collcgucs w|o
:c :cit|c: i: sociolog, :o: |isto:, cc:tuc:ts
\ic|cl loucult o:cc cllcc |is tiuc t|c Dclcuzi: cc:tu:, lc:|s t|is
cliu s|oulc |c uo:c so|c:l, uctcc to s, t|t wc livc i: t|c Z

izc|i:
ccccc lvo| Z

izc| is so :olic, so c:ti:g wit| i:sig|t, t|t it woulc t|c

uo:c t|: :cvicw css,, o: cvc: cccictcc sccil issuc oi |ou::l, to
suuu:izc |is :ccc:t wo:| Z

izc|s cvc:t|cuo:ccx:ci:g wo:| is lso

ciicult to iollow t tiucs si:cc |is :l,ticl tclcscoc |s oi:tcc i: so
u:, ci:cctio:s t|t iollowc: oi Z

izc| c: csil, |ccouc cizz, wit| t|c

vc:tigi:ous uovcuc:ts |ctwcc: o||ccts :c sclc lis Living in The End Times
st:csuouc:t:il,s t|c ugistc:il s,:t|csis oi :ccc:t ,c:s wo:|,
:c is t|c |cst c:t:, oi:t i:to |is cu::c:t i:tc:csts As scc: wit| t|c two
collcctio:s oi css,s uc:tio:cc |clow, Z

izc|s ccito:il l:gcssc |s |:oug|t

u:, ciiic:c:t lcit c:itics i:to co:vc:stio: wit| o:c :ot|c: \uc| li|c
Willius Dc: lowclls, w|o t|:oug| |is ccito:il c:cou:gcuc:t :c c:c
tio: oi : ut|o:il :ctwo:| ws cllcc t|c cc: oi t|c :i:ctcc:t|cc:tu:,
Auc:ic: litc::, scc:c, Z

izc| is t|c cc: oi t|c co:tcuo::, lcit As suc|,

|is wo:| |s lso g:ou:ccc ot|c:s li|c \:| lis|c:s Capitalist Realism:
Is There No Alternative? l: |is |oo|, lis|c: t|cs u t|c ci:cctio: oi
Z

izc|s css,s |out -11 :c |c :gucs t|t citlist :occsscs |vc :ot
o:l, suc:stu:tcc l:gugcs,stcus, |ut lso t|c c:ti:c s,c|oo:tologicl
:tus, so t|t :o utoi:, iullli:g icc oi ltc::tivcs to citlisu sccu
ossi|lc Wit|out gliuuc: oi t|c lugi::,, it is csic: to iugi:c oc
l,sc, t|c :i|ilistic c:su:c oi |:c liic itscli s t|c o:l, ossi|lc cscc i:ou
t|c totlizi:g kcl oi citlisu
4. The Crisis of Neoliberalism
l: The Crisis of Neoliberalism, Gc::c Duuc:il :c Doui:iquc lcv, uctc
t|ci: :guuc:ts i:ou t|ci: !00+ Capital Resurgent: Roots of the Neoliberal
Revolution I|c:c t|c, cc:cc :coli|c:lisu s
t|c cx:cssio: oi t|c ccsi:c oi clss oi citlist ow:c:s :c t|c
i:stitutio:s i: w|ic| t|ci: owc: is co:cc:t:tcc, w|ic| wc col
lcctivcl, cll ::cc, to :csto:ci: t|c co:tcxt oi gc:c:l cccli:c
i: oul: st:ugglcst|c clsss :cvc:ucs :c owc:, w|ic| |c
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 7

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ciui:is|cc si:cc t|c G:ct Dc:cssio: :c Wo:lc W: ll l: i:ou
|ci:g i:cvit|lc, t|is ws oliticl ctio: ; 1!,
Capital Resurgent cliucc t|t wit|i: t|c c,clicl lws oi citlisu, :co
li|c:lisu ws :ticul: sct oi tctics ccsig:cc to sc:vicc l:gc: st:tcg,
oi |c:ct io: : uc: clitc, w|o toc, uig|t uo:c csil, |c cllcc t|c
1 Capital Resurgents :guuc:ts wc:c t|c: c:w: o: :c cx:ccc wit|i:
Dvic l:vc,s !00. A Brief History of Neoliberalism, w|ic| lo:g wit| :oui
llci:s !00 The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, |clcc u|c
:coli|c:lisu uo:c wiccl, u:cc:stooc i: t|c |uu:itics s tc:u uo:c
:ccisc t|: t|t oi glo|liztio:
W|ilc :coli|c:lisu oitc: iccls li|c : u:sto|lc |c|cuot|, Duuc:il
:c lcv, :guc t|t t|c tctics ssocitcc wit| :coli|c:lisu :c themselves i:
c:isis kcl,i:g o: lo:gwvc cco:ouic t|co:,, t|c, c:iocizc uocc:: c
itlisu i: w,s co:g:uc:t wit| lo:gcst|lis|cc i:ucs, |ut t|c, |vc t|ci:
ow: cc:itio:l cu|scs |out t|csc c:iocs itlists ovc:cuc t|c
c:isis oi t|c 1-0s t|:oug| t|:cc :cvolutio:s t|c i:stitutio:l :isc oi co:
o:tio:s, : cx:sio: oi ::cc :c |:|i:g, :c t|c cclcgtio: oi u:
gcuc:t to sl:icc u:gc:il c:so::cl ; 1!, I|c :csult oi t|csc
:cvolutio:s is t|t twc:tict|cc:tu:, citlisu o:w:cs s|oulc |c c|:tcc
|, t|c s|iiti:g lli:ccs wit|i: t:iol:clss co:gu:tio: i:volvi:g t|c
citlist, u:gc:il, :c oul: jwo:|i:g clsscs Ac|:owlccgi:g t|c
|ctc:ogc:cit, wit|i: t|csc tc:us, Duuc:il :c lcv, cliu t|t oliticl
s|iits c: |c :ticul:l, cc:cc |, t|c c|oicc oi t|c u:gc:il clsscs s
t|c, v:iousl, clcvc to o: civo:cc t|cusclvcs i:ou t|c ot|c: two clsscs
I|c 1-!0s ws lcss c:isis oi :ot|ilit, t|: o:c oi ::cil |cgcuo:,
Du:i:g t|c Dc:cssio: t|c u:gc:il clss oi tcc|:oc:ts, civil sc:v:ts,
:oicssio:ls ;i:cluci:g cccuics,, lost iit| i: t|c citlist clsss |ilit, to
govc:: :c t|c: ucc cc:t:clcit cou:ouisc wit| t|c wo:|i:g clss
l: :ctu:: io: cccti:g t|c lccc:s|i oi uo:c uto:ouous :oicssio:l
u:gc:il clss, t|c oul: clsscs wc:c :cw:ccc wit| g:ctc: ttc i:tc:
vc:tio: :c :cgultio: oi t|c cco:ou, ;socil ccuoc:tic :cw Dcl,
lc,:csi: l:s, t|t :oviccc t|cu wit| g:ctc: culo,uc:t, wcli:c sc
cu:it, :c u:c|si:g owc: I|csc ictu:cs wc:c ucc ossi|lc |, t|c
co:scquc:t :ci:i:g i: oi s|:c|olcc: ccu:cs io: |ig| :ot, :cssu:c o:
cou:ics to :ovicc st|lc g:owt|, :t|c: t|: |ig| :ot, :c co:ti:
uc:t oi ::cil ;citlist, g:ccc
l, t|c 1-0s t|is cou:ouisc icll victiu to :ccu::i:g c,clicl c:isis oi
:ot|ilit,, :c t|c :oicssio:lu:gc:il clss tu::cc w, i:ou t|c
ostw: cou:ouisc :c t|c i:ugu:tio: oi :coli|c:l olicics :ow,
8 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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t|oug|, Duuc:il :c lcv, scc t|is |sc s c:ci:g wit| scco:c c:isis oi
::cil |cgcuo:, W|ilc Duuc:il :c lcv, co :ot sccu to |clicvc
|iiu:ctio: oi:t will c: t|t |::c|cs w, i:ou citlisu, cuc to
|i:s scc:c:cc, t|c, co llow io: t|c oc: ossi|ilit, io: o:c oi t|:cc
ciiic:c:t t|w,s kig|tuocc:tcc cou:sc oi :c:cwcc :coli|c:lisu,
cc:t:c:ig|t cou:ouisc w|c:ci: t|c citlist clsscs ccct t|c :c:cwcc
uto:ou, :c lccc:s|i oi t|c u:gc:il clss, o: cc:t:clcit lli:cc
gi: |ctwcc: t|c u:gc:il :c oul: clsscs
Alt|oug| w:ittc: |cio:c ccu, Wll t:cct, The Crisis of Neoliberalism
uig|t cxli: w|, t|c ccu, cvc:ts so swiitl, :c u:cxcctccl, :cso:tcc
t|:oug| t|c D, :c w|, t|c uovcuc:ts otc:til c|icvcuc:t uig|t :ot
lic i: olic, o: lcgisltivc tc:us, |ut :t|c: i: its ccit, s uovcuc:t t|t
uig|t |cl :cgc:c:tc 1-!0sli|c cc:t:clcit I|c scco:c, gi: c:|s
u:i:tc:ccc, co:scquc:cc oi The Crisis of Neoliberalism u, |c to :cctivcl,
cxli: w|, souc oi t|c st ,c:s :guuc:ts |out cog:itivc l|ou:, iu
utc:il wo:|, :c t|c couuo:s cuc:gcc i: t|c :st i:st:cc I|c clius oi
cog:itivc l|ou: s t|c cc:i:g ictu:c oi co:tcuo::, citlisu u, |c
:cc s t|c s,utou oi :gc: |, t|c u:ivc:sit,ccuctcc Wcstc::
uicclcclss, w|ic| is :clizi:g t|t citlist i:tc:csts |vc :o llcgi:cc
:, uo:c to t|c lu:oAuc:ic: |ou:gcoisics lo:gcvit, :c :csc:cc, cxcct
to cx:o:itc its wclt| t|:oug| |ousi:g, |clt|c:c, :c ccuctio: cc|t
Duuc:il :c lcv,s wo:|, t|:oug| its cco:ouic :l,scs, usciull, :oviccs
v:tgc oi:t to cvlutc :ccc:t ciscussio: wit|i: lcit c:iticl ci:clcs |out
t|c w,s i: w|ic| iou:ci:g :i:cilcs c: |c |ot| io:ucc :c :csto:cc
5. Reciting Communism
A collcctio: oi css,s i:ou siuil:l, :ucc co:ic:c:cc t li:||cc| i:
!00-, The Idea of Communism |:i:gs sttcuc:ts i:ou wo:|i:g :t|co:
oi c:itics togct|c: s o:c oi t|osc ::c |oo|s w|c:c st:i:g oi o:ti:c:tl
c:itics c: i: co:vc:stio: wit| :c gi:st o:c :ot|c: ;lciou, :cg:i
l:ct, ::c,, k:cic:c, :c Z

izc|, lo:g wit| A:glo|o:c st:couts, li|c

lglcto:, luc|\o:ss, :c lllw:c l:itill, oscc s :cso:sc to Ali:
lcious The Communist Hypothesis, t|c collcctio: |s so:t oi clssic iccl s
suuu:, oi ositio: oi t|c lcit cccu,s i:tc::lizcc sc:sc oi |csit:c,
|out sc|i:g :c t|i:|i:g |out iccs cvc: i: t|c uicst oi t|c :coli|c:l
:cst:uctu:i:g oi t|c cccu, Dcsitc lcious i:c:csi:g i:uc:cc wit|i:
c:iticl ci:clcs, |is :guuc:ts oitc: icc ciicult, i: t|t A:glo|o:c \:xist
c:iticisu |s :cvc: :cll, gottc: gooc |:clc o: t|c l:c:c| \oist uilicu,
:c so lcious wo:| iccs uo:c c|cc|c:cc :ccctio: outsicc oi l::cc,
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 9

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w|c:c |is i:tc:vc:tio:s |vc iou:c it uo:c ciicult to tt:ct co:sc:sus
I|c collcctio:s :tici:ts v:iousl, wclcouc t|c u:co::cc co:cc:cc oi
lciou io: tc|li:g t|c Wll t:ccts |ulls :c ccccuo:izi:g t|c sig:ic:
couuu:isu s wcll s io: i:cicti:g t|t t|c c:ioc oi guilt jovc: lstc::
lu:oc: ttc ovictisu is ovc: ; ix, I|c collcctio: ccsc:vcs to |c
wiccl, :cc :ot o:l, s gooc c:t:, oi:t to lo:gc:tc:u :o|ccts oi cc| oi
t|ci: co:t:i|uto:s, |ut lso c|:cc io: t|csc t|i:|c:s to cscc :igic c:
cctio:s oi t|ci: ositio:s s t|c, gi: A:glo|o:c cvoctcs lo: i:st:cc,
:cg:i w:itcs
I|c :st t|:cc clcuc:ts oi couuu:ist ct|ics :c :cvolt gi:st t|c
ttc, couuo: uilit:c,, :c :ocuctio: oi i:stitutio:s lc:l,
t|csc :c t:vc:scc |, two iu:cuc:tl ssio:s t|c ssio: t|t
us|cs i:ou :tu:l :ccci:css :c cco:ouic ovc:t, tow:cs
owc: oi l|ou: :c scic:cc i:ccc i:ou citls couu:c, :c t|c
ssio: oi lovc t|t i:ou t|c :ciusl oi solitucc lccs t|c oliticl
co:stitutio: oi t|c couuo: ;u:su::isi:gl,, :cligio:, |ou:gcois
cst|ctics :c ll :cw Agc iccologics t:, to :ccuc:tc, u,stii, :c
:cut:lizc t|csc ssio:s, l, coui:g togct|c:, ccvcloi:g :cw
io:us oi couuo: cocxistc:cc i: :csist:cc :c o:g:iztio: t|c
co:stituc:t owc: oi couuu:isu is i:vc:tcc I|is co:cct oi co:
stituc:t owc: |s :ot|i:g to co wit| t|c co:stitutio:l st:uctu:cs
t|t citl :c its ttc |vc o:g:izcc ; 1o+,
:o uttc: w|t :, :ccc:s i:tuitivc :cso:sc to :cg:i :c l:cts :io:
wo:|, :cg:is iccc |c:c s|ows t|c t:cuc:cous couuo: g:ou:c t|c, s|:c
wit| ot|c:s, :c :cui:cs us t|t ou: wo:|i:g i:stitutio:s oi litc::, :c
cultu:l stucics icilittc couctitivc cvlutio: w|c: wc oug|t to |c cclc
|:ti:g ou: s|:cc solic:it, oi visio:
cqucs k:cic:c is :ll, coui:g i:to t|c i:uc oi :ccog:itio: io:
A:glo|o:c c:itics s t|:cs|olc oi cuc:gc:cc |s |cc: c:osscc s uo:c
oi |is c:cc:s w:iti:g is t::sltcc ; cri de coeur io: lcit u|lis|c:s to co
li|cwisc io: ko|c:to c|w:z :c ko|c:t lu:z, k:cic:c |s co:sistc:tl,
:gucc gi:st t|c illc, oi uis:ccog:izi:g cuc:gc:t socil uovcuc:ts |,
too :igic tc:cc:c, to :ci:sttc st :l,ticl ctcgo:ics lis co:t:i|utio: to
t|c collcctio:, ouuu:ists Wit|out ouuu:isu, cist:ccs couuu:isu
i:ou couuu:ist |ccusc t|c lttc: is t|c :uc oi t|c :t, t|t :ulcs ovc:
t|c uost oulous :tio: :c o:c oi t|c uost :osc:ous citlist owc:s
toc, I|is li:|gc |ctwcc: couuu:isu, |solutc sttc coui:tio: :c c
itlisu :cccs cl:ii,i:g :c k:cic:c cocs so |, ci:cctl, cc:cssi:g lcious
cliu t|t t|c couuu:ist |,ot|csis is t|c |,ot|csis oi cu:citio:
10 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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; 1o, k:cic:c c|llc:gcs lcious vc:sio: oi \oisu s io:u oi
:ou:tic :cvolt
ouuu:isu j\:x :c l:gcls sic, is :ot t|c gt|c:i:g oi cu:
citcc i:civiculs, ttcuti:g to cxc:ic:cc collcctivc liic s
:cso:sc to scls|:css o: i:|usticc lt is t|c iull iulcuc:ttio: oi
io:u oi u:ivc:slit, l:cc, t wo:| i: t|c citlist o:g:iztio: oi
:ocuctio: :c t|c |ou:gcois o:g:iztio: oi io:us oi liic, oi
collcctivc :tio:l owc: l:cc, cxisti:g, ii i: t|c io:u oi its co:
t::, t|c :ticul:it, oi :ivtc i:tc:csts I|c collcctivc io:ccs oi
couuu:isu l:cc, cxistcc W|t ws :ccccc ws o:l, t|c io:u oi
t|ci: collcctivc :c su||cctivc :c:o:itio: ; 10,
k:cic:c :gucs t|t t|c |,ot|csis oi cu:citio: is o:l, |li oi t|c
cqutio:, t|c ot|c: sicc is cglit:i:isu :c t|c collcctiviztio: oi t|c
owc: oi :,o:c ; 11, I|is cutio: is c:cc:lo:g ictu:c oi
k:cic:cs wo:| t|t |s lw,s st:ugglcc gi:st t|c co:ccscc:sio: oi t|c
i:o: wo:|c: |, t|c golcc: couuu:ist, w|o ssuucs clc:c: v:tgc oi
clss st:ugglc li souct|i:g |s to |c :cco:st:uctcc u:cc: t|c :uc oi
couuu:isu, it is t|c t:citio: c:ctcc . . . w|c: siulc wo:|c:s :c o:ci:
:, uc: :c wouc: :ovcc t|ci: ccit, to st:ugglc io: t|ci: ow: :ig|ts
:c io: t|c :ig|ts oi cvc:,|oc,, o: to :u: icto:ics, cou:ics, cui:ist:
tio:s, :uics, sc|ools, ctc, |, collcctivizi:g t|c owc: oi t|c cqulit, oi
:,o:c wit| cvc:,o:c ; 1!,, t|c cissc:sul io:us oi collcctivc st:ugglc,
liic :c t|i:|i:g . . . t|c i:vcstigtio: oi t|c otc:til oi collcctivc
i:tclligc:cc . . . j:c iull :csto:tio: oi . . . t|c |,ot|csis oi co:cc:cc
; 1,
Z

izc| c:cs t|c collcctio: |, |:i:gi:g t|c olcs oi :cg:i, lciou, :c

k:cic:c i:to : cui:|lc s,:t|csis :c oliticl :l,sis lc :cui:cs us
t|t couuu:isu is :ot : iccl, |ut uovcuc:t w|ic| :ccts to ctul
socil :tgo:isus ; !11, lo: Z

izc|, t|c iou: ui: co:tcuo::, :tg

o:isus :c
t|c looui:g t|:ct oi ecological ctst:o|c, t|c i::o:itc:css oi
t|c :otio: oi private property io: socllcc i:tcllcctul :oc:t,, t|c
socioct|icl iulictio:s oi new techno-scientic developments ;csc
cill, i: |iogc:ctics,, :c . . . new forms of apartheid, :cw Wlls :c
sluus I|c:c is qulittivc ciiic:c:cc |ctwcc: t|c lst ictu:ct|c
g t|t sc:tcs t|c lxcluccc i:ou t|c l:cluccc:c t|c ot|c:
t|:cc, w|ic| ccsig:tc t|c coui:s oi w|t l:ct :c :cg:i cll t|c
couuo:s ; !1!,
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 11

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Z

izc|s |:illi:t suuu:, |ig|lig|ts |ow t|c issucs t|t glv:izc t|c c|il
c:c: oi clitc ccuctio: co :ot c:oss ovc: to i:clucc t|osc oi ot|c: clsscs
W|t t|c v:ious ccu, cus illust:tcc ws t|t t|is vllc, still cxists, s
t|c ctul c:cuuc:ts oi tc:ts wc:c oitc: scguc:tcc |ctwcc: t|c clsscs
lo: t|c u:ivc:sit,ccuctcc :cw Yo:|c:s, :cciic:ts oi cccccslo:g olicc
cisc:sio: oi t|c u:|: t::sic:t oultio: t|:oug| qulit, oi liic lw :c
o:cc: cuig:s, |c :ot iull, :clizcc t|t occu,i:g :| ws :ot o:l,
still, co:i:o:ti:g t|c s,u|olic loctio: oi citl, it ws lso i:||iti:g
t|c |ouc oi t|c u:|: cxcluccc lo: Z

izc| wc uust |c clc: t|t t|c

couuo:s c: lso |c :csto:cc to collcctivc |uu:it, wit|out couuu:isu,
:c t|t couuu:isu uust suc:sccc socilisu, si:cc ocilisu w:ts to
solvc t|c :st t|:cc :tgo:isus wit|out t|c iou:t|, wit|out t|c si:gul:
u:ivc:slit, oi t|c :olct:it ; !1+, l:stcc, t|c iou: iu:cuc:tls oi
couuu:isu :c st:ict egalitarian justice, ciscili::, terror, oliticl volun-
teerism, :c trust in the people I|is ut:ix is :ot suc:scccc |, :,
:cw ostuocc:: o: osti:cust:il o: ostw|tcvc:,ouw:t c,:uics
; !1, I|c qucstio: oi cglit:i: :ulc ws :iscc clscw|c:c i: t|c col
lcctio: Democracy in What State, w|c:ci: u:, oi t|c :tici:ts oi The Idea
of Communism, gi: |cio:c W, :l,sc t|c cu::c:t co:citio: oi ccuo
c:tic uovcuc:ts :c tc:|ilit, lo:gsicc t|c :olc oi t|c ttc i: co:ti:i:g
ccuoc:tic cx:cssio:s
W|ilc t|csc co:vc:stio:s uig|t :ot |vc iuuccitc lictio:s, t|c,
osc sc:ics oi qucstio:s |out couuu:ist litc::, :cticc :c its :cl
tio:s|i to ccgog, Iiuc io: lulo l:ci:c :cvivl
6. Debt and Neoanarchism
Dvic G:c|c:s Debt: The First 5,000 Years is !011s uost li|cl, to |ccouc
lcit clssic tcxt G:c|c:s ccious wo:| is :otcwo:t|, :c sig:ic:t o:
uultilc lcvcls Alt|oug| G:c|c: |s |cc: : i:sig|tiul :c :olic :t|:o
ologist, |is cu::c:t :ccog:itio: |s :isc: cuc to |is i:volvcuc:t wit| t|c
o:igi:l sct oi ctivists w|o ctl,zcc ccu, Wll t:cct lo:g ccic:cc:
:c :ticulto: oi ::c|ist c:scctivcs, i: w,s st:icc oi t|c |:oquc
:|cto:ic oi uost uto:ouist w:itc:s, |is !00- Direct Action: An Ethnography
:cui:s o:c oi t|c |cst susti:cc :c cou:c|c:sivc ccou:ts oi co:tcu
o::, Auc:ic: ctivisu :c oiic:s tclcscoc i:to t|c uct|ocs, st:c:gt|s,
:c wc|:csscs oi t|c :tiglo|liztio: cuig: gi:st i:stitutio:s li|c t|c
l\l :c WI G:c|c:s oliticl w:iti:gs |vc :ot |c s wicc : iuct,
c:|s cuc to |is lcss t|: gc:c:ous ccuotio: oi ot|c: lcit ctivisu t:c
itio:s i: o:cc: to ovc:tt:i|utc lcit gc:c, to ::c|ists, cisi:tc:cst i: t|c
12 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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li:cgcs oi cultu:l utc:ilisu :c c:iticl t|co:, t|t io:u t|c s,:tx oi
uost ost1-1 c:iticisu, :c lc| oi iuili:it, wit| |ost oi D ctivist
|isto:icsi:ou llc| civil :ig|ts t|:oug| AlD ctivisut|t :cctc |is
ow: sccui:g c:t:, i:to ctivist ci:clcs
I|t sic, t|csc ciiic:c:ccs u|c Debt c:ucil s it cistills :c cxiolitcs
G:c|c:s ::c|ist c:scctivcs :c cisl,s t|c :ccc:t g:ctc: |ilit, oi
t|csc to ug:ctizc :c uo|ilizc t|c cisiicctcc w|itc ,out| oi souc :iv
ilcgc i:to ctivisu li Duuc:il :c lcv, :ci:io:cc t|c :ccc to :c t|c |:icgc
|ctwcc: cultu:l clitcs :c t|c scct:uu oi t|c wo:|i:g clsscs, t|c:
G:c|c:s wo:| is u:uiss|lc, cvc: t|oug| t|c :ouotio: oi suc| : lli:cc
is cuittccl, gi:st G:c|c:s g:i: As G:c|c: clscw|c:c c|:owlccgcs,
uost cccuic lcit :ccc:s co :ot loctc t|cusclvcs o: t|c ::c|ist sicc oi
t|c scct:uu, :tl, |ccusc t:citio:l ::c|ist :c uto:ouist c:itiqucs
|vc tc:ccc to u:cc:st:c clss cxloittio: lcss t|:oug| :ocuctio:ist
c:itiquc oi :ot cxloittio:, t|: s liuits o: t|c wo:|i:g clsss :ig|t to
co:suuc : iccl oi : cst|cticll,c:ivc: :ou:tic iccl oi cxc:ic:cc,
gol t|t iou:c olcc: couuu:ist clls io: :t, ciscili:c to |c s :c:cssivc
s t|t oi t|c |ou:gcois ttcs violc:cc lostw: ,uuuics will :c Debt
siuult:cousl, cis:ui:g :c cxciti:g s its ::c|ist llcgi:ccs :csc:t :
iciou t|t is |ot| co:g:uc:t wit| t|c lcit w|ilc lso |ci:g lcss iuili: to t|c
\:xist lcit :ccc: G:c|c:s c|icvcuc:t, i: t|c :st i:st:cc, is c:|s to
co w|t l:ct :c :cg:is Empire u, :ot ultiutcl, |vc ccoulis|cc,
w|ic| is to :cui:c \:xists oi t|c :ccc to |ccouc :ccqui:tcc wit| |ot|
t|c |isto:icl lcgc, oi ::c|isu :c its uc:tlit,, si:cc t t|is |isto:icl
|u:ctu:c, wit| its :ccc to :csto:c vi|::t lcit liicwo:lc :c ctivisu, t|c
lcits v:ious cc:tuc:ts :ccc to |c i: |cttc: :c uo:c susti:cc co:vc:
stio: wit| o:c :ot|c:
Debts scco:c c|icvcuc:t is G:c|c:s l:gc: cliu |out t|c |isto:, oi
uo:c, i: :cltio: to c:ccit Dsi:g :t|:oologicl cvicc:cc, |c uc:cs t|c
icc t|t cxc|:gc |cg: wit| |:tc: s,stcus t|t ltc: ccvclocc i:to o:cs
uccitcc |, uo:c, G:c|c: i:stcc :gucs t|t c:ccit :cccccs coi:gc, :c
t|c icc oi |:tc: cco:ouics is : i:vc:tcc t:citio: |, li|c:l cco:ouists i:
w,s ticc to ccvclouc:tl uoccls, i:ou Acu uit|s o:w:cs \o:ct:,
i:st:uuc:ts cuc:gc w|c: c:ccit ucc|:isus |scc o: t:ust cisc:, |ut
t|c, :isc lcss s uc:s oi cquivlc:cc t|: s ucsu:c oi cc|t
kcsuscitti:g li:c oi :guuc:t cuc:gi:g i:ou \itc|cll l::cs ;w:o:gl,
|,|c:tcc i: t|c tcxt to iul, two ut|o:s, :ccit I|co:, oi uo:c,
:guuc:ts i: t|c 1-10s :c Gl l:s State Theory of Money ;1-0.,
:gui:g t|t ttcs c:ctc cu::c:c, to cst|lis| u:|cts, :t|c: t|: t|c
:cvc:sc, G:c|c: cxtc:cs t|csc clius |, u:cc:st:ci:g txcs s ccvicc
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 13

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to |:i:g u:|cts i:to |ci:g uc| cliu i:vc:ts Acu uit|s cco:ouics,
w|ic| sccs t|c ttc s co::uti:g : ot|c:wisc so:t:cous cuc:gc oi
o:g:ic couuc:cc lt lso |:s gi:st clssicl \:xist ccou:ts t|t scc
t|c ttc s :cccss:, ccclc:to: :c ulic: oi citlist u:|cts, |ut
:ot s t|ci: o:igi:to: G:c|c: sccs cc|t s t|c c:ctio: oi i:cqulit, uo:g
t|osc w|o |vc |cc: g::tcc t|c :ig|ts oi cqulit, i: t|c ct oi co:t:ct lt
t|us i:stlls o: ulics |ic::c|, w|c:c :cviousl, t|c:c ws :o:c Wc
uig|t wo:cc: w|, t|c citlist cocs :ot iccl i: cc|t to t|c wo:|c: w|o |s
cv:ccc |c: o: |is l|ou: |cio:c ,uc:t
li cc|t, :t|c: t|: :ot, is t|c iu:cuc:tl otic io: cvluti:g t|c
|isto:icit, oi u:|ct t::sio:utio:s ovc: |isto:,, t|c: t|c cu|sis s|oulc
|c c:w: w, i:ou t|c iocus o: t|c uocc oi :ocuctio: to uoccs oi
sttc|ooc :c sovc:cig:t, I|is :cwcig|ti:g cxculics G:c|c:s loctio:
wit|i: ::c|ist, :t|c: t|: \:xist o:ic:ttio:s, w|c: |c :gucs t|t
I|c sto:, oi t|c o:igi:s oi citlisu, t|c:, is :ot t|c sto:, oi t|c
g:cul ccst:uctio: oi t:citio:l couuu:itics |, t|c iuc:so:l
owc: oi t|c u:|ct lt is, :t|c:, t|c sto:, oi |ow : cco:ou, oi
c:ccit ws co:vc:tcc i:to : cco:ou, oi i:tc:cst, oi t|c g:cul
t::sio:utio: oi uo:l :ctwo:|s |, t|c i:t:usio: oi t|c iuc:
so:l:c oitc: vi:cictivcowc: oi t|c sttc ; !!!,
o |u:cuc:ts, :t|c: t|: citlists, c: s t|c ui: c:cu,
Yct G:c|c:s tu:: lso llows io: cisti:ctivcl, ciiic:c:t :cci:g oi t|c
ictis| oi couuocitics s |c |ig|lig|ts t|c :olc oi :cligious i:stitutio:s :c
:cligious t|oug|t i: t|c o:igi: oi uo:c, u:|cts :c t|c uo:lit, sso
citcc wit| cc|t t|t lccs us w, i:ou ositio: t|t lo:gst:ci:g cc|t
s|oulc |c io:givc: t|:oug| |u|ilcc cc:cuo:ics to t|c icc t|t cc|t is
uo:l o|ligtio: to , G:c|c: lso c:tc:s i:to t|c cc:itio:l cc|tc ovc:
couuu:isu s |c cc:cs it s :, |uu: :cltio:s|i t|t oc:tcs o: t|c
:i:cilcs oi i:ou cc| cco:ci:g to t|ci: |ilitics, to cc| cco:ci:g to
t|ci: :cccs o:vc:scl, cc|t is |ust : cxc|:gc t|t |s :ot |cc: |:oug|t
to coulctio: . . . j:c is st:ictl, c:ctu:c oi :cci:ocit, :c |s littlc to co
wit| ot|c: so:ts oi uo:lit, ;couuu:isu, wit| its :cccs :c |ilitics,
|ic::c|,, wit| its custous :c qulitics, ; 1!1,
lit|c: cuc to t|c ::c|ist :cic:c:cc io: sc:il, :t|c: t|: scquc:til,
tcuo:lit, :c : :t|:oologists iocus o: :c o: :uocc:: socictics,
w|ic| cu|sizc co:ti:uit, :t|c: t|: t::sio:utio:, G:c|c:s wo:| cocs
:ot t,icll, c:w o: |isto:iog:|ic uoccls lut i: Debt, u:|i:g
t|c s:cc oi luu:ucl Wllc:stci:s wo:lcs,stcus, |c :ooscs lo:g
cu:tio: |isto:iog:|, i:volvi:g t|c cou:tc:c,clicl |isto:icl |scs oi t|c
14 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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Agc oi Ag::i: lui:cs ;!.00 ll00 ll,, t|c Axil Agc ;00 ll
o00,, t|c \icclc Agcs ;o001+.0,, itlist lui:cs ;1+.01-1,, :c :
iulicc :cw c:ioc I|c gc oi Ag::i: cui:cs is c|:ctc:izcc s c:ioc
oi ui:l, c:ccit :::gcuc:ts :c coi:gc sccui:g l:gcl, s : ccou:ti:g
ucsu:c :t|c: t|: |,sicll, c|:gi:g |:cs ; !1+, I|is gc :csolvcc
c:ccit c:iscs |, c:cclli:g t|c cc|ts, ccst:o,i:g t|c :cco:cs joi cc|t,
:cllocti:g t|c l:c w|ic| is t|c st:c:c list oi ccu:cs oi cs:t
:cvolutio::ics cvc:,w|c:c I|c co:cc:: t|c: ws t|t ii cc|t ws :ot
c:ccllcc, t|c: t|c wo:lc lu:gcc i:to c|os, wit| i:uc:s cciccti:g to
swcll t|c ::|s oi :oucic sto:lists, :c ultiutcl,, ii t|c |:c|cow:
co:ti:ucc, :ctu::i:g to ovc::u: t|c citics :c ccst:o, t|c cco:ouic o:cc:
c:ti:cl, ; !1, I|c Axil Agc occu:s s usc |ctwcc: cui:cs w|c:
sullc: |i:gcous :c cit,sttcs cuc:gc, :c coi:gc is uo:oolizcc |, t|c
ttc :c s:cc t|:oug| t|c oulcc, :tl, to , io: i:cc cs:ts tu::cc
t:i:cc uc:cc::ics, :c to gc:c:tc t|c u:|ctlcc io: t|c :u, G:c|c:
:gucs t|t t|csc cs| t::sctio:s c:cou:gcc w|t wc uig|t cll cst::gcc
cqulit,, w|c:c st::gc:s usc uo:ct:, i:st:uuc:ts to cqulizc vluc wit|i:
cxc|:gcs I|c Axil gc is tiuc ccc:cc:t o: uilit:,coi:gcslvc:,
coulcx ; !!-,, w|c:c slvc:, is :cqui:cc si:cc t|c cs:t:, |s |ccouc
:ucc :c uo|ilizcc i:to iuc:il cvc:tu:cs oi:gc is :ot t|c cusc, |ut
t|c solutio: to t|c Axil Agcs uilit:isu, s it llows io: uo|ilc :uics to
oc:tc l|iloso|icll, t|is is t|c gc oi t|c :isc oi utc:ilisu s wo:lc
vicw, :c t|c :csist:cc to utc:ilisu wit| :cw |iloso|ics oi ccciul
:css, t|:oug| t|c c:ctio:, oi w|t :c uocc:: wo:lc :cligio:s t|t scc| to
sc:tc t|c u:|ct i:ou :cligio: :c i:sist o: couuu:it:i: c|:it,
I|c \icclc Agcs st:c s t|c c:ioc oi t|c :csto:tio: oi t|c Ag::i:
lui:c ui:csct \:|cts :c :cligio: co:vc:gcc :c t|c tiuc sw t|c
:isc oi icclisu s t|c
cssc:cc to \ccicvl t|oug|t . . . jw|ic| lics :ot i: |li:c o|ccic:cc to
ut|o:it,, |ut :t|c: i: coggcc i:sistc:cc t|t t|c vlucs t|t govc::
ou: o:ci::, cil, iii:s:ticul:l, t|osc oi t|c cou:t :c
u:|ctlcc:c co:iuscc, uist|c:, illuso:,, o: c:vc:sc I:uc
vluc l, clscw|c:c, i: coui: t|t c::ot |c ci:cctl, c:ccivcc,
|ut o:l, :oc|cc t|:oug| stuc, o: co:tcultio: ; !-,
I|c gc oi citlist cui:cs :cc,clcs t|c coi:gcslvc:,iuc:ilisu cou
lcx iuil:l,, |, |ig|lig|ti:g t|c golc st:c:c c:isis oi t|c c:l, 1-0s s
t|c tiuc oi |isto:icl |:c|, G:c|c:s iulicc :guuc:t is t|t wc :c
:ctu::i:g to tiuc li|c t|t oi t|c Ag::i: lui:c :c t|c \ccicvl
Agc, w|ic| :csts o: cs:t visio: oi couuu:ist |:ot|c:|ooc
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 15

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; !!o, W|tcvc: t|c cicc, oi t|is :ccictio:, G:c|c:s ugistc:il Debt
:cccs to |c :cc wiccl,, :c to io:u : :c|ivc oi :cso:scs s :olic s
t|osc su::ou:ci:g t|c wo:| oi Alt|ussc:, G:usci, o: :, ot|c: u|o: gu:c
oi t|c lcit utc:ilist c:o:
Books Reviewed
Agamben, Giorgio, Alain Badiou, Daniel Bensaid, Wendy Brown, Jen-Luc Nancy,
Jacques Rancie`re, Kristin Ross, and Slavoj Z

iz ek. Democracy in What State?.

ColUP. [2011] pp. 144. hb $22.50 ISBN 0 2311 5298 1.
Dumenil, Gerard, and Dominique Levy. The Crisis of Neoliberalism. HarvardUP.
[2011] pp. 400. hb $49.95 ISBN 0 6740 4988 8.
Eagleton, Terry. Why Marx Was Right. YaleUP. [2011] pp. 272. pb $16 ISBN 9 7803
0018 1531.
Fisher, Mark. Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? Zero. [2011] pp. 81. pb
$14.95 ISBN 1 8469 4317 5.
Graeber, David. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. Melville. [2011] pp. 544. hb $32 ISBN 1
9336 3386 7.
Harvey, David. A Companion to Marxs Capital. Verso. [2010] pp. 368. pb $19.95
ISBN 9 7818 4467 3599.
Jameson, Fredric. Representing Capital: A Reading of Volume One. Verso. [2011]
pp. 176. hb $24.95 ISBN 9 7818 4467 4541.
Nealon, Christopher. The Matter of Capital: Poetry and Crisis in the American
Century. HarvardUP. [2011] pp. 202. hb $35 ISBN 9 7806 7405 8729.
Palumbo-Liu, David, Bruce Robbins, and Nirvana Tanoukhi, eds. Immanuel
Wallerstein and the Problem of the World: System, Scale, Culture. DukeUP. [2011]
pp. 272. pb $23.95 ISBN 0 8223 4848 9.
Rosenberg, Jordana. Critical Enthusiasm: Capital Accumulation and the
Transformation of Religious Passion. OUP. [2011] pp. 240. hb $65 ISBN 9 7801
9976 4266.
Santucci, Antonio. Antonio Gramsci. Monthly Review Press. [2010] pp. 176. pb
$15.95 ISBN 9 7815 8367 2105.
Schwan, Anne, and Stephen Shapiro. How to Read Foucaults Discipline and
Punish. Pluto. [2011] pp. 192. pb 12.99 ISBN 9 7807 4532 9802.
Shapiro, Stephen. How to Read Marxs Capital. Pluto. [2008] pp. 192. pb $24 ISBN 9
7807 4532 5613.
16 | Marxism and Cultural Materialism

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Thomas, Peter D. The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism.
Brill. [2009] pp. 478. hb $172 ISBN 9 7890 0416 7711.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism
Triumphant, 17891914. UCalP. [2011] pp. 396. pb $26.95 ISBN 0 5202 6761 3.
Z

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1 8446 7702 8.
Z

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pp. 240. pb $26.95 ISBN 1 8446 7459 2.
Marxism and Cultural Materialism | 17

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