Carbon and its
Compounds
CLASS - 10th
ONE SHOT
1
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Carbon and its
Compounds
2
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About CARBON
Atomic number of CARBON is 6 (6p and 6e)
Also it has 6 neutrons.
Mass number = 12 (6p + 6n).
Electronic configuration is 2,4
Valency is 4 so it is Tetravalent.
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Importance of carbon
● Main element present in all living organisms.
● Almost all fuel that we use are made of carbon.
● Other organic substance like carbohydrate, protein,
fats, alcohol, vinegar, glucose etc contain carbon.
● Plastics have carbon.
Uniqueness in carbon
● Carbon can form huge number of compounds.
● Number of carbon compounds are greater than all non-carbon
compounds.
● Carbon based organic chemistry is studied as a separate branch
of chemistry.
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Why CARBON is Unique?
● Catenation
● Tetra-Covalency
● Polymerisation
● Isomerism
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1. Tetra-Covalency
Valency of Carbon is 4 and it form compounds only by sharing electrons.
Covalent Bond: The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic
configuration is 2, 4. It requires, 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas
electronic configuration.
But carbon cannot form an ionic bond because :
• It could gain four electrons forming C4- cation. But it would be difficult
for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons.
• It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cations. But it requires a large
amount of energy to remove four electrons.
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2. Catenation
It is a property which is present in Carbon which leds to direct bonding
between atoms of same element to form long chains, branches or ring
structures.
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3. Polymerisation
The chemical process that combines several monomers to form a
polymer or polymeric compound.
4. Isomerism
Compounds having same molecular formula, but different structures are
called isomers and this property is called isomerism.
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Types of covalent bond
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Allotropes of Carbon
Different forms of an element that has same chemical properties,
but different physical properties are known as allotropes.
There are three allotropes of carbon- diamond, graphite and
fullerene.
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Diamond
It exists as a three-dimensional network
with strong carbon-carbon covalent
bonds. Diamond is hard in nature with high
melting points.
It shines in presence of light and it is a bad
conductor of electricity. The most common
use of diamond is in making jewellery. It is
also used in cutting and drilling tools.
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Graphite
● In Graphite each Carbon atom is
bonded with other three carbon atoms
in order to form hexagonal rings.
● It serves as good conductor of heat
and electricity.
● It is used as dry lubricant for machines
parts as well as it is used in lead
pencils.
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Fullerene
● Fullerence is the hollow cage which
exists in the form of sphere. It
resembles the structure of fullerene.
● But along with hexagonal rings,
sometimes pentagonal or heptagonal
rings are also present.
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Types of compounds
Carbon Compound Compounds containing carbon.
Organic Compound Compounds containing carbon and
nitrogen.
HydroCarbon Compounds containing carbon and
hydrogen only.
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Classification of Hydrocarbons
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Aliphatic Hydrocarbons : (Open Chain)
No. of Carbon Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Atoms
1 (Meth-)
2 (Eth-)
3 (Prop-)
4 (But-)
5 (Pent-)
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Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
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Cycloalkane
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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Functional Groups
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IUPAC Nomenclature
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Homologous series
Homologous series is a series of compounds with similar
chemical properties and same functional group differing
from the successive member by CH2
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Lewis dot Structure
CH4
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Lewis dot Structure
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Electron dot Structure
Ethane Ethene
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Chemical properties of carbon compounds
1. Combustion reaction
i) C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light
ii) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
iii) CH3CH2OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
2. Oxidation reaction
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Chemical properties of carbon compounds
3. Addition reaction
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Chemical properties of carbon compounds
4. Substitution reaction
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Ethanol
GROUP Alcohol Family
Molecular formula C2H5OH
Nature Neutral
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O-Na+ + H2
CH3–CH2OH → CH2=CH2O-Na+ + H2O
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Ethanoic Acid
GROUP Carboxylic Acid Family
Molecular formula CH3OOH
Nature Acidic
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Distinguish between Soap and Detergent
Soap Detergent
● Soaps work well in soft water. ● Detergents work well both in soft
● Biodegradable. and hard water.
● They have relatively weak cleansing ● Non-biodegradable.
action. ● They have strong cleansing action.
● They are Na or potassium salts of ● They are sodium salts of long chain
long chain fatty acids. benzene sulphonic acids.
Cleansing action of Soap
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