"You're All a Bunch of Feminists": Categorization and the Politics of Terror in the Montreal Massacre Author(s): Peter Eglin

and Stephen Hester Reviewed work(s): Source: Human Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2/4, Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis: East and West (Oct., 1999), pp. 253-272 Published by: Springer Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20011243 . Accessed: 21/05/2012 21:56
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Springer is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Human Studies.

http://www.jstor.org

Human

Studies

22: 253-272,

1999.

I* ?

1999Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in theNetherlands.

"You're All a Bunch of Feminists":

of Terror in the Montreal Massacre

Categorization

and the Politics

PETER EGLIN1 & STEPHEN HESTER2

department Ontario, 2School LL57 Canada of Sociology N2L 3C5 and and Anthropology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, (e-mail: peglin@wlu.ca) Social University Policy,

of Sociology 2DG (e-mail:

of Wales,

Bangor,

Gwynedd,

Wales

s.k.hester@bangor.ac.uk)

Abstract. person's actor's

Following conclusion twin

Sacks's CI have

model no one

membership to turn to,'

conclusions

that murder-suicide

(MC A) of a suicidal categorization analysis inMCA terms a political the paper examines course of action. in is a rational The case Massacre as revealed I hate in his reported and the

is the killer's reasoning question at the scene announcement (notably recovered government'). words: white suicide letter (for example,

in the Montreal 'You're

all a bunch persevere

of feminists. to exist

'For why

feminists') if it is only to please

Key

angry

males,

anti-feminism, Massacre, politics,

crime,

categorization

analysis,

Montreal

suicide,

ethnomethodology, terrorism

membership

1. Sacks's

Problem

of the usability of conversational data for doing investigation that Sacks (1972) poses his problem as 'to construct a description sociology' a suicidal person may reach of the conclusion the reproduceability provides I have no one to turn to' (31). Finding a solution to this problem would mean, he writes, of membership (a) to locate the collections categories "attempting in terms of which describe eligible the ways the search for help for suicidalness is formulated, are used to determine whether such collections and (b) to there are

In 'An initial

available The collections of persons (to give "help")" (31?32). Sacks locates are what he called 'R,' the collection of standardized categories relational pairs (husband-wife, etc.), and 'K,' the collection parent-child, In that study the category classes and 'laypersons.' 'professionals' comprising and in related work (Sacks, 1974) he specified certain rules of use for categories from collections, such as the 'economy collection and its rules of use would rule' and so on. A rule,' 'consistency a 'membership cate? then constitute he argued, members engaged in a search

gorization device.' With such devices, for help could find that they had 'no one to turn to.' Such a finding could be used as a rational basis for, say, attempting suicide (Sacks, 1972: 49).

254
2. Eglin and Hester's offers

PETER EGLIN &

STEPHEN

HESTER

Problem a method

for investigating the accountability of action. we pose the following How may we with problem. or common-sense that is the intelligibility provide for the reproduceability, actor may of the two joined 'conclusions' rationality (Eglin, 1979), apolitical Sacks's model In keeping Sacks's model that murder-followed-by-suicide In particular, what part problem? reach, is the solution in the actor's reasoning of the membership in it?Addressing local organization categories deployed in a form of ethnomethodological these questions means, for us, engaging (1992a, 1992b) inquiry we have come to call, after Sacks 'membership analysis' (MCA) (Eglin to his political is played by the

categorisation

1997a, 1997b, 1997c, with ethnomethodology's social life as situated accomplishments of

and Hester, 1992; Hester and Eglin, our analytic orientation is in line 1997d). Accordingly, to respecify features of recognizable study policy of human activity, and hence The as topics and Pollner,

1971; Button, 1991). phrase, inquiry (Zimmerman describes both the analytic analysis,' 'membership categorization activity we carry out here as ethnomethodologists and that which is our subject whose the MCA activities matter, performed by those members namely our subject matter. As subject matter for this inquiry we consider provide case of the sequence of actions taken by Marc Lepine that became known the as 'the Montreal Massacre.' Our interest, then, is in the Montreal Massacre as a members 'phenomenon. intense media coverage, The event occasioned including much commentary. In the larger project of which the study reported here is a part (Eglin and Hester, we examine all articles on the subject published in The 1999; forthcoming), 7 to Saturday, December from Thursday, December Globe and Mail 16,1989, and selected Given articles in the Kitchener-Waterloo inmembership our interest (our then 'local' paper). we have been struck by how categorization the the 'Montreal Massacre,' notably constituting Record

the emergent phenomena on the categories are dependent and against women,' 'problem of violence used by parties to the event to describe who was involved, category predicates of the 'Chinese-box' what they are doing and why they are doing it.Mindful structure of successive we have become accounts of'K' becoming 'mentally ill' (Smith, 1978), own membership taken up with members' categorization as performed in our materials. These in at least three sorts of accounts

to 'gunman,' 'suspect,' descriptions (referring 'You're the killer's reported speech, 'witnesses,' 'students,' 'police,' etc), (b) and formulations and (c) the explicit descriptions all a bunch of feminists,' etc, 'male violence in the commentaries 'men,' ('women,' against employed in the rest of this paper focuses on (b), the killer's women,' etc). Our analysis
talk-in-action.

analysis are (a) the newspaper's

you're

all

bunch

of

feminists

255

3. The Research As

Materials

on December entered 6, 1989 Lepine reported in the press at the time, in its rooms and corridors shot dead inMontreal and l'Ecole Polytechnique students and a data processing worker, at the same thirteen female engineering

stories report there. The newspaper another twelve persons time wounding corridor he said, that while advancing down the second-floor witnesses saying T want the women' (The Globe and Mail, Dec 7, (1), (2)). In one classroom women on that floor, witnesses reported, the gunman separated the men and students, ordered the men to leave, then shot at the women, killing six of them. a bunch of feminists. Before opening fire he is reported to have said, 'You're all

Ihate feminists' (G&M,Dec 8, (5), (6), (9)). He is also reported to have said,
T am here (1)). He that is why I am here' (G&M, Dec 9, to fight against feminism, You're to have said, 'You're women. is also reported going to be all abunch

engineers. You're At the end of his

I hate feminists' of feminists. (KWR, Dec 7 (1)). to have shot to police, he is reported, according 'rampage' itwas reported that at a police news conference himself dead. Furthermore, suicide of a 'three-page held on Dec 7 a selective paraphrase was provided

he was doing this letter' that had been found on him: '"First, he mentioned for political reasons. He said feminists have always ruined his life...'" (G&M, to the letter was what was called a 'hit list' of prominent Dec 8, (1)). Appended feminists. Quebec here are the reported for the analysis The primary materials attempted to be engineers. You 're all a 'You 're women. You 're going announcement, I hate feminists,' and the suicide letter. The editors o? The bunch of feminists. Montreal English preceded Massacre edition and Marie Chalouh, include in the ( 1991 ), Louise Malette Suicide of the book the 'Text of Marc Lepine's Letter,' as follows.

by an 'Editors' Note'

Soon after the Polytechnique massacre, reporter Francine Pelletier, whose name appeared on Marc Lepine's to publish hit list, called upon authorities carried with him when he committed letter the murderer the complete a few weeks before the first suicide. The call went unanswered. However, Pelletier received a copy of the letter in the mail. of themassacre, anniversary the letter in its entirety With the consent of the editor, La Presse published its contents come as no surprise in itsNovember edition. Although 24,1990 we of what happened, to us and do not really add to our knowledge felt itwould be useful to include the letter in the English edition, nonetheless if only because itwas censored for almost a year and caused such controversy when itwas finally published. This letter is reprinted with the kind permission of The Canadian Press News

Limited.

256
the mistakes, Forgive See also Annex.

PETEREGLIN STEPHEN HESTER & I had 15minutes to write this.

it is not for Would suicide today 89-12-06 you also note that if I commit economic reasons (for I have waited until I exhausted all my financial means, even refusing jobs) but for political reasons. Because I have decided to send the feminists, who have always ruined my life, to their Maker. For seven to years life has brought me no joy and being totally blase, I have decided an end to those viragos. put as a student-officer, I tried in my youth to enter the Forces which to get into the arsenal and precede would have allowed me possibly me because I in a raid. They refused anti-social Lortie [sic]. In between, therefore had to wait until this day to execute my plans. in a haphazard I continued for they never studies way my really in advance my fate. Which did not prevent interested me, knowing me from obtaining very good marks despite my theory of not handing exams. before in work and the lack of studying

Even if theMad Killer epithet will be attributed tome by themedia, I

a rational erudite that only the arrival of the Grim Reaper consider myself to exist if it is only to has forced to take extreme acts. For why persevere by nature (except Being rather backward-looking please the government. to keep have always enraged me. They want the feminists for science), leave the advantages of women insurance, extended maternity (e.g. cheaper those of leave etc.) while seizing for themselves preceded by a preventive
men.

the Men removed Games truth that if the Olympic Thus it is an obvious in the graceful events. So there would beWomen Women distinction, only are not fighting to remove that barrier. They are so oppor? the feminists to profit from the knowledge accumulated tunistic they neglect by men them every time they the ages. They always try to misrepresent through can. Thus, the other day, I heard they were honoring the Canadian men and women who fought at the frontline during the world wars. How can to go to the frontline??? you explain then that women were not authorized female legions and female galley slaves who of Will we hear of Caesar's course took up 50 per cent of the ranks of history, though they never existed. A real Casus Belli.

Sorry for this too brief Marc

letter.

Lepine. letter isfollowed by the 19-name list, with a note at the bottom:

The

YOU'RE

ALL A BUNCH

OF FEMINISTS

257

Nearly died today. The these radical feminists Alea Jacta Est.

lack of time (because to survive.

I started too late) has allowed

4. Lepine's With

Problem

which we will consider in turn, we want to respect to these materials, more accurately, his the socio-logic of Lepine's analyse political problem or, two problems: the accountability of the killings and his suicide. In so doing,

we

that face, arguably, the same methodological question as Lepine himself, or visibility or observability-reportability, is to provide for the availability in short 'accountability' the murders and (Garfinkel, 1967), of his actions?firstly ? as in the first place. Unlike his suicide the case of Lortie secondly political in his letter and discussed below), Lepine's actions are (referred to by Lepine not located, after all, in a setting where politics are institutionalized and so readily available as a 'socially sanctioned wayf.f events in that setting' of describing and Button, 1991:159; see Hester and Eglin, 1997d: 159-160). Lepine (Sharrock therefore faces the problem of making his victims available as 'political' targets. In particular he faces the problem of making his targets visible as feminists, that such an identification or 'category incumbency' is not conventionally

given

available in the form of bodily or other insignia (Jayyusi, 1984: 68-73):

As other incumbencies, compared with gender and stage-of-life category are not so available on sight. Political incumbencies beliefs, categorial etc. may be displayable in talk and action or through religious affiliations,
interactionally available matters such as known-in-common persons'

other

but are not naively taken to be available for the looking. They are ects for revelation?through essentially revelatory matters?obj first-person or close inspection of a variety of avowal, report, discovery third-person residential (talk, action, names, biography, location, "objects" records, profession, etc.) (68).l names, Since are not necessarily for suicide self-evident their either, as political must also be made available it is for this somehow; rationality reason that the suicide letter becomes part of the suicide's recipient design. motives

4.1 The Announcement Why might a person announce what it is they are doing in the course of doing it? After all, it is a commonplace of conversation (CA) to point out analysis that a characteristic of such spoken interaction is that interlocutors do not standardly formulate what actions their utterances are performing as a running

258

PETEREGLIN STEPHEN HESTER &

to those utterances. Rather they rely on the resource provided accompaniment check if required. by 'next turn' for other speaker to do an understanding the gist of the conversation is done by parties to the talk at particular Formulating points for particular purposes (Heritage and Watson, 1979), but not because there is some general deficiency carried by all talk's utterances that requires they be supplemented by a running commentary. explicatory 'Ordinary see also Sacks, 1963; 1972:168; language is its own metalanguage' (Habermas, cf. Wittgenstein, into CA, however, 1958). This brief excursus gives a clue to the killer's implied hatred, here shooting women dead. The implied next action is not conversation. his evident third action is suicide. These actions of his can be Furthermore, seen as attempts to remove the relevance of, and in part the opportunity for, can test any doubts they might others doing understanding checks where they have basis about what it is he is doing (see Cuff, 1994: 37ff). Thus, we as an announcement. for the accountability of his talk have one 'problem.' The next action implicated by his announcement event contained in the announcement, namely some expression is the of his

But why might he suppose that others might mistake the meaning of his action without the accompanying announced If it is not that description? actions necessarily what 'determinate require 'repair' to be intelligible, account' of his action (Cuff, 1994: 42) of the meaning possible the killer suppose he had specifically to counter? He tells us in his suicide might letter: 'Even if the Mad Killer epithet will be attributed to me by the media, I . . .' He a rational erudite consider myself as it quite correctly anticipated, as being mad for having killed fourteen turned out, that he might be perceived strangers relevance and then himself of an orientation 1984: Chp 8, esp. p. 187). The (see Jayyusi, to insanity on the part of reporters, respondents is revealed in the frequent description of him or his actions alternative

and commentators in such terms as 'insane,'

'crazy' (G&M, Dec 7, (1)), 'a lunatic' (G&M, Dec 8, (2)), 'insane people,' 'sickminds' (G&M, Dec 8, (8)), 'crazed 'insanity,' Dec 'crazed man' 12, (1)), 12, (4)), and in the (G&M, gunman' (G&M, Dec see the murders as a 'random later report that 'a majority of [polled] Canadians' . . violent act. (KWR, Dec 29). It is present, too, in the by an insane person' not to see them in this way: admonition 'Itwould be a great mistake, I think, as some kind of freak accident, the act of a madman that to do with the society in which we live'2 (G&M, Dec 8, (5)); has nothing illness is a familiar excuse' '[mjental (G&M, Dec 12, (2)). It ismost striking, however, in the use of 'Oddly' in the following passage: to see this incident

the day, homicide detectives and journalists worked feverishly, Throughout on the man who information personal together more trying to piece 14 young women. Oddly, police could and calmly slaughtered systematically not turn up any evidence that Mr. Lepine had ever received psychiatric treatment. Mr Lepine was born . . . (G&M, Dec 9, (3)).

YOU'RE

ALL A BUNCH

OF FEMINISTS

259
rational actor is that it

The danger of the insanity ascription removes the agency from the actor's disease

for the would-be

he is suffering from, And so he speaks, showing his agency. I hate feminists.'As abunch of feminists. 'nigger' and

acts; and not the intended

the acts become outcome

of the symptoms of his motivated

to a question asking for a reason for murder. as it names the category the announcement of his victims, Insofar, then, a reason for can also be heard as reflexively doing the work of providing As we argued above, this 'methodological' their victimization. step is crucial for observation-and-report to his project. For if his victims are not available as feminists of his action as against feminism then the political identifiability to simply let his other lost. Itwould is potentially clearly not be sufficient from for themselves. the women While his act of separating actions speak not the women, is, arguably, evidently wants self-explicating-he the men-the visible, is, this does not by itself make the 'feminists' problem or necessarily to visual not being available feminist standardly identity the classroom alone. Moreover, while partitioning population by inspection in the setting (Schegloff, gender now a relevant descriptor gender makes are also and 'engineering students' such as 'student' 1991: 51), others then is he killing? Lepine solves the problem by available. Who relevantly as 'women,' who 'are going to be engineers' naming out loud his victims and 'are a bunch of feminists.' victims as feminists, them; By naming Lepine 'anonymises' as individual persons, with names, biographies, he speaks to them not families, to them as of their own; rather, he speaks categorially plans and projects his victims of feminism; he depersonalizes and in so doing representatives his intended is then also abstract since he them. His action, whilst concrete, he politicizes in a kills not unique individual human beings but exemplars of categories two membership device which comprises political membership categorization Similarly, public or polity which overhearing that he is not acting as Marc Lepine per se but as a political actor, as a stance. By invoking this device, Lepine categorizes of apolitical representative both himself and his victims and in so doing he provides for instructions making The as political. rationally accountable in a stepwise is developed categorial logic of his reported speech fashion. He categorizes his intended victims as 'women,' thereby explicating the relevance of gender as the basis of his act of separating them from the his action categories: tionaries.' feminist 'revolutionaries' his task is to reveal, constitutes his wider and anti-feminist for his victims 'counter-revolu? and for the general and political audience, the men

interrogations sufficient answer

'sanity' by giving a reason: 'You're all Watson has shown for (1990,1983) in his study of police 1984) 'fag' and 'tramp' (see also Wowk, of murder suspects, members may treat giving a category as a

men,

or confirming its visible relevance. He then attaches a predicate to that names a second category, 'You're going to be engineers,' which category,

260

PETEREGLIN STEPHEN HESTER &

one conventionally hearable as being is, however, 'engineers.' This category or contested in a problematic at odds with, or at least standing relationship he has just used, being conventionally associated to, the gender category at this 'men.' However, of the gender collection, the other category with point than could be heard as no more these observations in the utterance, that those to whom he speaks are (a) women the obvious, namely stating For this to be heard as objectionable and (b) student engineers. requires that be invoked and the present of men and engineering association the historical connection disjunctive. category, do men's engineers, take men's between women and this traditional ismade available The disjuncture 'those women who would is hearable as meaning 'feminists,' which are going to be in the classroom these women Since jobs.' women would aman's is and engineering job, and only feminist jobs, then these women to him, and is at once conclusion gives must the basis be feminists. of his hatred This is what and the subject which he chooses be heard as occupation with the provision of a third

is

unacceptable of his hate. This

him a political problem who 'who are going to be engineers,' these 'women,' to address by killing are thereby the hated 'feminists.' as 'those women who would do of 'feminists' The occasioned hearability jobs'

men's

'You're all a bunch requires some further analysis. The utterance, stands to be heard as a denunciation of feminists,' (rather than a mere It utilizes a conventional format for or simply an announcement). description a bunch of X,' where X is a place holder for a 'You're all denouncing, collection . . bums,' talk the matter being denounced.3 The preceding to locate the 'denounceable,' if the hearer can bring can provide resources for locating such a denounceable into a disjunctive named there ('women,' the categories 'engineers') can be associated with the of which feature the negative relationship, 'denouncing' as a hearable a successful A category ('feminists'). denunciation provides The the warrant utterance status of the denouncing for that 'search operation;' the status of the denunciation. of derogatory descriptors denunciations .). Hearable ('fags,' 'welfare 'communists,' 'whores,' of a search for the relevance provide

confirms finding reflexively is that it is of the killer's warrant for our analysis analysis significant and potential victim of the killings, Ms Provost in that of awitness reproduced

who attempts to talk him out of his apparent project. As Cuff (1994: 38-39)
argues,

do offer some display of how the parties are that the materials to one another in the ways their successive utterances are orienting mutually 'chained' or 'sequenced' or 'locked into' one another, analysts do have some and thus also the parties are making warrant for suggesting what hearings the range of alternative possibilities. the possibility of warrantably constraining to the extent

YOU'RE

ALL A BUNCH

OF FEMINISTS

261

Thus, Ms

category reportedly engages her task of contesting Lepine's 'women' and the activity the category analysis by dissociating 'engineering' a replacement from the category 'feminists.' She supplies for predicate tomarch on the streets to shout we are against men.' 'feminists,' namely 'ready Provost she re-categorizes and are engineering' inference, feminists, present as 'students' who are 'studying 'intent on living a normal that would, life,' where by on the streets ...' If the would-be exclude killer is after 'marching she is saying, he is in the wrong place. The incident is reported as the women

And

follows (G&M,Dec 9,(1)):

Ms Provost said that when Mr. Lepine burst into her classroom, ordering the male students to leave and the women to remain, she tried to talk to him. "When we were against feminism, alone with him in the room... that iswhy I am here.' he said, 'I am here to fight

not necessarily feminists 'Look, we are just women studying engineering, ready tomarch on the streets to shout we are against men, just students intent on leading a normal life'." He

"Maybe Iwas still not realizing fully what was happening, but I told him:

takes no notice, or rather his response is to start shooting, apparently the non-negotiability of his analysis. As such, itmay be noted that displaying in contesting the analysis displayed in Lepine's Ms Provost announcement, we presume) demonstrates the danger of contesting the analyses (unwittingly others. This is because the grounds of by 'offensive' can be heard, as they are here, as the analysis being confirming in the first place. Thus, contested its contestability lies in the relation of to the category 'women.' As an activity 'engineering' can be heard 'engineering' contestation are exhibited

which

to exhibit feminism by virtue of its historical connection with men; that this student argues with Lepine on this point, apparently grounding her argument in the 'unremarkable' are now becoming fact that women engineers and doing what were hitherto 'men's jobs,' only serves to confirm, for Lepine, that they are feminists since such a view would be predicated of feminists. Ironically, then, her protest, from his point of view, the fire of his anti-feminism. could be heard to reflexively contribute to

4.2 The Suicide

Letter

suicide letter affords us further insight into how he defined his problem; Lepine's it provides not only further instructions as to how to understand the murders as but also makes accountable the political orientation of his suicide; the letter political elaborates the analysis revealed and displayed in the announcement.

262
With reference

PETER EGLIN STEPHEN HESTER & to the first of these accountable actions it is the killings formulates explicitly -

that in the first paragraph of his letter Lepine his reasons as 'political' and not, itmay be noted, 'economic' (and thereby to a conventional of suicide). Indeed, it is politics grammar alluding possibly not random slaughter by a crazed gunman, he wants to be seen as engaged in, observable

or action for personal gain. He writes: 'Would you note that if I commit suicide . . . but for reasons reasons. it is not for economic 89-12-06 political today to send the feminists, who have always ruined my I have decided Because ' a reader. It The letter is unaddressed, but it addresses life, to their maker... asks then presumably 'the public' ('the are his addressee or audience, mediated 'citizens,' by 'government') people,' As a counter-revolutionary terrorist the coroner and 'the media.' the police, of his crime to be the for the functional he is not content significance addressee? unintended to be of the response to it, or for the wrong significance Hester He is his own political attached to it by whomsoever. (see sociologist he the 'right' reading for all to see. Although and Eglin, 1997e), and provides news interview he knows that his act will for the intends not to be available outcome the reader, for example, If politics defines to 'Forgive his action, the mistakes.' Who is the unnamed

make

news and so he can address himself to 'Anon,' the citizenry, the public, in the classroom, but the people who read the news. He speaks to the women an overhearing he audience he speaks for 1985). And, providing (Heritage, leaves survivors and/or the letter, they/we can find that he is talking to them/

us (see Hester and Eglin, 1997c: 35?38). later he invokes the example of [Denis] Lortie, whom he A few sentences in a raid.' Lortie had carried out an armed he might have 'precede[d] wishes on May 8,1984, killing three attack on the sitting Quebec National Assembly thirteen. The event received national media attention. and wounding persons It was reported at the time that he had sent to a local radio station a tape a statement that 'he would destroy the Parti Qu?b?cois containing in Quebec and it had caused Francophones for the "wrong" government In invoking Lortie, News Digest, May Canada' 1-15,1984: 3066). (Canadian of his act with others that may be invites comparison then, Lepine explicitly recording described as acts That bombings'). 1984), 'Lortie' person's (Jayyusi, and Lepine's via the consistency rule, for Lortie's provides, of the same collection acts to be heard as members terror) and, by (political for the common (political opponents). identity of the victims implication, names to the suicide letter is attached women's The list of nineteen available as a description to make in a similar way as a means One basis of his victims. 'feminist' the category is for their collectability The feminists.' Quebec of political is to say, being terror, or simply a known-in-common terrorism (cf. name 'suicide

accountable their public

as 'names of prominent recognizability inferences of these accountable is, perhaps, one basis for ready availability the massacre; refusal to release the letter and the list following the police they

you're

all

a bunch

of

feminists

263
an invitation to others

may well unfinished

have felt such an action would

have constituted

of Lepine's (andLortie's) persuasion to have carried on his (or their) visibly

project. of terror. His co in the politics We may engages say, then, that Lepine that our generalization. Recall and his own acts permits selection of Lortie's of such a politics? What our question is:what provides for the reproduceability of categories are implicated in such politics and 'how are they used collections to terrorize? In short, there are eligible persons available' to determine whether

is a rational how may a political actor decide that murder-followed-by-suicide course of action? Or, why the politics of terror and not that of the democratic in Just how Lepine may come to seek to solve his political problem process? this particular way is the question we now want to take up. the very institution To put it simply, his dilemma arises because he conceives a democratic to his problem, namely the that would be the vehicle for remedy to be the moral as the source of his problem.4 What he considers government, the advantages of women or hypocrisy of the 'feminists' 'keep[ing] duplicity ... while seizing for themselves ismade possible by the actions those of men' Feminists for women. benefits in legislating of government discriminatory a tacit alliance as enjoying in Lepine's are constituted and Government case of the suicidal parallel here with Sacks's 'cannot' turn for help to the R-prescribed category of spouse who the source of the other spouse is necessarily other spouse. This is not because be revealed and so the adultery would necessarily the problem but because 1972: 58). Here Lepine, divorce rather than help (Sacks, occasion possible the political into one corner by representing the political actor, paints himself argument. adulterous There is a formal as ending his political for remedying problem as itwere, by the feminists. occupied, the same analysis When Lepine has done the murders avenue for suicide. prospect pleasure. turning member They Should in another corner

gives him grounds he permit himself to be captured, he then faces the certain in prison at the government's of twenty five years, perhaps more, to exist if it is only to please the government?' Hence, 'Why persevere

a to the government, process (by becoming turning to the democratic is not an option. of the device process') 'parties to the democratic

do not provide a category with remedial potential. The (the government) to turn to contest. Hence, is undermined by the people he wishes government to the enemy. This, then, makes to government is to turn to the feminists

possible

it enables him to step outside the democratic his terrorist activities; of the character of the government. process because More formally, we may say that Lepine invokes an 'immediately assymetric, relational standardized (or government/citizens pair,' namely collectivity people) 126; see also Coulter, 1982). Each of the two to the other; indeed, the terms are in relationship collectivity pair parts stands exhaust inter-defined. The pair comprise a Pn-adequate device; the categories (Jayyusi, 1984:

264
the population universe

PETEREGLIN STEPHEN HESTER &

to which occasions their they are applied. Lepine than complementary, feature. Via the predicate of oppositional, is a category-bound social policy,' which 'legislating activity of the category to the he can ally the beneficiaries in question of the policy 'government,' can benefactors. leave...' Insofar as 'cheaper insurance, extended maternity rather be heard insofar bound ment' as government-legislated social policies and women, benefitting as seeking such ends that benefit women can be seen as a category then the categorizations 'feminists,' activity of the category 'govern? 'feminists' can here be read as in a tacit alliance of coincident

and

interests.5 consists of terrorizing Category work is at the heart of terrorism. The method can be seen as selected cases of the target category so that other category what Given the choice of terror as his political incumbents get the same message. we may of target selection. Which had the problem method say, Lepine, feminists his would it be? We have target category as feminists. already considered But why choose his problem the women of revealing engineering

students at L'Ecole Polytechnique? The Polytechnique had the virtue of being

at hand. is anticipatory; 'Students,' as an occupational category, stage-of-life it projects the future. Kill a student and you kill the future. For one intent on students are a meaningful the clock, for a counter-revolutionary, stopping an anti-feminist of women students has the category engineering target. For

a bastion of male privilege 1990: the property of representing (McCormack, one might argue, then the If women break through into this profession, 32). the murder of a sample of this category of game is lost. Through patriarchal not only other women but the whole persons, entering engineering, considering feminist movement for equality in the workplace might be set back.

5. Conclusion on the Montreal Massacre may be said reporting and commentary or story lines. In another paper (Eglin and a collection of stories to comprise we examined features of the stories of Hester, 1999) categorization-analytic The media horror, tragedy, crime, gun control, the killer, and the killing of women (violence In the coverage we studied, the story of the killer, that is the against women). at some length. His character is described story about the killer, is developed and details search for motive. in a and social background ransacked of his personal biography that he had a plan, including a it is discoverd But, though and his avowed motive 'feminists' that his target was 'political,'

'hit list,' in the reporting and commentary. the 'political angle' is not pursued Though a tiny article reports that a 'Violent film on terrorists preceded tragedy' to (G&M, Dec 9, (2)), the killer is not called a terrorist, nor is he compared other terrorists. A list is provided of previous 'mass murders' (G&M, Dec 8,

YOU'RE

ALL A BUNCH

OF FEMINISTS

265

are (11)), but this is quite a different frame of interpretation. His political goals not elaborated, the problems he faced in realizing them not considered, the question exhibited not raised. Rather, there is a preference of the efficacy of his methods in the categories of description employed for viewing him as an instance of social rather than as the 'rational erudite' he sought to and psychological pathology a story about we mean by saying that the coverage develops be. This is what the killer, but not, except in briefest part, the killer's story.6 This observation, however, might be thought to raise a problem for how our analysis here of 'the killer's story' is to be taken. At the outset we said that we were concerned with theMontreal Massacre only as amembers 'phenomenon. Yet we attention to a story that is barely told in the extraordinary Inwhat sense, then, is our analysis theMontreal Massacre. comprising an analysis of a 'members' phenomenon?' What is our warrant for telling a have paid collection

(partially)untold story?
In part, our warrant behaviour criminals is amethodological one. Studies of criminal and deviant of the as in the naturally occurring rarely address seriously and deviants themselves. Where they have been accounts considered,

the symbolic interactionist studies of Cressey (1953),Matza (1964) and Scott

interview and Lyman (1970), they have been adduced from after-the-event and generalised and have then been re-presented as decontextualised materials as we of deviant behaviour.7 and quasi-causal Furthermore, explanations of society, including criminals and deviants, do not observed earlier, members the grounds of their actions in the course of doing explicitly of our present materials is rich. They the analytic potential such, an opportunity to explore issues of interest to membership afford not only can also be used in the discovery and investigation analysis, they categorisation as it were, as of criminal and deviant of the 'lost causes,' behaviour as a rule formulate them. As
accountable action.

from our understanding of theMontreal Massacre as a members' to analyse it is possible the Montreal Thus, phenomenon. of view and in terms of various Massacre from a variety of members' points Our warrant also derives members' Massacre elsewhere members actions. in terms In this paper we have chosen accounts of the articulated in the work this phenomenon of various to focus of on the Montreal its perpetrator, whilst as it is described, constituted

we have considered

and other media upon personnel of society. Indeed, with respect to these other contexts of membership it is rather unsurprising that the killer's own story was neither a categorization, seriously as an account. Instead, major focus of attention nor taken particularly and commented it tends to be ignored and replaced with accounts external to his action. Though we do not have the space to explicate these here, such accounts are themselves recognisably predicated of the category members who produce them. we note one particular aspect of the responses to Lepine's actions Finally, and its displayed intelligibility. Thus, just as Lepine's actions are avowedly and

266

PETEREGLIN STEPHEN HESTER &

so also are many of the responses. Understandably, much intelligibly political, not only expressed their writers' moral and commentary media reportage it also engaged in political in terms discussion actions, outrage at Lepine's at the made relevant by the killings. Thus, Lepine's reported announcements scene and recovered polity or 'us.' That relational suicide letter can be understood as addressing assymetric, is, in invoking the immediately pair of government/citizens the general standardized

he engaged (or people), collectivity as fellow citizens. As his fellow others who might hear or read his words of society (and those who speak 'for' them in the media) citizens, the members to respond to him politically. As we indicate entitlement have the category-tied elsewhere, Massacre and reportage which followed theMontreal commentary the engagement of such a response via, for example, accomplishes to not only condemn Lepine's murders but feminist commentators the media 'male violence it can be collected. against women' with which in terms of our approach, is how, in these interesting here, as a members' is the Montreal Massacre phenomenon

avowedly also the wider What media

is particularly

treatments, resources in and out of the self-same and categorized conceived categorial himself. Lepine may have been 'extreme' but he carved deployed by Lepine of oppositional, his actions out of the same materials political categories as did his respondents.

Acknowledgements We of (once again) John McCallum, the assistance acknowledge gratefully and Dorthy librarian, for information on Denis Lortie, and ofAnnaToth at the time, for at WLU in sociology students Madden, undergraduate see the on the Montreal Please Massacre. the news clippings compiling used in citing the news articles which comprise for the conventions Appendix on which our overall study of media, the major part of the corpus of materials moral order and the Montreal Massacre is based (Eglin and Hester 1999; forthcoming).

WLU

Notes
1. Consider orthodox] in 'Palestine the strategic reasoning reported ... in white shirts and black jackets' Jews bombers were disguised Aug as [ultra in

(The Record,

1, 1997, A7)

light of the following remarks by Jayyusi (1984: 69, 70): 'In asmuch as political beliefs,
for and the like are revelatory affiliations matters, they are thus also matters religious ... at a glance what is not available and routinely In making concealment publicly one may be thereby providing for a thus available [here 'religious person'] conventionally for an and provide Itmay display to the revealed category incumbency. strong relationship to a set of beliefs and practices: and affiliation category incumbency overriding unequivocal, in terms of categorial a display, is (or should) of what in other words, [sic] take precedence

you're
identification. in occasioned 'Jewish This ways, is not to say of

all

a bunch of FEMINISTS 267

situated

defeasible. in favour

terrorist'

... are not also, of relevance displays the categorization are.' The ease of defeating they 'It is suggested terrorist' 'Palestinian by Said (1996: xi): that such Indeed that I was a Palestinian, and as everyone

was often said by complaining journalists and commentators [on his being invited by the
B.B.C. to give was the 1993 Reith with Lectures] that, the killing of Jews.' fanaticism, violence, knew, synonymous as 'the society commentators to such formulations of social context media by Appeals are examined we of accounting for the Montreal which Massacre, live,' as a way their membership are modelling in Hester features categorization-analytic this analysis of denunciation/denounceable males who and Eglin on Turner's (1997e). (1976) analysis

2.

in for

3.

We

4.

of complaint/complainable. ' So take the angry white paramilitary They're so. They their forces. people whose can no longer

These

are maybe call militias, they mistakenly joining what are angry. Most of them are high school graduates. people incomes have dropped maybe 20% over the last fifteen years or

for do what they think is the right thing for them to do, provide more to go out and work. have And maybe their wives make Maybe attention than they do. Maybe the kids are running crazy because money nobody's paying are they supposed to blame? to them. Their lives are falling angry. Who apart. They're families. You're been media going not supposed to blame invisible. have the Fortune 500, because they're They from the entertainment everything taught for fifty years now by intense propaganda, to school If there's that all there is around is the government. books, anything wrong, it's the government's of external hearing powers. So is that there's fault. The if your that is is somehow government something . . is falling apart, blame the government. so let's blow up bad about government, something life

independent All that you're See also

the federal building [referring to theOklahoma City Bombing]' (Chomsky, 1996: 83-84).
Salutin by public recrimination (1997). anti-feminist for in addition in our case that bombardment be argued of the a publicly made feminists of available target propaganda white males.' 'angry Itmay

5.

Spider Robinson ( 1997) poses the same formal dilemma with respect to the political task of
on Investment the Multilateral (M. A.I.). The agency one would opposing Agreement appeal to to stop the agreement, is the agency it into existence. the government, namely bringing In this case there is the additional in place the agreement twist that when would effectively so removing in favour of business, dismantle the possibility of democratically government out there a suggestion?' 'Has anyone 'All that occurs to me he writes. peaceful opposition. ' . . . or terrorism are armed insurrection

6. We should note the following remark by Thelma McCormack ( 1990: 32) which anticipates
our approach to Lepine: "He was not a very politically astute man, but he was, as terrorists or psychologically." than the people who him socially are, more political try to understand Two notable in the ethnomethodological which do recommend here, tradition, exceptions are Wieder to naturally accounts serious attention of (deviant) action, (1974) occurring and Zimmerman interactionist this will particular not and Wieder studies solve mentioned (1977). above In addition, are 'reworkable' it is quite apparent in the terms that the symbolic of MCA, though in them. One

7.

the decontextualised study

character

of the accounts is Athens (1980).

contained

'category-rich'

in this regard

Appendix
In the text of the paper its date of publication the articles and we cite are identified The numbers by an abbreviated simply distinguish a number. title of the newspaper, the different articles

268
published appearance on our of topic on the articles

PETEREGLIN STEPHEN HESTER &

that day. The order of the numbers in the paper; that is, for example, the order of reflects generally either on the same '(2)' appears as we referred citations has no number

page as, or on a later page than, '(1).' One of the KWR to one article for that day. The following lists give, for each paper, in only from the paper to its 'date and the title, by-line of each article according and page number order, chronological in the text. For The Globe and Mail number' corpus. For theKitchener (G&M) we list our whole Waterloo an article to in this paper. Where referred Record list just the articles (KWR) we or not itwas on the front page we indicate whether the lead article. In a page number appeared ' of the paper; a 'B' refers to the the 'A' refers to the main news section like, for example, A7,' a 'D' refers to the 'Focus' front page of the 'Local' section of theKWR; section of the Saturday and editorials. Bold articles feature major containing was in particularly either type or particularly large underlining in the original, while italics indicate face bold indicates face type that the original Underlining or both. face

paper headline

indicates

a slanted

in the original.

The Globe andMail

Dec 7,(1) Dec 7, (2) Dec 8,(1) 'Man in Montreal
Montreal, front page

kills
(lead

14 with

rifle,'

Canadian scene,'

Press

and Staff, Press,

article)

'Terrified
Montreal,

students
page A5

describe

shooting

Canadian

'Killer's apparent
and Mail,

note contains / Suicide blames feminists letter The Globe hit list of 15 women,' by Victor Malarek,
Montreal, mourns The Globe front page senseless and Mail, (lead article) by Patricia front page Poirier and Barrie deaths,' Montreal,

Dec

8, (2)

'Quebec McKenna,

Dec 8, (3)
Dec 8, (4)

'Whywere women in the gunsight?' Editorial, page A6

about the "The massacre in Montreal/ unspeakable,' Speaking a writer, Montreal, page A7 by Emil Sher, Mr. Sher is Montreal Ms Bronson 'A time for grief and pain,' Bronson, by Diana wrote who the Montreal commentary following journalist CBC Radio's page A7 program, Montreal, Morningside 'Systematic slaughter in Toronto is without precedent,' of 14 MICHAEL

Dec

8, (5)

is a for

Dec

8, (6)

VALPY, Stevie

page A8
Dec 8, (7) 'Hundreds Cameron, mourn The Globe and Mail, killing page Al3 women,' by

Dec 8, (8)

MPs 'Opposition Cleroux Richard

Ottawa, page A13 'Police suspected

demand and Craig

more than

control,' gun by long-promised The Globe and Mail, Mclnnes,

1 sniper was loose in school,' by

Dec

8, (9)

Benoit
Montreal, Dec 8, (10) 'Mass

Aubin,
page Al3 murders

The
not

Globe
increasing, other

and Mail
Canadian

with

Canadian

Press,
says,' by

anthropologist Canadian

Robert MacLeod, The Globe andMail, page A13

Dec 8, (11) 'Canada's past includes mass shootings,' Press,

page A13
Dec Dec 8, (12) 9, (1) '14 dead women 'Don't fellow front have identified,' feelings by Canadian Press, Montreal, woman The hurt Globe of guilt, Benoit Aubin, page A13 in massacre and Mail, urges Montreal, her

students,' page

you're
Dec 9, (2) 'Violent Montreal, Dec 9, (3) film on

all

a bunch of feminists
preceded in army page A6 tragedy,' Canadian

269
Press,

terrorists

page A6 with Montreal, men fatigues,' by Victor Malarek,

'Killer fraternized The Globe and Mail,

Dec 9, (4)

'Lewis
proclaimed,'

will

not
by

commit
Graham

to
Fraser,

tough
The

1978
Globe

gun
and

law
Mail,

that wasn't
Ottawa,

Dec 9, (5) Dec 9, (6)

Dec 11,(1)

page A6 'OUR DAUGHTERS, OURSELVES,' by Stevie Cameron, Globe andMail, page Dl ' 'Violence and anger, WORD PLAY by JohnAllemang, page D6
'Thousands slain women,' of mourners Staff and wait in silence Press, to pay final respects front

The

to page

Dec 11, (2) Dec 11,(3)

Dec 11, (4)

' ' Aware of symbolism, letter to the editor, page A6 'Litany of social ills created Marc Lepine,' page A8
to gender blow deal 'Slayings and Canadian Press, page A9 'Families, Montreal, friends page A9 of getting gun remember relations,

Canadian

Montreal,

MICHAEL
expert Canadian

VALPY,
Staff

murder

says,'

Dec

11, (5)

victims'

lives,'

Press,

Dec

11,(6)

'Ease

in Canada

"unacceptable,"

Mulroney

says,'

Dec 12, (1)

The Globe andMail, Meech Lake, Que., page A9 to murdered relatives bid a tearful farewell '3,500 friends, Victor Malarek, The Globe and Mail, Montreal, students,' by
front page '"Men backlash cannot has know been the feelings intensified by of the fear"/ massacre Yet an anti-feminist by field

Dec

12, (2)

in Montreal,'

Melanie
science of women Dec 12, (3) 'More ruled

Randall,
at

Ms

Randall

is a doctoral

student

in political
in the

a researcher-activist and York University and violence, page A7 massacre to be details released by police, by Victor Malarek, page A14 observe and Mail, at Queen's French, The Globe and Mail

but with

an

out,'

inquiry Canadian

Press, Montreal, Dec 12, (4) 'Quebec McKenna, Dec 12, (5) 'Tension Cameron

engineers The Globe grows and Orland

day Montreal, over

of mourning,' page A14 sexism and Mail, controversy,' page A14

by

Barrie

by

Stevie

The Globe

Dec 12, (6)

Dec 13,(1)

'Risk of murder VALPY, A8

'Police killings,' refusal by to Victor

linked
answer Malarek, in Montreal

to

non-domestic

roles,'

MICHAEL
ends page in

leaves of lots loose questions The Globe and Mail, Montreal, to mourn Montreal, to end victim page Al sexism,' 8 by Orland

A18
Dec 13, (2) '1,000 Patricia Dec 13, (3) 'Students' fill church of massacre,' by Poirier, The Globe and Mail, warned

newspaper

French,

Dec 16, (1)

The Globe andMail, page Al 8 'The self-centred hype BISSONNETTE, page D2

of

Montreal

massacre,'

LISE

270

EGLIN STEPHEN PETER & HESTER Kitchener-Waterloo Record

dead Press, Montreal seen as random in

(KWR)
at college,' by Toronto Penny

Dec

7,(1)

'Killer MacRae,

hated

women/14

rampage (lead

The Canadian slayings

Dec29

'Montreal front page.

article). violent acts,'

(CP),

References
Athens, Button, L. G. Violent (1991). Criminal Acts and Actors. and London: the Human and Kegan Cambridge, Paul. UK:

(1980). (Ed.)

Cambridge N. Chomsky, Common Cressey, Coulter, D.

University (1996). Courage (1953).

Ethnomethodology Press. Warfare. Interviews

Routledge Sciences.

Class Press. Other

with

David

Barsamian.

Monroe,

Maine:

J. (1982).

Remarks

Glencoe, People's Money. on the conceptualization in Everyday Institute

IL: Free of social

Press. structure. Philosophy of the

Social Sciences
Cuff, E.C. Press

12(1): 33-46.
Situations. Washington, for Ethnomethodology Schutz's DC: University and Conversation

(1994). Problems of Versions of America and the International

Eglin,

Analysis. P. (1979).

How

conversational

rationality. Sociolinguistics S. (1992). Eglin, P. and Hester, 88: 243-268. Semi?tica Eglin, P. and Hester,

elucidates analysis Newsletter 11?17. 10(2): predicate

common-sense

concept

of

Category,

and task: The

pragmatics

of practical

action.

order and the Montreal S. (1999). Moral In P. Jalbert (Ed.), Media Studies: categorization analysis. Press of America DC: University 195?230. Washington, and Conversation S. (Forthcoming). Analysis. The Montreal ON: Wilfrid

massacre:

A story

of membership Approaches, for Institute

Ethnomethodological and the International

Eglin,

Ethnomethodology P. and Hester,

Waterloo, Categorization Analysis. H. (1967). Studies in Ethnomethodology. J. (1972). and Human Habermas, Knowledge Garfinkel, Heinemann. Heritage,

Laurier

A Story of Membership Press. University Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Englewood Massacre: Tr. J. J. Shapiro. London:

Interests.

news J. (1985). of the production of talk for interviews: Analyzing Aspects In T. van Dijk Vol. audience. (Ed.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis, overhearing Press. UK: Academic Discourse and Dialogue, London, pp. 95-117, J. and Watson, Everyday D.R. (1979). Studies Formulations as conversational pp. in Ethnomethodology,

an 3:

Heritage, (Ed.),

Language:

In G. Psathas objects. 123?162. New York, NY:

Irvington.

Hester,

S. and Eglin, P. (Eds.) (1997a).

Culture

in Action:

Studies

inMembership
and International

DC: University Press of America Categorization Washington, Analysis. and Conversation for Ethnomethodology Institute Analysis. An P. (1997b). Membership S. and Eglin, Hester, categorization analysis: in Action: inMembership Hester Studies and P. Eglin Culture (Eds.), Analysis, Institute Hester, two 1?23. Washington, pp. for Ethnomethodology The S. and Eglin, P. (1997c). settings. In S. Hester DC: University and Conversation reflexive Press of America

introduction.

In S.

Categorization and International

Analysis. of category, constitution Culture in Action:

and P. Eglin

(Eds.),

predicate Studies

and context inMembership

in

you're
Categorization International

all

a bunch of feminists

271

DC: University Press of America and pp. 25-48. Analysis, Washington, Institute for Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis. S. and Eglin, P. (1997d). Conclusion: and sociology. Hester, membership categorization analysis In S. Hester in Action: in and P. Eglin Studies (Eds.), Culture Categorization Membership DC: University Press of America and International pp. 153?163. Washington, Analysis, Institute Hester, S. and for Ethnomethodology P. (1997e). Eglin, and Conversation Accounting for Analysis. the Montreal massacre:

Re-specifying

as membership and lay sociological professional practices accounting at the 14th Annual Research Qualitative Conference, Paper presented Studies Hester, Jayyusi, Paul. Malette, L. and Chalouh, M. (Eds.) Books. and Drift. New York: Wiley. in the aftermath: Engineering of a done deal. The Globe (1991). The Montreal Massacre. in Education, S. and Eglin, L. (1984).

categorization analysis. Ontario Institute for

of Toronto, August 8. University P. (Forthcoming). A Sociology 2nd ed. London: of Crime. and the Moral Order. London: Categorization Routledge Tr. M.

Routledge. and Kegan Wildeman.

Charlottetown, Matza, D.

PEL Gynergy

McCormack,

(1964). Delinquency T. (1990). Questions S. (1997). (1972). An Sudnow The scent

feminism.

This Magazine, 4, Al 1.

24

(1): 31-32.
Robinson, Sacks, H. In D. Sacks, H. Selected Sacks, Sacks, Said, H. H. E.W. and Mail, August

Sacks, H. (1963). Sociological description. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 8(1): 1?16.

initial (Ed.), ( 1974). On the analyzability Readings, (1992a). (1992b). (1996). of the usability investigation Studies in Social Interaction, of conversational pp. 31?74, New data for doing sociology. York: The Free Press. (Ed.), Ethnomethodology: Basil Basil Blackwell. Blackwell. New York:

of stories by children.

In R. Turner Books. Oxford:

Harmondsworth: pp. 216-232, Penguin on Conversation, Lectures Volume One. Lectures on Conversation, Volume

Two. Oxford: The

Representations When

of the Intellectual. doesn't do much

1993 Reith

Lectures.

Salutin,

Vintage. R. and Mail,

(1997).

August

politics 8, Cl.

for you,

there's

always

crime.

The Globe

on talk and social structure. E. (1991). Reflections In D. Boden and D. Zimmerman Talk and Social Studies in Ethnomethodology Structure: and Conversation Analysis. Press. pp. 44?70, Polity Cambridge: S. (1970). Accounts, deviance and social order. In J. Douglas Scott, M. and Lyman, (Ed.), Schegloff, (Eds.), Deviance 119, New Sharrock, WW (Ed.), and York: Respectability: Basic Books. G. The Social Construction of Moral action pp. Meanings, pp. 89?

and Button,

Ethnomethodology

(1991). The social the Human and

actor:

Social

in real time.

In G. Button UK:

Sciences,

137?175.

Cambridge,

Press. Cambridge University "K ismentally ill:" The Smith, D.E. (1978). Turner, Roy. (1976). Utterance positioning 254. Watson, D.R.

of a factual anatomy as an interactional

account. resource.

Sociology Semi?tica

12:23?53. 17: 233?

of'victim' (1983). The presentation and Interviews. Interrogations Victimology: D.R. (1990). Some features Psathas of America D.L. (Ed.), Interaction and International Language

and An

'motive'

in discourse: Journal

The

case of Police

International

Watson, In G. Press Wieder,

of the elicitation

of confessions

(1974). Mouton. L.

pp. 263?295. Competence, Institute for Ethnomethodology and Social The Case Reality: Oxford:

31-52. 8(1/2): inmurder interrogations. DC: University Washington, and Conversation of Telling Analysis. the Convict Code.

The Hague: Wittgenstein,

(1958).

Philosophical

Investigations.

Basil

Blackwell.

272
Wowk, M.

PETER EGLIN STEPHEN HESTER &

and gender in a murder interrogation. Women's

Studies Zimmerman, (Ed.),

sex Blame allocation, (1984). Forum 7: 75?82. International D. and Pollner, M. (1971 ). The Life:

Knowledge, Zimmerman,

Understanding pp. 80-103. D. and Wieder, of Marijuana

Everyday London: D.L.

everyday Towards

world

as a phenomenon. the Reconstruction

In J.D. Douglas of Sociological Notes on the Social

Routledge "You (1977). Social

and Kegan Paul. can't help but get Problems 25:

stoned:"

Organization

Smoking.

198?207.