Problem Set

THERMODYNAMICS
Dr. Jorge Alejandro Tapia González
Dr. Francisco Ramón Peñuñuri Anguiano
 AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF YUCATÁN
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

PROBLEMATIC

SUBJECT: THERMODYNAMICS
BACHELOR'S DEGREE LEVEL

AUTORES:Dr. Jorge Alejandro Tapia González

Dr. Francisco Ramón Peñuñuri Anguiano

Semester January-June 2012

1
 INDEX

Background 3
General objective 3
Overview 4
Bibliography 4
Descriptive letter of the subject 5
Problems
Unit 1 11
Concepts of Thermodynamics.

Unit 2 19
Forms of energy and their transformation.

Unit 3 26
Properties of pure substances.

Unit 4 38
First Law of Thermodynamics (closed systems).

Unit 5 52
First Law of Thermodynamics (control volume).

Unit 6 72
Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Unit 7 78
Entropy.

PROBLEM SET FOR THE SUBJECT OF THERMODYNAMICS

2
1. Background
Thermodynamics is a discipline of interest for various engineering fields and their
concepts used in the design and maintenance of mechanical devices and/or artifacts
that fulfill the purpose of transforming energy based on changes in the
thermodynamic properties.
The Thermodynamics course is designed to teach students at the level
bachelor's degree, the laws and energetic relations in engineering, through the management of the
concepts of Energy, Heat, Work, Entropy and the physical and chemical changes that
experiment with matter, as well as the laws that govern its behavior.
The purpose of this problem set is to serve as a tool that facilitates the
teaching of the subject 'THERMODYNAMICS' in the undergraduate program of the core curriculum

common corresponding to the area of basic sciences of the Faculty of Engineering.

The problem set comprises 7 units, which are covered in a total of 60.
hours/semester (distributed as 45 theoretical hours and 15 for problem solving
with practicals) and are taught with a frequency of 4 hours per week.
During the course, the student will perform calculations related to energy changes.
entropy, heat, and work for both closed and open systems.

2. General objective
The student will have knowledge and will understand the transformations of Energy and
the substances through the laws and fundamental principles of Thermodynamics,
as an essential part of Engineering.

3
3. General description
The problem set consists of 138 solved problems divided into 7 units.
the complexity of the problems gradually increases according to the given order
in the descriptive letter of the subject.

4. Bibliography
1. Callen Albert B. (1960). “Thermodynamics”, Wiley
2. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). 'Thermodynamics,' 2nd edition. McGraw-
Hill, Mexico
3. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Termodinámica”, Harla
4. Manrique Jorge (1982). "Heat Transfer", Harla
5. Sears F.W. (1986). “Termodinámica”. Reverté
6. Zemansky Mark (1982). “Calor y Termodinámica”, Aguilar
7. M. C. Potter y C. W. Somerton (2004). “Termodinámica para Ingenieros”,
8. McGraw-Hill
9. Faires (2002). “Termodinámica”. Limusa
Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentos de Termodinámica”, 2ª edición. Limusa Wiley

DESCRIPTION LETTER OF THE SUBJECT: THERMODYNAMICS

SUBJECT: Thermodynamics TOTAL HOURS: 60

DISCIPLINARY AREA: Basic Sciences THEORETICAL HOURS: 46

4
LOCATION: 3rd period PRACTICAL HOURS: 14
KEY: IF-L-03 CREDITS: 7
SERIES IF-L-02 WEEKLY HOURS: 4
CLASSIFICATION: Mandatory
BASIC GROUP (According to CACEI): Basic Sciences and Mathematics

GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
Understanding the transformations of energy and substances through laws and
fundamental principles of Thermodynamics, as an essential part of Engineering.

CONTENT: H. THEORY. H. PRACTICE.

1. Concepts of Thermodynamics. 8.0 0.0
2. Properties of pure substances. 8.0 2.0
3. First Law of Thermodynamics (closed systems). 8.0 3.0
4. First Law of Thermodynamics (control volume). 8.0 3.0
5. Second Law of Thermodynamics. 6.0 3.0
6. Entropy 8.0 3.0

TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
Oral and audiovisual presentation, class exercises and outside the classroom, and bibliographic research.

TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS:

Midterm exams. 70%
Laboratory work and tasks. 30%

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Full-time or part-time professor with a degree in Engineering or Physics, and of
preference with a postgraduate degree in the area of Thermodynamics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Callen Albert B. (1960). “Thermodynamics”, Wiley
2. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). “Termodinámica”, 2a edición. McGraw-Hill, México
3. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Termodinámica”, Harla
4. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Transferencia de Calor”, Harla
5. Sears F.W. (1986). “Termodinámica”. Reverté
6. Zemansky Mark (1982). “Calor y Termodinámica”, Aguilar
7. M. C. Potter and C. W. Somerton (2004). "Thermodynamics for Engineers", McGraw-Hill
8. Faires (2002). “Termodinámica”. Limusa
9. Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 2nd edition. Limusa Wiley

SUBJECT: Thermodynamics
UNIT: 1. Concepts of Thermodynamics

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

5
Study of the basic concepts of Thermodynamics and the understanding of its application
in the field of Engineering.

CONTENT: H. THEOR. H. PRACT.

1.1 Definition of Thermodynamics. 0.5
1.2 Thermodynamic System. 0.5
1.3 Forms of energy. 1.0
1.4 Thermodynamic Properties. 1.0
1.5 State Postulate. 1.0
1.6 Thermodynamic Processes 1.0
1.7 Pressure 1.5
1.8 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 1.5

TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
Oral and audiovisual presentation, classroom and outside class exercises, and bibliographic research.

TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS:

Midterm exams. 70%
Laboratory work and assignments. 30%

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Full-time or part-time professor with a degree in Engineering or Physics, and
preference with a postgraduate degree in the area of Thermodynamics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). "Thermodynamics", 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, Mexico
2. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Termodinámica”, Harla
3. Sears F.W. (1986). “Termodinámica”. Reverté
4. Faires (2002). “Termodinámica”. Limusa
5. Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentos de Termodinámica”, 2ª edición. Limusa Wiley

SUBJECT: Thermodynamics
UNIT: 2. Properties of pure substances

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

Understanding the main phases of matter and the relationships between the properties
Thermodynamics in a pure substance.

CONTENT: H. THEOR. H. PRACT.

2.1 Phase change processes in a pure substance. 1.0 2.0
2.2 Surface p-v-T. 1.0
2.3 Liquid-Vapor Region. 1.0
2.4 Enthalpy 1.0
2.5 Thermodynamic Properties Tables. 2.0
2.6 The equation of state of an ideal gas. 1.0
2.7 Equations of state for non-ideal gases. 1.0

TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
Oral and audiovisual presentation, class exercises and outside of the classroom, and bibliographic research.

6
TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS:
Midterm exams. 70%
Laboratory work and tasks. 30%

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Full-time or part-time professor with a degree in Engineering or Physics, and of
preference with a postgraduate degree in the area of Thermodynamics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Callen Albert B. (1960). “Thermodynamics”, Wiley
2. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). “Termodinámica”, 2a edición. McGraw-Hill, México
3. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Termodinámica”, Harla
4. Sears F.W. (1986). “Termodinámica”. Reverté
5. Zemansky Mark (1982). “Calor y Termodinámica”, Aguilar
6. M. C. Potter and C. W. Somerton (2004). 'Thermodynamics for Engineers', McGraw-Hill
7. Faires (2002). “Termodinámica”. Limusa
8. Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 2nd edition. Limusa Wiley

ASIGNATURA:Termodinámica
UNIT: 3. First law of Thermodynamics (closed systems)

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

Estudio de la primera ley de la Termodinámica en sistemas cerrados, con y sin dependencia de los
specific heats at temperature.

CONTENT: H. THEOR. H. PRACT.

3.1 Energy 1.0
3.2 Heat 1.0
3.3 Heat transfer. 1.0 3.0
3.4 Work. 1.0
3.5 Mechanical Forms of Work. 1.0
3.6 First law of Thermodynamics. 2.0
3.7 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats. 1.0

TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
Oral and audiovisual presentation, class exercises and outside the classroom, experimental reports.

TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS OF EVALUATION:

Partial exams. 70%
Laboratory work and Tasks. 30%

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Full-time or part-time professor with a degree in Engineering or Physics, and of
preference with a postgraduate degree in the area of Thermodynamics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Callen Albert B. (1960). “Thermodynamics”, Wiley
2. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). “Termodinámica”, 2a edición. McGraw-Hill, México
3. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Termodinámica”, Harla
4. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Transferencia de Calor”, Harla
5. Sears F.W. (1986). “Termodinámica”. Reverté
6. Zemansky Mark (1982). "Heat and Thermodynamics", Aguilar

7
7. M. C. Potter y C. W. Somerton (2004). “Termodinámica para Ingenieros”, McGraw-Hill
8. Faires (2002). “Termodinámica”. Limusa
9. Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentos de Termodinámica”, 2ª edición. Limusa Wiley

ASIGNATURA:Termodinámica
UNIT: 4. First law of Thermodynamics (Control volume)

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

Study of the first law of Thermodynamics in control volumes, with and without dependence on the
specific heats at temperature.

CONTENT: H. THEOR. H. PRACT.

4.1 Control Volume 1.0
4.2 Principle of conservation of mass and energy in a Volume
1.0 of
Control
4.3 Principle of conservation of mass and energy for a 2.0
process of 1.5
permanent flow.
4.4 Principle of conservation of mass and energy for a 2.0
process of
non-permanent flow.
4.5 Principle of conservation of mass and energy for a 2.0
process of 1.5
uniform flow.

TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
Oral and audiovisual presentations, classroom and out-of-class exercises, experimental reports.

TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS:

Midterm exams. 70%
Laboratory work and Tasks. 30%

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Full-time or part-time professor with a degree in Engineering or Physics, and of
preference with a postgraduate degree in the area of Thermodynamics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Callen Albert B. (1960). “Thermodynamics”, Wiley
2. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). "Thermodynamics", 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, Mexico
3. Manrique Jorge (1982). "Thermodynamics", Harla
4. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Transferencia de Calor”, Harla
5. Sears F.W. (1986). "Thermodynamics". Reverté
6. Zemansky Mark (1982). “Calor y Termodinámica”, Aguilar
7. M. C. Potter y C. W. Somerton (2004). “Termodinámica para Ingenieros”, McGraw-Hill
8. Faires (2002). “Termodinámica”. Limusa
9. Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 2nd edition. Limusa Wiley

SUBJECT: Thermodynamics
UNIT: 5. The second law of Thermodynamics

8
OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:
Study the second law of thermodynamics and understand its relationship with processes.
thermodynamic.

CONTENT: H. THEOR. H. PRACT.

5.1 Thermal energy storage. 0.5
5.2 Machines and thermal efficiencies. 1.0
5.3 Statements of the second law of Thermodynamics. 1.0
5.4 Refrigerator and Heat Pump. 1.0 1.5
5.5 Reversibility and Irreversibility in processes. 1.0 1.5
5.6 The Carnot cycle. 0.5
5.7 Machine, refrigerator, and Carnot heat pump. 0.5
5.8 The Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature. 0.5

TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
Oral and audiovisual presentation, class exercises and outside of the classroom, experimental reports.

TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS:

Midterm exams. 70%
Laboratory work and tasks. 30%

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Full-time or part-time professor with a degree in Engineering or in Physics, and of
preference with a postgraduate degree in the area of Thermodynamics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Callen Albert B. (1960). “Thermodynamics”, Wiley
2. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). “Termodinámica”, 2a edición. McGraw-Hill, México
3. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Termodinámica”, Harla
4. Sears F.W. (1986). “Termodinámica”. Reverté
5. Zemansky Mark (1982). “Calor y Termodinámica”, Aguilar
6. M. C. Potter and C. W. Somerton (2004). 'Thermodynamics for Engineers', McGraw-Hill
7. Faires (2002). "Thermodynamics". Limusa
8. Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentos de Termodinámica”, 2ª edición. Limusa Wiley

SUBJECT: Thermodynamics
UNIT: 6. Entropy

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

9
Study entropy and understand its importance in thermodynamic processes.

CONTENT: H. THEOR. H. PRACT.

6.1 The Clausius Inequality. 0.5
6.2 Entropy. 0.5
6.3 Heat transfer in isothermal processes and internally 0.5
reversibles.
6.4 Isentropic Processes. 0.5
6.5 Entropy balance in a control volume. 1.0 3.0
6.6 Principle of increasing entropy. 1.0
6.7 The Third Law of Thermodynamics. 0.5
6.8 T-s and h-s Diagrams. 0.5
6.9 The T-ds relationships. 1.0
6.10 The change of entropy in pure substances. 1.0
6.11 The change of entropy in solids and liquids.
1.0

TEACHING TECHNIQUES:
Oral and audiovisual presentation, class and outside class exercises, experimental reports.

TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS:

Partial exams. 70 %
Laboratory work and tasks. 30%

PROFESSIONAL PROFILE:
Full-time or part-time professor with a degree in Engineering or in Physics, and of
preference with a postgraduate degree in the area of Thermodynamics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Callen Albert B. (1960). “Thermodynamics”, Wiley
2. Cengel Yunus, Boles Michael (1998). 'Thermodynamics', 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill, Mexico
3. Manrique Jorge (1982). “Termodinámica”, Harla
4. Sears F.W. (1986). “Termodinámica”. Reverté
5. Zemansky Mark (1982). “Calor y Termodinámica”, Aguilar
6. M. C. Potter y C. W. Somerton (2004). “Termodinámica para Ingenieros”, McGraw-Hill
7. Faires (2002). 'Thermodynamics'. Limusa
8. Van Wylen. (2000). Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 2nd edition. Limusa Wiley

Unit 1: Concepts of Thermodynamics

10
OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:
Study of the basic concepts of Thermodynamics and the compression of the application
the same in the field of Engineering.

At a latitude of 45°, the gravitational acceleration as a function of height z above sea level.
from the sea is g = a - bz where a is 9.807 m/s2y b = 3.32x10-6s2Determine the height above the
sea level where the weight of an object decreases by 1%.
R= 29,539m

W=mg=m(9.807−3.32 times 10−6z )

For this case

W=0.99Ws =0.99m gs =0.99(m)(9.807)

Substituting

0.99(9.81)=(9.81−3.32 x 10−6z)→z=29,539m

1-2 Determine the mass and weight of the air contained in a space whose dimensions are
6m x 6m x 8m. Assume that the density of air is 1.16 kg/m3.
R=334.1kg; 3277N

We assume that the air density is constant in the enclosure.

The density of air is 1.16kg/m3

m=p V =(1.16kg/m3)(6 × 6 × 8 m 3 )=334.1kg

m 1N
(
W=mg= ( 334.1kg ) 9.81
)(
s 1 k g ∙m
2

)
=3277N

s2

1-3 Sometimes, the acceleration of fast airplanes is expressed in g (in multiples of the
standard acceleration of gravity). Calculate the upward force that one would feel a
man weighing 90kg in a plane with an acceleration of 6g.

1N
F=ma=m ( 6g)=(90kg)(6 × 9 . 8 1 m / s2 )( )=5297N
1 k g ∙ m /s 2

The temperature of a system increases by 15°C during a heating process.

Express that temperature increase in Kelvin.

11
ΔT( K )=ΔT(℃ )=15K
Humans feel more comfortable when the temperature is between 65°F and 75°F.
Express those temperature limits in °C. Convert the interval size between them.
temperatures (10°F) to K, °C, and R. Is there any difference if measured in relative units?
or absolutes? (/*76 is the problem*/)

Temperature limits in °C
T ( °F ) −32 65−32
T ( ℃ )= = =18.3℃
1.8 1.8

T ( ℃F) −32 75−32

T ( ℃ )= = =23.9℃
1.8 1.8
Intervals

∆ T ( R )=∆ T (°F)=10R

D e l t a T (°F)
10
∆ T (℃ ) = = =5.6℃
1.8 1.8

∆ T ( K )=∆ T (℃ ) =5.6K

In a compressed air storage tank, the pressure is 1500KPa. Express

this pressure using a combination of the units a) KN and m; b) Kg, m and s; c) Kg,
Km and s.

a)
P= 1500Kpa
( )
( 1 kPa )
1 k N /m2
=1,500N/m 2

b)
P= 1500Kpa
( )
( 1 kPa )(
1 k N /m 21000 kg·m/ s2
1kN )
=1,500,000 kg/m·s 2

c)
P= 1500Kpa
( )
( 1 kPa )(
1 k N /m21000 kg·m/ s2 1000m
1 kN )(
1km )=1,500,000,000 kg/km·s 2

The water in a tank is under pressure, through compressed air, whose pressure is measured
With a manometer of various liquids, as seen in figure P1-50. Calculate the pressure.
air manometer in the tank if h1= 0.2m, h2= 0.3m y h3= 0.46m. Assume that the
densities of water, oil, and mercury are 1000kg/m3850kg/m3y 13600kg/m3,
respectively.

12
P1 +ρwaterg h 1 +ρoilg h 2− ρmercuryg h 3 =Patm

P1=Patm−ρ waterg h 1−ρoilg h 2 + ρmercuryg h3

P1−PATM=g( ρmercuryh3−ρwaterh1−ρoilh2 )

P 1 hand=P1−P ATM

1N 1 kPa
P1 hand = ( 9.81m/ s2) [(13,600kg/m3)(0.46m)(1000kg/m3 ) ( 0.2m )− ( 850kg/m3 ) ( 0.3m ) ]
( )(
2
1 k g ∙ m /s1000N/m
2
)
P 1 ,hand=56.9 kPa

The manometric pressure in a liquid, at a depth of 3m, is 28KPa. Determine the

gauge pressure in the same liquid at a depth of 9m.

P1=ρgh1y P2 =ρgh2

P 2ρgh2h2
= =
P 1ρgh1h1

h2 9m
P 2= P 1 = ( 28 kPa=84
) kPa
h1 3m

1-9 The diameters of the piston shown in figure P1-55E are D1= 3 inches and D22 inches
Determine the pressure in psia in the chamber when the other pressures are P.1= 150psia
y P2= 200psia.

D2
A1=π 1 =π ¿ ¿ ¿
4

13
 D2
A2=π 2 =π ¿ ¿ ¿
4

A3 =A 2− A1 =7.069¿ 2−3.142¿ 2=3.927¿2

F 1=P1A1 = 150
( psia )
( )
1 pound/¿2 2
( 7.069¿ =1060
1 psi(a)
) lbf

2
F 1=P2A 2= 200 ) ( ¿ =628 lbf
( psia 3.142 )

F 3=F1 −F 2=1060−628=432 lbf

F 3 432 lbf
P 3= = =110 psia
A3 3.927¿2

A woman weighs 70kg and the total area of the soles of her feet is 400cm.2. He wishes
walking on snow, but the snow cannot withstand pressures greater than 0.5KPa.
Determine the minimum size of snow shoes needed (Footprint area
for shoes) so that he can walk on the snow without sinking.
2
In mg ( 70kg )*( 9.81m/s ) 1N 1kPa
A= =
P P
=
0.5 kPa 2
1 k g · m /s1000N/ m ( )( 2
)
=1.37m2

A manometer connected to a tank indicates 15KPa in a place where the pressure

The barometric pressure is 750 mm of Hg. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Assume that
ρhg13590 kg/m3.
R=85KPa

Patm=ρgh

1N 1 kPa
( )( )=100.00 kPa
3 2
¿ ( 13,590kg/m ) ( 9.807m/ s ) ( 0.705m ) 2 2
1 k g · m /s1000N/m

P| ¿=
| P atm −Pvac=100.00−15=85.00kP¿

14
The barometer of a climber indicates 930mbar when he begins to climb the mountain,
and 780 mbar when it ends. Without taking into account the effect of altitude on the
local gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance I climbed. Assume that the
the average density of air is 1.20 kg/m3.
R= 1274m

Wair
=P −P
A background top

( ρgh)aire =Pfondo −P peak

1N
( 1.20kg/m3 ) ( 9.81m/s 2 ) ( h )
( 2 ¿
1 kg·m/ s)
h=1274m

A gas is contained in a vertical cylinder and piston device between which

There is no friction. The piston has a mass of 4kg and a cross-sectional area of
35cm2A compressed spring on the piston exerts a force of 60N. If the pressure
Atmospheric pressure is 95Kpa, calculate the pressure inside the cylinder. R= 123.4Kpa

PA=P atmA +W +F resort

2
)(
( 4kg9.81m/s+ )
60N
¿ ( 95kPa )+ 35 times 10 −4m2

A manometer that contains oil (ρ= 850Kg/m3) connects to a container filled

of air. If the difference in the oil level between both columns is 60 cm and the pressure
The atmospheric pressure is 98 Kpa, determine the absolute pressure of the air in the container.
R= 103Kpa
P=P ATM+ ρgh

1kPa
( )
3 2
¿ ( 98kPa ) + ( 850kg/m ) ( 9.81m/s ) ( 0.60m ) =103 kPa
1000N/m 2

15
1-15 Consider a U-tube whose branches are open to the atmosphere. Now a
water inside the tube from one end and light oil (ρ= 790Kg/m)3from the other. A
of these branches contains 70cm of water, while the other contains both fluids with
a height relationship of oil water of 4. Determine the height of each fluid in this branch.

Assuming that water and oil are incompressible substances, the density of oil is given to be
ρ=790kg/ m 3, taking the density of water as ρ=100kg/ m 3.
The height of the water column in the left arm is h=0.70m.
w1 h a h w2
Then, = 4 Taking
Note that both arms are open to the atmosphere, the pressure at the bottom of the U-tube can be
express as:

P fondo =PATM+ ρwghw1 y Pfondo =PATM+ ρwghw2 + ρa

Simplifying:

ρw gh=ρ
w1 gh+
w ρw2gh rho
h ha = = rho hw+ rho
→rhow hw1 w1 h h=h+
w w2 p/ p
a ah
→ w1 w2 ( a w ) a

Pointing out that h a=4h w2 the water and the heights of the oil columns in the second arm are
determined that:

0.7m=hw2+ ( 790/1000 ) 4 h w2 → h=0.168m

w2 .
0.7m=0.168m+ ( 790/1000 ) ha →h a=673m .

1-16 Calculate the absolute pressure P 1from the manometer in figure P1-79, in Kpa. The
Local atmospheric pressure is 758 mm of Hg.

P=P ATM+ρgh
1kPa
( )
3 2
¿ ( 98kPa ) + ( 850kg/m ) ( 9.81m/s ) ( 0.60m ) 2
1000N/m
¿ 103 kPa

The force generated by a spring is given by

F = kx where K is the spring constant and x is its
deviation. The spring in figure P1-94 has a
constant of 8KN/cm. The pressures are P1=
5,000KPa, P2= 10,000Kpa and P3= 100Kpa. If the
the diameters of the piston are D1=
8cm and D2= 3cm, what will be the
spring deviation?
R = 1.72 cm

16
The forces acting on the piston in the vertical direction
dan:
F s +F2 + F 3=F 1

kx+ P 1A=P
1 A+
2 P2 A−A
3( 1 2 )

P 3 and substitutingA=π D/4

What is resolved by him 2
we obtain:

π[
P 1D2−P D22−P )]
1 2
x= 1 ( 2
2 D3−D 2
4k

π
¿
32000
2 2
[ 5000×0.08 −10,000×0.03 −1000 ( 0.082−0.032 ) ]
¿ 0.0172m
¿ 1.72cm

When measuring small temperature differences with a manometer, one of its branches
it is inclined, to improve the accuracy of the measurement. (The pressure difference continues
being proportional to the vertical distance and not to the length of the tube occupied by the
(liquid). The air pressure in a circular duct is measured using a manometer, whose
The open ramp is inclined at an angle of 35° to the horizontal, as shown in figure P1.
119. The density of the liquid in the manometer is 0.81 Kg/L, and the vertical density between
The fluid levels in the 2 branches of the manometer are 8cm. Calculate the pressure.
air manometry in the duct, and the length of the liquid column in the branch
inclined, above the liquid level in the vertical branch.

Density of the liquid ρ=0.81kg/ L=810kg/m 3

The gauge pressure in the duct is determined at
partir de:
P=P
man | ¿| −Patm=ρgh¿

1N 1Pa
( )( )
3 2
¿ ( 810kg/m )( 9.81 m/ s ) ( 0.08m ) 2 2
1 k g · m /s1N/m
¿ 663Pa
The length of the differential fluid column is:
L=h/ sine theta=( 8 c m /sin 35°)=13.9cm

1-19 A U-tube has its branches open to the atmosphere. Then, it is poured
equal volumes of water and light oil (ρ= 49.3 Lbm/ft)2) on the branches. A person
blow from the oil side of the U tube, until the contact surface between the 2
liquids move to the bottom of the U-tube, causing the liquid levels in the two
The branches are equal. If the height of the liquid in each branch is 30 inches, calculate the pressure.
manometric pressure applied by the person when blowing.

17
 Density of oil ρoil 49.3 lbm/. ft3
Density of water ρw=62,4lbm/ft 3.
P contacto =Psoplo + pagha=PATM+ Pw gh w
noting that ha = hw and rearranging:
Pman, breath=P−P=
sigh P/ P
ATM ( w oil ) gh
2

)( )
1 lbf 1 foot

(
3 2
¿ ( 62.4−49.3lbm/ 32.2) ( feet/s ) (30/ 12 feet) 2 2
32.2 lbm·ft/s144¿
¿ 0.227psi

Unit 2: Forms of energy and their transformation

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:
Study of the basic concepts of forms of energy and their transformation.

A river flows towards a lake, with an average speed of 3m/s, with a flow of
500m3At a location 90m above the surface of the lake. Calculate the mechanical energy.
total of the river per unit mass, and the power that the entire river can generate at that place.

18
Taking the density of water as ρ=1000kg/ m 3

v2 (3 m / s) 2
( )(
1 kJ/kg
e m= pe+ what=g h + =( 9.81m/s2 ) ( 90m ) +
2 2 2
1000m/ s
2
)=0.887kJ/kg
The potential for generating energy from river water is obtained by multiplying the energy
total mechanics by mass flow
3 3
)( )
ṁ =ρ V˙ =( 1000kg/m500m/s=500,000 kg/s

˙ max ˙ me= ˙
W=E=m m ( 500,000 kg/s) ( 0.887kJ/kg)=444.000 kW=444MW

A jet of water exits through a nozzle at 60 m/s with a flow rate of 120 kg/s; It
it will be used to generate electricity, by colliding with the blades on the perimeter of a wheel.
Calculate the power that this jet can generate.

2
V 2 ( 60m/s ) 1 kJ/kg
e m=that= =
2 2 2
1000m/ s ( 2
)=1.8 kJ/kg
˙ max ˙ m
W=E=me ˙ m

1kW
¿ ( 120kg/s ) ( 1.8 kJ/kg )
( 1 kJ/s )
=216kW

A person enters an elevator, in the lobby of a hotel, with their luggage.

30Kg, and it comes out on the tenth floor, 30m higher. Calculate the amount of energy.
consumed by the elevator motor which is then stored in the luggage.

1kJ/kg
ΔΕsuitcase=Δ ΡΕ=mg Δz= ( 30kg ) ( 9.81m/s 2 ) ( 35m )
( 2
1000m/s
2
)=10.3 kJ

19
Calculate the energy required to accelerate a 800kg car from rest.
up to 100Km/h, on a horizontal road.
R= 309Kj
2

(( ) )(
12 2 1 100,000m 1 kJ
W=
2 (
a m v −v 1)
2= 800kg
2
( ) −0
3600 seconds 1000 kg·m/2 s 2
=309kJ
)
A person whose mass is 100kg pushes a cart whose mass, including its
The content is 100 Kg; it climbs a ramp that forms an angle of 20° with the horizontal.
The local gravitational acceleration is 9.8m/s2Calculate the work, in kJ, necessary to
covering 100m on that ramp, assuming that the system is a) the person, and b) the cart and
its content.

a) Considering the person as the system, letting it be the displacement to the

length of the ramp and θ be the angle of inclination of the ramp:

1 kJ/kg
( )
2
W=Flsinθ=mglsinθ= ( 100+100kg ) ( 9.8m/s ) ( 100m ) sin20 2 2
=67.0 kJ
100m/s
this is the work that the man must do to move the weight of the cart and its contents,
in addition to its own weight at a distance from the sinθ

b) Applying the same logic to the cart and its contents, we obtain:

1 k J /kg
W=Flsinθ=mglsinθ= ( 100kg ) ( 9.8m/s2 ) ( 100m ) sine 20
( 100m/s2 2
)
33.5 kJ

The force F needed to compress a spring a distance x is F-F 0= Kx, where

K is the spring constant and F0It is the preload. Calculate the work needed for
compress a spring whose constant is K = 200 Lbf/inch, a distance of 1 inch, to
starting from its length without preload (F0= 0 Lbf). Express your result in Lbf·ft and in Btu.

2 2 2
k 200 lbf/¿
W= ∫Fds= kxdx=k
∫ xdx= ∫ x2 −x2=( 2 1 ) ¿
1 1 1 2 2
1 Btu
¿ ( 8.33 lbf·ft )
(
778.169 lbf·ft )
=0.0107 Btu

20
2-7 When a spherical ammonia vapor bubble rises in ammonia.
liquid, its diameter changes from 1 to 3cm. Calculate the amount of work done by that
bubble, in Kj, if the surface tension of ammonia is 0.02 N/M.
R= 5.03x10-8
2
w=σ ∫ dA=A− (A=4π
2 r21−r
)
2
( 2 1 )
1

¿ 4π ( 0.02N/m ) [ ( 0.015m2) − ( 0.005m2) ]

¿ 5.03 times 10−5N·m
−5 1kJ
¿( 5.03 times 10 N·m( )
100N∙m )=5.03 times 10−8kJ

A steel rod with a diameter of 0.5cm and a length of 10m is stretched by 3cm. For that
Steel elastic modulus is 21 kN/cm2How much work, in KJ, is required to
stretch this rod?

The original volume of the rod is:

π D2 π ( 0.005m2) −4 3
V 0= L= ( 10m) =1.963×10 m
4 4

The work required to stretch the rod 3 cm is:

V 0E 2 2
2 ( 3 1)
W= ε −ε

−4 3 4 2
( 1.963 × 10^21 )×( 10 kN/m ) 0.03m2 −02 =0.01855 kN∙m=0.0185 kJ
¿
2
[( ) ]

Determine the power needed for a 2000kg car to go uphill.

ascending path of 100m in length with a slope of 30° (with respect to the
horizontal) in 10 s; a) At constant speed, b) From rest to a speed
final velocity of 30 m/s and c) From 35 m/s to a final velocity of 5 m/s. Ignore friction, the
air resistance and rolling resistance.
R= a) 98.1kw, b) 188kw, c) -21.9kw

The required power for each case is the sum of the percentage changes in the
kinetic and potential speeds, that is:

˙ total=W˙ a +W˙ g
W

a) Ẇ a =0 since the speed is constant, the vertical height is

h= ( 100m ) ( sin 30°)=50m. consequently,

21
 [ ]
1 kJ
Ẇ=mg
g z−z/∆
( 2 t1 )= ( 2000kg ) ( 9.81m/s 2 ) (50m ) 2 2 / (10 seconds
) =98.1 kW
1000 kg·m/ s

˙ total=W˙ a +W˙ g=0+ 9.81=9.81 kW

W

b) the power needed to accelerate is:

[ ]
1 1 1 kJ
) [ ( 5 m /s) − ( 35m/s ) ]
2 2 2 2
Ẇ=
2 (
a m v−v/∆ 1)
2 t= 200kg
2
(
1000kg·m/2s 2 / ( 10 seconds
)=90kW

y
˙ total=W˙ a +W˙ g=90+ 98.1=188.1 kW
W

c) the power required to decelerate is:

[ ]
1 1 1 kJ
) [ ( 5 m /s) − ( 35m/s ) ]
2 2 2 2
Ẇ=
2 (
a m v−v/∆ 1) 200kg (
2 t=
2 2
1000 kg·m/s
2 / ( 10s )=−120 kW

y
˙ total=W˙ a +W˙ g=−120+ 98.1=−21.9kW
W

A fan must accelerate 4m3Air flow at rest up to a speed of 10 m/s.

Calculate the minimum power that must be supplied to the fan. Assume that the density
the air is 1.18 kg/m3.
R= 236W

The fan transmits the mechanical energy from the shaft (power of
axis) to the mechanical energy of air (kinetic energy). For a
control volume that encloses the fan, the balance of
energy can be written as:

Ėdentro −E˙outside=d Esystem/dt0 (constant) ¿ 0 → E˙ inside=E˙outside

Transfer index of percentage change in kinetic energy,

total energy from heat, potential, etc.
energy and mass.

V 2outside
˙ dentro =m=one=m
W ˙ air outside ˙ air
2

Where:
3 3
) ( =4.72kg/
ṁ aire =ρ V˙ =( 1.18kg/m4m/s ) s

By substituting, the minimum required power input is determined:

22
 V 2out 2
( 10m/ s ) 1J/kg
˙ tootho =m=
W ˙ air
2
= ( 4.72kg/s )
2 2
(
1 m/s
2
)
=236J/s=236W

Water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a higher one using a pump that
provides 20KW of arrow power. The free surface of the upper reservoir is 45 more
above compared to the lower one. If the measured flow of water is 0.03 m3/s, determine the
mechanical power that is converted into thermal energy during this process due to
friction effects.

Δ̇Em=ṁ ∆ e m=ṁ ∆ pe=ṁ g∆ z= p V g ˙∆ z

3 3 2 ) ( 45m ) 1N 1kW
¿( 100kg/m ) (0.03m /s ) (9.81m/s ( )( )
1 k g ∙ m /s 1000N∙m/ s
2
=13.2kW

the mechanical power lost due to friction effects is converted into:

Ẇ friction=W˙pump−D e l˙t a E m=20−13.2kW=6.8kW

An aluminum pot, whose thermal conductivity is 237W/m·°C, has a bottom

Plan with a diameter of 20cm and a thickness of 0.4cm. Heat is constantly transferred to water.
boiling in the pot, at the bottom at a rate of 500W. If the internal surface of the bottom
The pot is at 105°C, calculate the temperature of the external surface of that bottom.
perol.
A=πr2 =π ( 0.1m2)=0.0314m2

Under stable conditions, the heat transfer rate through

the heat transfer from the bottom of the tray by conduction is:

ΔT T2−T1
Q=kA =kA
L L

Substituting:
500W= ( 273W/m ∙ ℃ ) ( 0.0314m2 T2−105℃
) 0.004m

We obtain:
T2=105.3℃

23
Hot air at 80°C is blown onto a flat surface of 2m x 4m, at 30°C. If the
The heat transfer coefficient by convection is 55W/m2Determine the rate of °C
heat transfer from the air to the plate, in KW.

Qwithv =hA∆T

2 2
¿ ( 55W/m⋅℃ )2x4m80−30℃
( )( )

¿ 22,000W=22kW

A spherical steel container, whose outer diameter is 20cm, and whose wall is hollow
it has a thickness of 0.4cm, it is filled with water and ice at 0°C. The outer surface is at
5°C. Calculate the approximate rate of heat loss through the sphere, and the speed at which
the ice melts in the container.

The thermal conductivity of iron is k = 80.2 W / m⋅ ° C. The melting heat of water

At 1 atm it is 333.7 kJ/kg.

A=π D2=3.14× ( 0.2m2)=0.126m2

The heat transfer rate through the casing by

conduction is:

∆T 2 ( 5−0℃)
Q withd =kA = ( 80.02W/m∙℃k)( 0.126m ) =12,632W
L 0.004m

Considering that it takes 333.7 kJ of energy to melt 1 kg of ice at 0 °C, the

velocidad a la que el hielo se funde en el contenedor puede ser determinado a partir de:
Q̇12.632kJ/ s
ṁ ice= = =0.038kg/ s
hif333.7 kJ/kg

24
Unit 3: Properties of pure substances

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

Understanding the main phases of matter and the relationships between the properties
Thermodynamics in a pure substance.

A cylinder-piston device contains 0.85 kg of refrigerant 134a at -10°C.

The embolus has free movement and its mass is 12 kg, with a diameter of 25 cm.
local atmospheric pressure is 88 kPa. Now, heat is transferred to the refrigerant 134a.
hasta que su temperatura es 15°C. Determine a) La presión final, b)El cambio de
volume of the cylinder and c) The change of enthalpy in refrigerant 134a.

The final pressure is equal to the initial pressure, which is determined from:

25
 mp g 12 kg,) ( 9.81 m/s2) 1 kN
( )
(
P2−P1=P ATM+ =88 kPa+ 2 2
=90.4 kPa
π D2 /4 0.25m/4
( ) 1000 kg·m/s

The specific volume and enthalpy of R-134a in the state

initial of 90.4 kPa and -10 °C and in the final state of 90.4 kPa
and 15 °C are:

v1 =0.2302m3 /kg h1 =247.76 kJ/kg

v 2=0.2544m3 /kg h2 =268.16 kJ/kg

The initial and final volumes and the change are:

3 3
)( )
v1 =mv1= 0.85kg0.2302m/kg=0.1957m
(
3 3
)( )
v 2=mv2= 0.85kg0.2544m/kg=0.2162m
(
3
=0.2162−0.1957=0.0205m
V a t l eD

(c) The change in total enthalpy is determined from:

Δ H=m h−h=
( 2 1 ) ( 0.85kg ) ( 218.16− 247.76 kJ) /kg=17.4kJ/kg

A pound mass of water fills a rigid container of 2.29 cubic feet, at a pressure
Initial at 250 psia. Next, the container is cooled to 100°F. Calculate the temperature.
initial and final water pressure.

P1=250 psia T 1=550℃F

v1 =2.29f t3 /lbm

This is a constant volume cooling process (V = V / m = constant). The state

the final is saturated and therefore the mixture pressure is the saturation pressure at the
final temperature:

T 2=100 degrees Fahrenheit

v 2=v 1=2.29 feet3 /lbm P2=P sat@ 100℃F=900 psia

26
1 kilogram of water vapor at 200 kPa fills the left compartment of
1.1989 m3of the volume of a divided system, like the one shown in figure P3-34.
The volume of the right chamber is double that of the left, and at first it has been
evacuated. Determine the water pressure when the division has been removed, and it has been
transferred the necessary heat for the water temperature to be 3°C.

v 1 1.1989m3
v1 = = =1.1989m3 /kg
m 1kg
3 3
( )
v 2=3 v 1=3 1.1989m/kg=3.5967m/kg
P2=P sat@ 3 ℃ =0.768kPa

10 kilograms of R-134a fills a cylinder device.

embolus of 1.595 m3at a volume of -26.2°C temperature.
Then the device is heated until the temperature is
100°C. Calculate the final volume of R-134a.

V1.595m3
v1 = = =0.1595m3 /kg
m 10kg

The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and therefore the pressure is the pressure of
saturation at the given temperature:

P1=P sat@−26.4 ℃ =100kPa

The final state is superheated steam and the specific volume is:

P2=100 kPa
T 2=100℃ v 2=0.30138m3/kg

The final volume is then:

3 3
)( )
v 2=mv2= 10kg0.30138m/kg=3.0138m
(

27
The cylinder-piston device, with spring load from figure P3-43, is full
with 0.5Kg of water vapor, initially at 4MPa and 400°C. At first, the spring does not
exert force on the piston. The spring constant, in the equation F= kx, is k=
0.9KN/cm, and the diameter of the piston is D= 20cm. Then, the water undergoes a process
until its volume is half of its original volume. Calculate the final temperature and
la entalpia específica del agua. R= 220°C, 1721KJ/kg

From the steam tables:

P1=4MPa
v1 =0.07343m3/kg
T 1=400℃

The process experienced by this system is a linear process

of Pv. The equation of this line is:

P−P =c
1 v−v
( 1 )

Where P1 is the system pressure when its specific volume is V1. The equation of
resort can be written as:

F s−F s1, x−x 1 kA K km

P−P1 = =k = 2 ( x−x=1 ) = v −v=
( 1 )= v−v
2 ( 1 )
A A A A2 A

C constant is therefore:

km42 km ( 16 ) ( 90kN/0.5) ( kg )
c= = = =45,595 kN∙kg/ m5
A 2π 2D 2 π 2 ( 0.2m2)

The final pressure is then:

v
P−P+c
2 1 v−v=P+c
1
( )c
( 2 1 ) −v1 =P 1−2v 1=400 kPa−2
45,595 kN∙kg/m5
2
( 0.7343m 3/ kg=2326
) kPa

Y
v 1 0.7343m3 / kg
v 2− = =0.03672m3 / kg
2 2

The final state is a mixture and the temperature is:

T 2=T sat @2326kPa=220℃

The quality and entropy in the final state are:

28
 3
v 2−v f ( 0.03672−0.001190m/kg
)
x 2= = =0.4185
v fg 3
( 0.086094−0.001190 ) m /kg

h2 =hf+ x2hfg=943.55+ ( 0.4185 ) (1857.4)=1720.9 kJ/kg

A rigid tank of 2.5m3the volume contains 15kg of a

wet water vapor at 75°C. Then, it is slowly heated the
water. Determine the temperature at which the liquid, which is part of
from the humid vapor, in the tank it evaporates completely. Also
describe the process in a T-v diagram with respect to the lines
of saturation.

V2.25m3
v= = =0.1667m3 /kg
m 15kg

When the liquid has completely vaporized, the tank will contain only vapor.
saturated. Therefore,

v 2−v g=0.1667m3 / kg

The temperature at this point is the temperature that corresponds to this value vg

T =T sat@ vg=0.1667m / kg =187.0℃

3

A rigid container contains 2 kg of refrigerant 134a at 800 kPa and 120°C. Determine.
the volume of the container and the total internal energy of the refrigerant.
R= 0.0753m3655.7KJ

P=800kPa u=327.87 kJ/kg

T =120℃ v=0.037625m3 /kg

The total volume and the internal energy are determined from:
3 3
)( )
V =mv= 2kg0.037625m/kg=0.0753m
(
U=mu= ( 2kg ) ( 327.87kJ/kg ) =655.7kJ

29
A container of 0.5m3It contains 10kg of refrigerant 134a at -20°C. Calculate a) The
presión b) La energía interna total y c) El volumen que ocupa la fase liquida.
R= a) 132.82Kpa, b) 904.2KJ, c) 0.00489m3
(a) The specific volume of the refrigerant is:

V0.05m3
v= = =0.05m3 /kg
m 10kg

P=P sat @−20℃ =132.82 Kpa

The quality of refrigerant-134a and its total internal energy are determined from
de:
v −v f 0.05−0.0007362
x= = =0.3361
v fg 0.14729−0.0007362

u=uf+xuf=25.39+0.3361×193.45=90.42 kJ/kg

U=mu= 10kg90.42kJ/kg=904.2
( )( ) kJ

The mass of the liquid phase and its volume are determined from:

mf= ( 1− x ) m t= (1−0.3361 times

) 10=6.639kg

Vf=m v =
f f ( 6.639kg ) ( 0.0007362m3/kg=0.00489m
)
3

A cylinder-piston device contains 0.1m 3of liquid water and 0.9m3of steam
of water, in equilibrium at 800Kpa. Heat is transferred at constant pressure until
temperature reaches 350°C.
a) What is the initial temperature of the water?

T =T sat@ 800kPa =170.41℃

b) Calculate the total mass of the water

Vf 0.1m3
mf= = =89.704kg
v f 0.00115m3 /kg
Vg 0.9m3
mg = = =3.745kg
v g 0.024035m3 /kg

mt =mf +mg =89.704+3.745=93.45kg

c) Calculate the final volume

30
P2=800kPa
T 2=350℃ v 2=0.035442m3 /kg

3 3
)( )
V 2=mtv 2= 93.45kg0.035442m/kg=33.12m
(

d) Indicate the process of a P-v diagram regarding to the lines of

saturación.

3-10 The steam is allowed to cool at 180 psia and 500°F, at volume
constant, until the temperature drops to 250°F. In the final state, calculate a) The pressure,
b) The quality and c) The enthalpy. Also, show the process in a T-v diagram.
regarding the saturation lines.
R= a)29.84 psia, b)0.219, c) 426Btu/lbm

P1=180 psia
T 1=500℃F v1 =3.0433f t3 /lbm

At 250 °F, vf = 0.01700 /lbm

ft and vg = 13.816 /lbm.
3
ft
3
Thus, in the state
Finally, the tank will contain a saturated liquid-vapor mixture since vf < V < vg, and the
final pressure must be the saturation pressure at the final temperature,

P=P sat @250℃F=29.84 psia

b) The quality in the final state is determined from
v 2−v f 3.0433−0.01700
x 2= = =0.219
v fg 13.816−0.01700
c) The enthalpy in the final state is determined from:

h=h f+hg fg=218.63+0.219×945.41=426.0 Btu/lbm

A rigid container of 0.3m3contains, at the beginning, a humid steam of water, to

150°C. Then the water is heated until it reaches the critical point. Calculate the
mass of liquid water and the volume occupied by the liquid in the initial state.

31
R= 96.10kg, y 0.105m3

v1 =v 2=v cr =0.003106m3 /kg

The total mass is:
V 0.3m3
m= = =96.60kg
v 0.003106m3 / kg

150 °C v=0.001091m
f
3
/kg yv=¿ 3
g 0.39248m /kg So the quality of water in the state
initial is:
v 1−v f 0.003106−0.001901
x 1= = =0.005149
v fg 0.39248−0.001901
Then the mass of the liquid phase and its volume in the initial state are
determine from:

m=
f 1( × x m
1) =t ( 1−0.005149 ) ( 96.60 ) =96.10kg
3 3
)(
v f =mfv f= 96.10kg0.001901m/kg=0.105m
( )

A cylinder-piston device contains 0.8 kg of water vapor at 300°C and 1 MPa.

The vapor is cooled at constant pressure until half of its mass condenses.
a) Show the process in a T-v diagram
b) Calculate the final temperature

In the final state, the cylinder contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture.

and therefore the final temperature must be the temperature of
saturation at final pressure:
T =T sat@ 1 Papa=179.88℃
d) Determine the change in volume.
The quality in the final state specifies that x2 = 0.5. The
specific volumes in the initial and final states are:

P1=1.0Mpa
T 1=300℃ v1 =0.25799m3 / kg

P1=1.0Mpa
x 1=0.5 v 2=v f+x2v fg

3
¿ 0.001127+0.5×0.19436−0.001127=0.09775m/kg
( )
Entonces:
3 3
=m
V a t v−v=
l eD 0.8kg0.09775−
( 2 1) ( 0.25799)( meters/kg=−0.1282m
)

32
A 1m tank3with air at 25°C and 500Kpa, it connects to another tank that
it contains 5kg of air at 35°C and 200Kpa, through a valve. The valve opens and lets
that the whole system reaches thermal equilibrium with the surroundings, they are at 20°C.
Determine the volume of the second tank and the final equilibrium pressure of the air.

m 1RT1
( )
3
)(
(5kg0.287kPa∙m/kg∙ )(
K 300K )
V B=
P1
B¿
200kPa =2.21m 3

P1 V
m A=
( )
RT1 A

3
( m )
( 500 kPa )1.0
=5.846kg
¿ 3
( 0.287 kPa∙m/kg∙K ) ( 298K )
V =VA +V B =1.0+2.21=3.21m3
m=m A + mB=5.846+ 5.0=10.846kg
Then the final equilibrium pressure becomes:
3
RT 2 (10.846 kg 0.287
) ( kPa∙m/kg∙K293K ) ( )
P 2=
V
=
3.21M3 =284.1kPa

A mass of 10g of oxygen fills a cylinder-piston device with a load.

constant, at 20Kpa and 100°C. The device is then cooled until the
The temperature is 0°C. Determine the change in the volume of the device during this.
cooling.

33
 3
m RT1 ( 0.010 kg) (0.2598 kPa·m/kg∙K100+273K
)( )
V 1=
P1
=
20kPa =0.04845m3
The final volume is:
3
m RT2 ( 0.010 kg) (0.2598 kPa·m/kg∙K100+273K
)( )
V 2=
P2
=
20kPa =0.03546m3
The change in volume is then:
3
=V
V a t2−V
l eD 1=0.03546−0.04845=0.13m

A mass of 0.1 kg of Helium fills a rigid container of 0.2 m3at 350Kpa. The
The container is heated until the pressure is 700 Kpa. Calculate the change in temperature.
del helio (En °C y K) como resultado del calentamiento.R= 337°C, 337K

P 1V ( m 3)
( 350 kPa) 0.2
T 1= =
mR ( 0.1kg ) ( 2.0769 kPa·m/kg∙K
3
)
=337K
Since the specific volume remains constant, the equation of
ideal gas

RT RT P2 700kPa
V 1= 1 =v 2 = 2→ T 2=T = ( 337K ) =674K
P 1P 2 1
P1
350 kPa
The temperature change is:
Δ T =T 2−T 1=674−337=337K

3-16 Determine the specific volume of gaseous nitrogen at 10 MPa and 150 K, based on
en a) La ecuación del gas ideal y b) La carta de compresibilidad generalizada. Compare
these results with the experimental value of 0.002388m3/kg, and determine the error that occurs
eat in each case.

The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of
nitrogen are:

R=0.2968 kPa·m3 /kg∙ K T cr =126.2K Pcr =3.39MPa

(a) From the ideal gas equation of state:

3
RT ( 0.2968 kPa·m/ kg∙K150K
)( )
v=
P
=
10,000kPa =0.004452m3 /kg
34
86.4% error
(b) From the compressibility letter:

P 10MPa
P R= = =2.95
Pcr3.39MPa
Z=0.54
T 150K
T R= = =1.19
T cr126.2kg

Consequently:
3 3
v=Zv ideal = 0.54
( ( )
)0.004452m/kg=0.002404m/kg
0.7% error

3-17 The combustion in a gasoline engine can be approximated with a process of

heat addition at constant volume. Before combustion, there is in the cylinder the
mix of air and fuel, and then, the combustion gases; both materials are
they can be approximated as being air, an ideal gas. In a gasoline engine, the
the conditions in the cylinder are 1.8Mpa and 450°C before combustion, and 1300°C
after. Determine the pressure at the end of the combustion process. R = 3916Kpa

T2 1300+273K
P 2= P 1=
T1 ( 450+273K )
( 1800kPa)=3916kPa
1 kilogram of R-134a fills a rigid container of 0.1450m 3, a
an initial temperature of -40°C. Next, it is heated
Container until the pressure is 200Kpa. Calculate the initial pressure and temperature.
final.

T 1=−40°C
v1 =0.1450m3/kg P1=P sat@−40 ℃ =51.25 kPa

P2=200kPa
v 2−v 1=0.1450m3 /kg T 2=90℃

35
In figure P3-120, the diameters of the piston are D.1= 10cm and D2= 5cm. The camera
one contains 1kg of helium, chamber 2 is filled with a condensing water vapor and
In chamber 3, there is a vacuum. The entire set is placed in an environment whose
the temperature is 200°C. Determine the volume of chamber 1 when it has been established
thermodynamic equilibrium. R = 3.95m3

The constant of helium gases is R=2.0769 kJ/kg∙ K

P2=P sat@ 200℃ =1555 kPa

Adding the forces acting on the piston in the vertical direction

we obtain:
2 2
A D2
( )
4
2
2
P1=P =P2
A1 D1
= ( 1555kPa )
( )
10
=248.8 kPa

Of agreement with the ideal gas state equation:

3
)(
mRT ( 1kg2.0769kPa∙m/kg∙K200+) (273K )
V 1=
P1
=
248.8 kPa =3.95m3

A rigid tank of 4 liters contains 2 kg of wet water vapor at 50°C.

Then the water is slowly heated until it exists in a single phase. In the state
final Will the water be in the liquid phase or in the vapor phase? Estimate the temperature of the
final state. What would your answer be if the volume of the tank were 400 liters instead of
4Lt?
This is a constant volume process (V = V / m = constant), and by
the final specific volume will be equal to the specific volume
initial:
v 2=v 1

The specific critical volume of water is 0.003106 m3/kg. Thus, if the

the final specific volume is less than this value, the water will exist as a liquid, from which
opposite in vapor form

V0.004m3
V =4L→v= = =0.002m3 / kg< v cr LIQUID
m 2kg
V0.4m3
V =400L→v= = =0.2m3 /kg> v cr VAPOR
m 2kg

36
Unit 4: First law of Thermodynamics (closed systems)

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

Study of the first law of thermodynamics in closed systems, with and without
dependence of specific heats on temperature.

4-1 5 kg of saturated steam at 300 kPa is heated at constant pressure until the
temperature reaches 200°C. Calculate the work done by the steam during this.
process.
R=165.9 KJ

P1=300kPa
Sat. Vapor v1 =v g@ 300kPa=0.60582m3 /kg
P2=300kPa
T 2=200℃ v 2=0.71643m3/kg

2
1 kJ
1
∫
W b,out= PdV=P V−V=mP
( 2 v−v=
1) ( 2 1
3
( )
) ( 5kg ) ( 300 kPa) ( 0.71643−0.60582 ) m / kg 1 kPa·m =195.9 kJ

A frictionless cylinder-piston device initially contains 200 liters of

saturated refrigerant 134a liquid. The piston has free movement, and its mass is such
which maintains a pressure of 900Kpa on the refrigerant. It is then heated the
refrigerant until its temperature rises to 70°C. Calculate the work done during
this process.
R= 5571 KJ
P1=900kPa

37
Sat. Vapor v1 =v f@ 900kPa =0.0008580m3 /kg
P2=900kPa
T 2=70℃ v 2=0.027413m3/kg

2
1 kJ
1
∫
W b,out= PdV=P V−V=mP
( 2 v−v=
1) ( 2 1
3
( )
) ( 233.1kg ) ( 900 kPa) ( 0.027413−0.0008580 ) m /kg 1 kPa·m =5571kJ

A mass of 2.4 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12°C is inside a device of

cylinder - hermetic piston with no friction. Next, the air is compressed until a
final pressure of 600 Kpa. During the process, heat is removed from the air in such a way that
the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Calculate the work
consumed during this process. R= -272 KJ

The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ / kg.K

2
V2 P1 150kPa
∫1
W b,out= PdV=P v∈¿
1 =mRTIn=
1
V1 P2
( 2.4kg ) ( 0.287kJ/kg∙K ) ( 285K ) ∈
600kPa
=−272kJ

During an expansion process, the pressure of a gas changes from 15 to 100 psia.
following the relationship of P=aV + b, where a = 5psia/ft3y b is a constant. If the
initial volume of the gas is 7ft3Calculate the work done during this process.
R=181 btu

P1=aV1+ b
3
15 psia=( 5 psia/ ft7f )(t+ b 3 )
b=−20 psia

P2=aV2+ b
( 5 psi/ f t3 )V2+ −20
100 psi absolute= ( psia )
V 2=24f t3

38
 P 1+P2 ( 100+ 15 ) psia( 1 Btu
Wb,out= Area=
2
( V−V=
2 1)
2
24−7 ) f t3
(
5.4039 psia⋅f t 3
)=181Btu
A frictionless cylinder-piston device contains 2kg of nitrogen at 100Kpa and
300 K. The nitrogen is then slowly compressed, following the PV relationship.1.4equal
constant. Until it reaches a final temperature of 360K. Calculate the work consumed.
during this process. R = 89KJ

2
P2 V2−P1 V 1 Mr (T−T
2 1 ) (2kg ) ( 0.2698 kJ∙kg/ K ) ( 360−300 ) K =−89.0 kJ
1
∫
W b,out= PdV=
1−n
=
1−n
=
1−1.4

A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.25 Kg of gas.

nitrogen at 130 Kpa and 120°C. Nitrogen is now isotropically expanded to a
pressure of 100 Kpa. Determine the work done at the boundary during this process.
R= 7.65KJ

mRT ( 0.25kg ) ( 0.2968 kJ/kg·K ) (120+273K ) 3

V 1=
P1
=
(130 kPa ) =0.2243m
mRT ( 0.25kg )( 0.2968 kJ/kg·K ) (120+ 273K ) 3
V 2=
P2
=
( 130kPa ) =0.2916m
V2
( ) ( )
3 0.2916m3
W b =P1 V 1 ∈ = (130 kPa ) ( 0.2243m∈¿ ) 3
=7.65 kJ
V1 0.2243m

A kilogram of water that is initially at 90°C, with 10% quality, occupies a

piston cylinder device with spring loading, like that in figure P4-26. Then
that device is heated until the pressure rises to 800Kpa and the temperature is
250°C. Calculate the total work produced during this process, in KJ. R = 24.5 KJ

P1=70.183kPa

39
 3
v1 =v f + xvfg=0.001036+ 0.10
( 2.3593−0.001036=0.23686m/kg
)( )

The final specific volume for 800 kPa and 250 °C is:

v 2=0.29321m3 /kg

Since this is a linear process, the work done is equal to the area under the line of
process 1-2:
P 1+P 2 ( 70.183+800kPa ) 1 kJ
Wb,out= Area=
2
m (v−v=
2 1)
2
( 1kg ) ( 0.29321−0.23686 ) m
3
1 kPa∙m (
=24.52kJ
)

Argon is compressed in a polytropic process with n= 1.2, from 120Kpa and 30°C, until
1200 Kpa, in a piston cylinder device. Calculate the final temperature of the water.
For a polytropic expansion or compression process:

Pv n=constant

For an ideal gas:

Pv=RT

Combining these equations produces:

n−1 /n 0.2/ 1.2
P2
( )
1200kPa
T 2=T 1
P1
= (303K )
( 120kPa ) =444.7K

A rigid container with a stirrer contains 1.5kg of motor oil. Determine

the rate of increase in specific energy, when heat is transferred to the oil, to the rate
of 1W, and 1.5W of power is applied to the agitator.

Q˙ ¿ +W
˙ sh,∈¿=∆ E˙¿

So:

˙ ¿ +W
ΔE=Q ˙ sh˙,∈¿=1+1.5 =2.5=2.5 W ¿

If we divide this figure by the mass in the system, we obtain:

40
 ∆E2˙5.J/ s
∆e˙ = = =1.67J/kg·s
m 1.5kg

A well-insulated rigid container contains 5 kg of wet water vapor at 100 kPa.

At first, three quarters of the mass are in the liquid phase. An electric resistance.
placed in the tank is connected to a 110V power supply and a current of
8 amps through the resistor when the switch is closed. Determine how much time will be needed.
to evaporate all the liquid in the tank. Also show the process in a diagram.
T-n regarding saturation lines.

E¿ −E out=∆Esystem

We,∈¿=∆ U =m(u −u )¿
2 1

Q=KE=PE=0

VIΔt=m(u 2−u1 )

P1=100kPa v f =0.001043,vg=1.6941m3 /kg

x 1=0.025 u f =417.40,ufg=2088.2kJ/kg

3
v1 =v f+ x1v fg=0.001043+ [ ( 0.025∗ ) (1.6941−0.001043 ) ]=0.42431m/kg
u1=u f+ x 1 u fg=417.40+ ( 0.025 )∗( 2088.2=939.4
) kJ/kg

v 2=v 1=0.42431m3 /kg u2=u g @ 0.42431m /kg =2556.2 kJ/kg

3

saturated vapor

1000VA
( 110V ) ( 8A ) ∆ t = ( 5kg ) ( 2556.2−939.4kJ/kg

Δ t =9186s ≅ 153.1min
)
( 1
kJ
s )
A cylinder-piston device contains 5kg of refrigerant 134a, at 800Kpa and
70°C. Then the coolant will cool at constant pressure, until it is in liquid form.
at 15°C. Determine the amount of heat loss, and show the process in a diagram.
T-n with respect to saturation lines. R = 1173 KJ

E¿ −E out=∆Esystem
−Qout−W b , oout=∆ U =m(u2−u1 )
Q=KE=PE=0

41
−Qout=m( u2−u1 )

Table A-11 and A-13

P1=800kPa h1 =306.88 kJ/kg

T 1=70℃

P2=800 kPa h2 =hf @15℃ =72.34 kJ/ kg

T 2=15℃

Q yout =− ( 5kg ) ( 72.34−306.88 kJ) /kg=1173kJ

An isolated cylinder-piston device contains 5 liters of saturated liquid water at

a constant pressure of 175Kpa. A paddle wheel stirs the water while it passes
a current of 8 amps for 45 minutes, through a resistance placed in the water. If
half of the liquid evaporates during this process at constant pressure, and the work of the
The paddle wheel is 400 KJ, determine the supply voltage. Also show the
Process in a P-ν diagram regarding saturation lines. R = 224V

E¿ −E out=∆Esystem
We,∈¿+W pw,∈¿−W ¿ =∆U¿
b, out

Q=KE=PE=0

We,∈¿+W pw∈¿=m(u 2 −u1 )¿ ¿

(VIΔt)+ W pw,∈¿=m (u2−u1)¿

P1=175kPa h1 =hf@ 175kPa=487.01kJ/kg

saturated liquid v1 =v f @175kPa=0.001057m3 /kg

P1=175 kPa h2 =hf+ x2hfg=487.01+ ( 0.5∗2213.1)=1593.6 kJ/kg

x 2=0.5

V1 0.005m3
m= = =4.731kg
v 1 0.001057m3 /kg

VI∆t+ ( 400kJ )= ( 4.731kg ) ( 1593.6−487.01kJ/kg

)
VIΔt=4835kJ

42
 4835 kJ 1000VA

( )
V= =223.9V
( 8A45∗60s
)( ) 1 kJ
s

Two tanks, tank A and tank B, are separated by a partition. In a

Initially, tank A contains 2kg of water vapor at 1MPa and 300°C, while the
Tank B contains 3 kg of wet water vapor at 150°C, with a 50% mass fraction.
of steam. Then the partition is removed, and the two sides are allowed to mix, until they
establishes mechanical and thermal equilibrium. If the final state pressure is 300 Kpa,
determine a) The temperature and the quality of the steam (if it is a wet steam) in the state
final, and b) the amount of heat lost from the tanks.

E¿ −E out=∆Esystem
Q=∆ B [
out U + ∆AU = m(u−u) + 1 ]A [
2 m(u−u) 2 1 ]B
Q=KE=PE=0

TableA−4y A−6

P1 , A =1000 kPa v1 , A=0.25799m3 / kg

T 1 , A =300℃ u1 , A =2793.7 kJ/kg

T 1 ,B =150℃ v f =0.001091,vg=0.39248m3 /kg

x 1=0.50 u f =631.66,ufg=1927.4 kJ/kg

3
v1 , B =v f+ x1v fg=0.001091+ [ ( 0.50∗ ) (0.39248−0.001091 ) ]=0.19679m/kg
u1 , B=u f+ x 1 u fg=631.66+ ( 0.50 )∗( 1927.4=1595.4kJ/kg
)

V =VA +V B =m Av 1 A+mBv 1 , B= 2kg

( )
( 0.25799m3
kg )
+ (3kg )
(kg )
0.19679m3
=1.106m3
m=m A + m B=3+ 2=5kg
V1.106m3
v 2= = =0.22127m3/kg
m 5kg

P2=300kPa
v 2=0.22127m3 /kg
T 2=T sat @300kPa=133.5℃
x=(
2 v¿ 2−v)/(v¿
¿ f g−v)=(0.22127−0.001073)/(0.60582−0.001073)=0
¿ f .3641¿¿

43
u2=u f+ x 2 u fg=561.11+ ( 0.3641∗1982.1)=1282.8 kJ/kg

Q=∆ B [
out U + ΔAU = m(u−u) 1 ]A [
2+ m(u−u) 2 1 ]B
2kg ( 1282.8−2793.7 ) kJ3kg ( 1282.8−1595.4 )kJ
Q yout = + =−3959 kJ
kg kg
Q out=3959kJ

In a cylinder-piston device with a spring load, vapor is contained.

water at 75Kpa and 13% quality, as shown in figure P4-45 with an initial volume of
2m3Then the water vapor is heated until its volume is 5m.3and its pressure is
300 Kpa. Calculate the heat transferred to the steam, and the work produced by it.
during this process.

E¿ −E out=Esystem
aD
tle
Q¿ −W b , oout=∆U=m(u2−u1)
Q=KE=PE=0
Q ¿ =W b , out+m(u2−u1 )

TableA−5

v1 , B =v f + x1v fg=0.001037+ [ ( 0.13∗ ) (2.2172−0.001037] =0.28914m

) 3
/kg
u1 , B=u f+ x 1 u fg=384.36+ ( 0.13 )∗ 2111.8 )=658.89 kJ/kg
(

V1 2m3
m= = =6.9170kg
v 1 0.28914m3/kg

V2 5m3
v 2= = =0.72285m3 /kg
m6.917kg

TableA−6

u2=2657.2 kJ/kg
P 1+P2 ( 75+ 300 )kPa( 1kJ
Wb,out= Area=
2
( V−V=
2 1)
2
5−2 ) m3
(
1 kPa∙m
3
)
=562.5kJ

Q¿ =W b , oout+m( u−u=562.5
2 1) kJ+ ( 6.9179kg ) ( 2657.2− 658.89 kJ) /kg¿=14385 kJ

44
Calculate the change in the enthalpy of argon, in KJ/Kg when it is cooled from 400 to
100°C. If neon had gone through the same temperature change, would its
enthalpy change?

The specific heat at constant pressure of argon and neon is 0.5203 kJ/kg.⋅ K y
1.0299 kJ / kg⋅K, respectively, the changes in enthalpy are:

∆ hargon=c pD e l t a( 0.5203
T = kJ/kg∙K ) ( 400−100 ) K=156.1kJ/kg
∆ hneon=c p∆ T = ( 1.0299kJ/kg∙K ) ( 400−100 ) K=309.0 kJ/kg

Neon is compressed from 100 kPa and 20°C to 500 kPa in an isothermal compressor.
Determine the change in specific volume and specific enthalpy of neon, caused by
for this understanding.

The gas constant of neon is R = 0.4119 kJ / kg⋅ K and the specific heat at pressure
neon constant is 1.0299 kJ / kg⋅ K
At the compressor inlet, the specific volume is:
3
RT ( 0.4119 kPa·m/kg∙ K 20+273K
)( ) 3
v=
1
P1
=
100 kPa =1.207m /kg
Likewise, at the compressor outlet:
3
RT ( 0.4119 kPa·m/kg∙K 20+273K
)( )
v 2=
P2
=
500kPa =0.2414m3 /kg
The change in specific volume caused by the compressor is:

∆v=v 2−v 1=0.214−1.207=−0.966m3 /kg

Given that the process is isothermal:

∆ h=c pD e l t a T =0 kJ/kg

A room of 4m x 5m x 6m will be heated with an electric heater placed

about a baseboard. It is desired that this heater can raise the temperature of the room of
7 to 23°C in 15 minutes. Assuming there is no heat loss from the enclosure, and that the pressure
atmospheric sea of 100Kpa, calculate the power required in the heater. Assume that
The specific heats are constant at ambient temperature. R = 1.91KW

45
The air gas constant is R = 0.287 kPa m3/kg K. Additionally,
∙ ∙ CV = 0.718 kJ /
kg∙ K for air at room temperature.

We∈¿=∆ U ≅ m c ( T−T
vg ,avg 2 1)¿

The air mass is: V =4 × 5 × 6 =120m

3

m=
P1 V ( m 3)
( 100 kPa) 120
=149.3
=
RT1 ( 0.287kPa·m/kg∙K
3
) ( 280K )

Substituting, the power of the heater will be:

Ẇ 149.3kg ) ( 0.718kJ/ kg∙℃ )( 23−7℃

e,∈¿=
(
) =1.91 kW¿
15×60s

4-18Un sistema cerrado contiene 2kg de aire, y en un proceso pasa de 600Kpay 200°C
up to 80Kpa. Determine the initial volume of this system, the work done, and the heat.
transferred during the process. R = 0.453m3547 KJ, 547 KJ
3
)(
mRT ( 2kg0.287kPa∙m/kg⋅K473K)( )
The initial volume is: V=1 =
P1 600kPa =0.4525m3
Using the boundary work relationship for the isothermal process of an ideal gas
we obtain:
2 2
dv v2 P1 3 600kPa
W b,out= dP ∫1
= m dV=mRT ∫1 v
=mRTIn=mRTIn=
v 1P 2
( 2kg ) ( 0.287 kPa·m/kg·K ) ( 473K ) ∈¿
80 kPa
=547.1kJ

The heat transferred from the process:Q¿=W b , oout=546.1kJ

Argon is compressed in a polytropic process, with n=1.2 from 120 kPa and 30°C until
1200 Kpa, in a piston-cylinder device. Determine the work produced and the heat.
transferred during this compression process in KJ/Kg.

[( ) ]
( n−1 ) / n

[( ) ]
0.2/1.2
RT1 P2 ( 0.2081 kJ/kg∙K ) ( 303K ) 1200
W b, salt = = −1= −1=−147.5 kJ/kg
1−n P1 1−1.2 120

So:
Wb ,ent =147.5 kJ / kg

46
The final temperature is:
P2 ( n−1 ) / n 0.2/1.2

( )
1200kPa
T 2=T 1
P1
= ( 303K )
( 120kPa ) =444.7K

From the energy balance equation:

q int =W b , sthe+ cv ( T−T

2 =−147.5kJ/kg+
1) ( 0.3122 kJ/kg∙K )( 444.7−303K=−103.3
) kJ/kg

Then:

q salt=103.3 kJ/kg

A cylinder-piston device with spring loading contains a 5kg system.

of helium gas, as seen in figure P4-76. This system is heated to 100Kpa and
20°C up to 800kPa and 160°C. Determine the heat transferred to this system and the work
carried out by him.

Properties: For helium R=2.0769 kJ/kg∙K and cv=3.1156 kJ/kg∙K (table A-2)

E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem

Q ent−W b , sto=∆U=mcv(T 2−T 1)

The initial and final volumes are:

RT 1 (5 k g )( 2.0769 kPa·m/3 kg∙K293K

)( )
v1 =
P1
=
100kPa =30.427m3
3
RT2 (5kg) (2.0769 kPa·m/kg∙K160+273K
)( )
v 2=
P2
=
800 kPa =5.621m3

The linear pressure changes with volume and work

realized are equal to the area under the line process
1-2

P1−P 2
Wb,sal= Area= ( v−v
2 1)
2

47
 (100+800 ) kPa( 1 kJ
¿
2
5.621−30.427 ) m3
1 kPa∙m3 ( )
¿−11,163 kJ

So:
Wb ,ent =11,163kJ

Using the energy balance equation.

Qint =W b , sto the+mc

v ( T−T=−11,163
2 1) kJ+(5kg)(3.1156 kJ/kg∙ K)(160−20)K=−8982 kJ

So:
Q salt=8982kJ

A cylinder-piston device contains 0.8 kg of nitrogen, initially at

100Kpa and 27°C. Then nitrogen is slowly compressed in a process
polytropic during which Pν1.3constant, until the volume is reduced to half.
Determine the work done and the heat transfer for this process.

E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem

Wb ,ent −Q int =Δ U =m(u2−u1 )

Wb ,ent −Qint =mcv (T 2−T 1)

The final pressure and temperature of the nitrogen is:

1.3
V1
( )
→
1 V 1❑ P 2 =
1.3 1.3
P2 V2=P P1=21.3 ( 100kPa)=246.2 kPa
V2

P 1 V 1P 2 V 2 → P2V 2 246.2 kPa

= ❑ T2= T 1= × 0 . 5 ×( 300K)=369.3K
T1 T2 P1V 1 100 kPa

The boundary work for this polytropic process can be determined from:
2
−P2 V2−P1 V 1−Mr.(T 2−T 1 )
W b ,ent =− ∫ P d V = =
1 1−n 1−n

48
 (0.8kg)(0.2968kJ/kg∙K)(369.3−300)
¿− =54.8 kJ
1−1.3

Substituting

Qsalt=Wb sal−m c T−T=

v ( 2 54.81 )kJ−(0.8kg)(0.744kJ/ kg·K)(369.3−360) K =13.6 kJ

An ordinary egg can be modeled as a sphere with a diameter of 5.5 cm. To

Initially, the egg is at a uniform temperature of 8°C and is dropped into water.
boiling, at 97°C. If the properties of the egg are ρ = 1020 kg/m3y cp=3.32 KJ/kg·°
determine how much heat is transferred to the egg for its average temperature to increase
at 80°C.

m=ρ V =ρ
πD3
6
= ( 1020kg/m
3
π6
3
( 0.055m )
=0.0889kg
)
Q=mc
¿ pT−T=
( 2 1 ) ( 0.0889 kg) ( 3.32 kJ/kg.℃ ) ( 80−8℃=21.2
) kJ

A rigid tank contains 0.4m3from air at 400 kPa and 30°C, it connects with a
valve to a cylinder-piston device, whose minimum volume is zero. The mass of the
the piston is such that a pressure of 200Kpa is required to lift it. Then, an opening is made.
little the valve, and it is allowed to let air into the cylinder, until the air pressure drops to
200Kpa. During this process, heat is exchanged with the surroundings, such that
the air as a whole remains always at 30°C determine the heat transferred in it
process.

We assume: 1.- The air is an ideal gas. 2.- The

changes in kinetic and potential energy are
despicable. 3.- There is no work interaction
another than the border work.

Properties: R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1)

E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem

Qint −W b , sthe=∆ U =M (U−u=0
2 1)

49
Q int =W b , sto the

Due to queu=u(T) for ideal gases, and therefore2=u1 cuandoT1=T2The volume

initial of the air is:
P 1 V 1P 2 V 2 → P2T 2 400 kPa
❑ V 2=
3 3
= V 1= ( )
1×0.4m=0.80m
T1 T2 P1T 1 200 kPa
The pressure on the face of the piston remains constant at 200kPa.
border work during the process is:
2
1 kJ
W b,sal= P∫ d V =P V−V=
( )
3
2( 2 1 ) ( 200kPa ) ( 0.8−0.4 ) m 1 kPa∙m 3 =80 kJ
1

Therefore, heat transfer is determined:

Wsalt=Qent=80 kJ

Unit 5: First law of Thermodynamics (Volume of

control).
OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:
Study of the first law of Thermodynamics in control volumes, with and without
dependence of specific heats on temperature.

5-1 Through the area of 1m 2Air enters an airplane engine at 100 Kpa and 20°C, with a
speed of 180m/s. Determine the volumetric flow rate, in m3/s, at the engine inlet,
and the mass flow, in kg/s, at the motor outlet.

The specific volume at the entrance is:

3
RT1 ( 0.287 kPa∙m/kg∙K20+273K
)( )
v1 =
P1
=
100kPa =0.8409m3 /kg
Since the flow is steady, the mass flow rate remains constant.
during the flow. So:

V̇ 1 180m3 / s
ṁ= = =214.1kg/s
v 1 0.8409m3 /kg

50
A 28cm diameter tube carries refrigerant 134a, under constant conditions.
at 200Kpa and 20°C, with a speed of 5m/s. the refrigerant gains heat as it passes through, and exits
from the tube at 180Kpa and 40°C. Determine a) The volumetric flow rate of the refrigerant in the
a) The mass flow of the refrigerant, and b) The velocity and the volumetric flow in
the exit.

P1=200 kPa
T 1=20℃
v1 =0.1142m3 /kg

P2=180 kPa
T 2=40℃
v1 =0.1374m3 /kg

2
piD π ( 0.28m2)
V̇ 1= A cV 1= V 1= (5 m /s)=0.3079m3/s
4 4
1 1π D 2
1 π ( 0.28m2)
ṁ= A V=c 1 V1= (5 m /s)=2.696kg/ s
v1 v 14 0.1142m3 / s 4

3 3
V̇ 2=ṁ V 2=(2.696kg/s)(0.1374m/kg)=0.3705m/ s

V̇ 2 0.3705m3 / s
V 2= = =6.02m/s
Ac π (0.28m)2
4

A compressor handles 10 liters of air at 120 Kpa and 20°C, and delivers it at 1000 Kpa.
at 300°C. Calculate the flow work, in KJ/Kg, required by the compressor.
R=80.4KJ/Kg

w=P
flow v−P
2 2v=R1 T1 −T=( 2 1 ) ( 0.287 kJ / kg·K ) ( 300−20k3ñ=80.36
) kJ/kg

51
5-4 A nozzle has air constantly entering at 300 kPa, 200°C, and 30 m/s, and exiting at 100 kPa.
180m/s. The inlet area of the nozzle is 80cm2determine a) The mass flow through the
nozzle, b) the air temperature at the outlet and c) The outlet area of the nozzle.
R= a)0.5304 Kg/s, b)184.6°C, c)38.7cm2

The gas constant of air is 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1). The specific heat
of the air at the expected average temperature of 450 K is cp =
1.02 kJ /kg.°C.

It's not just an entrance and an exit, and therefore m=m=m

˙ 1 ˙ 2 ˙ Using the relationship of
ideal gases, specific volume, and the mass flow rate of air
determines that:
3
RT 1 ( 0.287 kPa∙m/kg∙K473K )( )
(b) v1 =
P1
=
300kPa =0.4524m3 /kg
1 1
ṁ= A V=1 1
v1 3
0.4525m / kg
2
( 0.008m ) ( 30m/s
) =0.5304kg/s
We take the nozzle as the system, which is a control volume from the mass.
cross the limit. The energy balance for this steady flow system can be
expressed in the form of a rate:
2 2
ṁ (h+V
1 ) h+V/2=
/2=ṁ
1 ( 2 since
2 ) Q( ≅ W ≅ ˙ ∆˙p ≅ 0 )
V 22−V21 V 22−V 12
0=h2−h1+ →0=c p haveT−T+
( 2 1)
2 2
2 2
180m/s ) − ( 30m/s ) 1kJ/kg
( )
(
Substituting: 0= ( 1.02 kJ/kg∙ K ) ( T−200℃
2 +)
2 2 2
1000m/s
T=184.6℃
Which results in:2

The specific volume of the air at the nozzle exit is:

3
RT2 ( 0.287 kPa∙m/kg∙K184.6+273K
)( ) 3
v 2= =
P2 100kPa =1.313m /kg
1 0.5304kg 1
ṁ= A V2 →2 = A 2( 180m/s ) → A2=0.00387m2 =38.7cm2
v2 s 3
1.313m /kg

5-5A an adiabatic diffuser takes in air at 80Kpa and 127°C, with a constant flow of 6000kg/hr.
and comes out at 100Kpa. The air speed decreases from 230 to 30 m/s when passing through the diffuser.
Calcule a) la temperatura del aire a la salida, y b)El área de salida del difusor.

The gas constant of air is 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K. The enthalpy of air at

Input temperature of 400 K is h1 = 400.98 kJ / kg.

52
 There is only one entrance and one exit, and therefore m=m=m
˙ 1 ˙ 2 ˙ We take diffuser
like the system:
2 2
ṁ (h+V/2=ṁ
1 1 ) h+V/2=
( 2 since
2 ) Q( ≅ W ≅˙ ∆ ˙p ≅ 0 )

V 22−V12
0=h2−h1+
2
Ó:
V 22−V 21 30m/s2) − ( 230m/ s2) 1 kJ/kg
( )
(
h2 =h1− =400.98 kJ/kg− = 2 2
=426.98kJ/kg
2 2 1000 meters/s

T 2=425.6K

The specific volume of air at the outlet of the diffuser is:

3
RT2 ( 0.287 kPa·m/kg·K425.6K
)( )
v 2=
P2
=
100kPa =1.221m3 /kg
From the conservation of mass:
3
1 m˙ v2 ( 6000/3600kg/s1.221m/kg
)( ) =0.0678m2
ṁ= A V2 →2 =
v2 V2 ( 100 kPa)

5-6A steam enters a nozzle at 400°C and 800 kPa, with a velocity of 10 m/s and
at 300°C and 200Kpa while losing heat at a rate of 25KW. For an area of
800cm entrance2determine the velocity and volumetric flow of the water vapor in the
nozzle outlet.
R= 606m/s, 2.74m3/s

( ) ( )
V 21 V 22
m
˙ h−
1 =m˙ h−2 +Q˙ out ˙
since W≅∆ pe≅0
2 2

Ó:
2
V 21 V2Q out˙
h1 + =h2 + +
2 2 ṁ

The steam properties at the inlet and outlet are:

P1=800 kPa v1 =0.38429m3 / kg

53
T 1=400℃ h1 =3267.7m3 /kg

P2=200 kPa v 2=1.31623m3 /kg

T 1=300℃ h2 =3072.1m3 /kg

The mass flow of steam is:

1 1
ṁ= A V=
v1 1 1 3
( 0.08m2 ) ( 10m/ s ) =2.082kg/s
( 0.38429m/s )

Substituting:
10m/s 2) 1 kJ/kg V 22 1 k J /kg 25kJ/s
( ) ( )
(
3267.7kg/kg+ =3072.1 kJ/kg+ 2 2 +
→V 2=606m/s
2 1000m/2 s 2
2 1000m/s 2.082kg/s

The volume flow rate at the nozzle outlet is:

3 3
)( )
V̇ 2=m˙v2= (2.082kg/s1.31623m/kg=2.74m/s

In a steady-flow turbine, air expands from 1000 kPa and 600°C in the
inlet, up to 100Kpa and 200°C at the outlet. The inlet area and velocity are 0.1m2y
30m/s respectively, and the exit speed is 10m/s. Determine the flow rate of
mass, and the exit area.

The specific volumes of air at the inlet and outlet are:

3
RT 1 ( 0.287 kPa·m/kg·K600+273K
)( )
v1 =
P1
=
1000 kPa =0.2506m3 /kg
3
RT2 ( 0.287 kPa·m/kg∙K200+273K
)( )
v 2=
P2
=
1000 kPa =1.3575m3 /kg
The mass flow is:
2
A1V 1 ( 0.1m30m/
) ( s ) =11.97kg/ s
ṁ= =
v1 3
0.2506m /kg
The output area is:
m
˙ v2 (11.97kg ∕ s 1.3575m/kg
)(
3
)
A2=
V2
=
10m/s =1.605m2

54
An adiabatic air compressor processes 10 L/s at 120 kPa and
20°C, up to 1000Kpa and 300°C. Determine a) the work that
requires the compressor, in KJ/kg and b) The power required to
boost it in KW

E˙ ¿ −E˙out=EatD
system ˙
le =0
E˙ ¿ =E˙out
W˙ ¿+mh˙ =mh1 ˙ 2
∆ ke ≅ ∆ pe ≅ 0
Ẇ=m
¿ ˙h−h=m
( 2 1 )c T−T
˙ p( 2 1 )

Ẇ=m
¿ ˙c T−T=(1.018
p( 2 1) kJ/kg∙K)(300−20) K =285kJ/kg

RT 1 ( 0.287 kPa·m3 /kg∙ K)(20+ 273K)

v1 = = =0.7008m3 /kg
P1 (120kPa)

V̇ 1 (0.010m3/s)
ṁ= = =0.01427kg/s
v 1 0.7008m3 /kg

Ẇ=m
¿ ˙c T−T=(0.01427kg/s)(1.018kJ/kg·K)(300−20)K=4.068kW
p( 2 1)

5-9 An adiabatic turbine receives a steady flow of water vapor.

condiciones iniciales del vapor son 10Mpa, 450°C y 80m/s en la entrada y en la salida
It is 10Kpa, 92% quality and 50m/s. The mass flow rate of the vapor is 12Kg/s. Determine
a) el cambio de energía cinética, b) La potencia desarrollada por la turbina y c) el área de
turbine inlet.
R= a) -1.95KJ/kg, b) 10.2 MW, c) 0.00447m2

P1=10MPa
T 1=450℃
v1 =0.029782m3 /kg
h1 =3242.4 kJ/kg

P2=10kPa
x 2=0.92
h2 =hf+ x2hfg=191.81+ 0.92∗2392.1=2392.5kJ/kg

55
 m 2 m 2
1kJ
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 50 − 80
V 2−V 1 s s kg
∆ ke= = =−1.95kJ/kg
2 2 1000m2
s2
E˙ ¿ −E˙out=∆Esystem
˙ =0
E˙ ¿ =E˙out

( ) ( )
V 21 In22
m
˙ h+
1 =W˙ +
outm ˙h+ 2
2 2
Q˙ is approximately equal to delta, p is approximately equal to zero

( )
V2−V
2
2
1
Ẇ=−m
out h−h+
˙ 2 1
2

Ẇ out=−(12kg/s)(2392.5−3242.4−1.95)kJ/kg=10.2MW
1 m
˙ v1 (12kg/ s)(0.029782m3/kg)
ṁ= A V 1 →1 A= 1 = =0.00447m2
v1 V1 80m/s

5-10A an adiabatic compressor intakes carbon dioxide at 100 kPa and 300 K, with a flow
from 0.5Kg/s and exits at 600Kpa and 450K. Neglecting changes in kinetic energy,
determine a) el flujo volumétrico del dióxido de carbono en la entrada del compresor y b)
power consumed by the compressor.
R= a) 0.28m3/s, b) 68.8KW

´
T 1=300K→h1=9431kJ/kmol
T 2=450K to hours2´=15483kJ/kmol

RT 1 ( 0.1889 kPa·m3 /kg∙K)(300K)

v1 = = =0.5667m3 /kg
P1 (100 kPa)
3 3
V̇ =ṁ v1 =(0.5kg/s)(0.5667m/kg)=0.283m/s

E˙ ¿ −E˙out=∆Esystem
˙ =0
E˙ ¿ =E˙out
˙¿ ˙ 1 ˙ 2
W+mh=mh
Q˙ is approximately equal to delta, k is approximately equal to delta, p is approximately equal to 0

( 2 1) ˙ ´ 2 ´ 1
˙ ¿ ˙h−h=m(h−h)/M
W=m
(0.5kg/s )( 15483−9431 kJ/kmol)
Ẇ ¿ = =68.8kW
44kg/kmol

5-11 An adiabatic gas turbine expands air at 1000 Kpa and

500°C up to 100Kpa and 150°C. It goes to the turbine through an opening of

56
0.2m2with an average speed of 40m/s and exits through an opening of 1m2. Determine a)
the mass flow of air through the turbine and b) the power that this turbine produces.
R= a) 36.1kg/s, b) 13.3MW

E˙ ¿ −E˙out=∆Esystem
˙ =0
E˙ ¿ =E˙out
V 12 V 22
m
(
˙ h+
1
2 ) (
=m˙ h+2
2
˙ out
+W
2
) 2 2 2

( ) ( )
V −V2
1 V 1−V2
Ẇ=m
out h−h+
˙ 1 2 =m˙ c(T−T)+
p 1 2
2 2

RT 1 ( 0.287 kPa∙m3 /kg·K)(500+273K)

v1 = = =0.2219m3 /kg
P1 (1000kPa)
A1V 1 ( 0.2m2 )(40m/s)
ṁ= = =36.06kg/s
v1 0.2219m3 /kg

RT2 ( 0.287 kPa∙m3 /kg∙ K)(150+ 273K)

v 2= = =1.214m3 /kg
P2 (100 kPa)
m˙ v2 (36.06kg/ s)(1.214m3 /kg)
V̇ 2= = =43.78m/ s
A2 1m 2

2 2

( )
V1−V 2
Ẇ=m
out c(T−T)+
˙ p 1 2
2

[ ( )]
2 2
40m 43.78m
¿(36.06kg/ s) (1.051 kJ/kg∙K)(500−150) K +
( ) (
s
−
s ) 1 kJ
kg
2 1000m2
s2
¿ 13260kW

5-12 A mixture of saturated liquid and vapor water called wet steam flows in
a steam supply line at 2000Kpa is throttled down to 100Kpa and
120°C. What is the quality of the steam in the supply line?
R = 0.957

E˙ ¿ −E˙out=∆Esystem
˙
E˙ ¿ =E˙out
mh˙ 1=mh ˙2
h1 =h2
˙ ˙
from Q≅W≅∆ ke≅∆ pe≅0
57
The vapor enthalpy at the outlet is:
P2=100kPa
T 2=120℃ h2 =2716.1kJ/kg

The quality of the steam at the inlet is:

P2=200kPa
h2−h f 2716.1−908.47
h1 =h2=2716.1kJ/kg x 1= = =0.957
h fg 1889.8

A refrigerant flow of 134a at 1 MPa and 12°C is mixed with another flow of the same.
refrigerant, 1Mpa and 60°C. If the mass flow of the cold flow is double that of the hot flow,
determine the temperature and the quality of the outgoing flow.

Properties of R-134a (Tables A-11 to A-13)

h1≅ hf @ 12°C68.18 kJ/kg

h2≅ hf @ 1Mpa, 60°C293.38 kJ/kg

Mass balance
→
m−m=∆ m system˙0
˙ ent ˙ salt
m=m
˙ ent ˙ salt
m
˙ 2+m=m=3m
˙ 1 ˙ 3 yaque ˙ 2 m=2m
˙1 ˙2

Energy balance
E˙ int −E˙sal =Delta E˙system 0
→
E˙ int =E˙salt

Kinetic and negligible potential energy

m˙ 1 h+
1 m˙ 2h=m
2 ˙h3 3
2 m ˙ 2 h1 +ṁ 2h2=3 m ˙ 2 h 3 oh h3=(2 h 1+ h2) /3

Substituting:

h3 =(2 times 68.18+293.38)/3=143.25 kJ/kg

A 1MPa, hf = 107.32 kJ/kg yhg= 270.99kJ/kg, therefore:

h f<h3 <h g

58
T 3=T sat @1Mom=39.37℃

Y:
h3−hf 143.25−107.32
x 3= = =0.220
hfg 163.67

In a condenser, refrigerant 134a is cooled at a rate of 8kg/s at 700Kpa.

70°C, with water until it comes out as saturated liquid at the same pressure. The water of
Cooling enters the condenser at 300 kPa and 15°C and exits at 25°C with the same pressure.
determine the mass flow of the cooling water necessary to cool the
soda.
R= 42kg/min

P3700 kPa h3308.33 kJ/kg

T3=70°C

P4700 kPa h4=hf @ 700kPa=88.82kJ/kg

saturated liquid.

h1=hf @ 15°C62.98 kJ/kg

h2=hf @ 25°C104.83 kJ/kg
Mass balance
→ → →
m−m=∆
˙ ent ˙ saltm ˙ system 0=0❑ m=m❑
˙ ent ˙ m
salt=m=m
˙ 2 ˙ 1y m=m
˙ w ˙=m
3 ˙4 ˙R
Energy balance

E˙ int −E˙salt=Delta ˙Esystem 0

→
E˙ int =E˙salt

Negligible kinetic and potential energy

m
˙ 1 h+1 m˙ 3h=m3 ˙h+m
2 2 h
˙4 4
m
˙ w ( h2−h=m1) ˙h−h
R( 3 4)

h3 −h 4
ṁ=
w ṁ
h 2−h1 R

( 308.33−88.82 ) kJ/kg
ṁ=
w (8kg/min)=42kg/min
( 104.83−62.98 ) kJ/kg
59
In a heat exchanger, glycol (c) must be cooled.p= 2.56KJ/kg·° ) that
it has a flow of 2kg/s from 80°C to 40°C, using water (Cp=4.18 KJ/kg·°C that enters at 20°C
y sale a 55°C. Determine a) la tasa de transferencia de calor y b) el flujo de masa de agua

The specific heat of water and ethylene glycol is given to be 4.18 and 2.56 kJ/kg.°C,
respectively.

We take the ethylene glycol tubes as the system, which is a volume of

control. The energy balance for this steady flow system can be expressed
in the form of a rate:

E˙ ¿ =E˙out

˙ 1=Q˙out+mh˙ 2
mh ( from k ≅ 0 )

Q̇out
=mc T−T
p( 1 2 )

So, the heat transfer rate becomes:

[ ˙ p T−T
Q̇= mc ( out ¿) ]
glycol= (2 k g /s) ( 2.56 kJ/kg·℃ ) ( 80℃−40℃)=204.8kW

The heat transfer rate from glycol must be equal to the rate of
heat transfer to water. So:

Q̇ 204.8kJ/s
[ ˙c p (T−T
Q̇= m out ¿) ]
water ⟶ ṁ water =
c p ( T−T
out ¿ )
=
( 4.18 kJ/kg·°C 55°C−20℃
)( =1.4kg/ s
)

A hair dryer is nothing more than a duct where there are several resistors.
electric. A small fan drives the air and circulates it around the resistors,
where it heats up. A 1200W hair dryer takes in air at 100Kpa and 22°C and
It exits at 47°C. The cross-sectional area of the dryer outlet is 60cm. 2Depreciating the
power consumed by the fan and heat losses through the walls of the
secadora, determine a) el flujo volumétrico del aire en la entrada y b) su velocidad a la
exit.
R = a) 0.0404m37.31 m/s

E˙ ¿ −E˙out=∆Esystem
˙ =0
E˙ ¿ =E˙out

60
W˙ e,∈¿+m˙ h=m˙h¿
1 2

Q˙out≅∆ ke≅∆ pe≅0

Ẇ e,∈¿=ṁ h−h=ṁ
( )c
2 (T−T ) ¿
1 p 2 1

Ẇe,∈¿ 1.2 kJ/s

ṁ= = =0.04776kg/s ¿
c p ( T−T
2 1) (1.005 kJ/kg·°C)(47−22) ℃
RT1 ( 0.287 kPa∙m3 /kg·K)(295K)
v1 = = =0.8467m3 /kg
P1 (100 kPa)
3 3
V̇ 1=ṁ v 1=(0.04776kg/s)(0.8467m/kg)=0.0404m/s

RT2 ( 0.287 kPa∙m3 /kg∙ K)(320K)

v 2= = =0.9184m3 /kg
P2 (100 kPa)

1 m
˙ v2 (0.04776kg/s)(0.9184m3/kg)
ṁ= A V → V= = =7.31m/s
v2 2 2 2
A2 60x10−4m2

5-17A a long horizontal tube of diameter D 1= 12cm at the entrance, steam enters from
water at 1 MPa and 300°C with a speed of 2 m/s. Later the conditions are
800Kpa y 250°C y el diámetro es D2=10cm. Determine a) el flujo de masa de vapor, b) la
heat flux rate.
R= a)0.0877kg/s, b) 8.87KJ/s

P1=1 Mpa v1 =0.25799m3 / kg

T 1=300℃ h1 =3051.6 kJ/kg

1 1
ṁ= A V=1 1 π (0.06m)2 (2 m /s)=0.0877kg/ s
v1 0.25799m3 /kg

E˙ ¿ −E˙out=
EatD
system ˙
le =0

E˙ ¿ =E˙out

ṁ h1=Q˙out+ṁ h2

Ẇ ≅ ∆ke ≅ ∆pe ≅ 0

Q̇=m
out h−h
˙( 1 2 )

61
Q̇loss=(0.0877kg/s)(3051.6−2950.4) kJ/kg=8.87kJ/s

A rigid insulated tank that is initially evacuated. It is connected with a tube

helium supply at 200Kpa and 120°C, through a valve. The valve is opened and
Helium enters at 200 Kpa and at that moment the valve is closed. Determine the work done.
helium flow in the supply tube and the final temperature of the helium in the tank.
R= 816KJ/kg , 665K

RTline (2.0769 kJ/kg∙ K)(120+273K)

v= = =4.0811m3 /s
P 200 kPa

w flow=Pv=(200kPa)(4.0811m3 /s)=816.2kJ/kg

ube quiete =hline

hline=c pT line=(5.1916 kJ/kg∙ K)( 120+273K)=2040.7 kJ/kg

2040.7 kJ/kg
u−tank=c pT tank=T tank = =655K
3.1156 kJ/kg∙K

T tank=k T line=1.667 ( 120+273K=655.1K

)

A rigid insulated tank is evacuated. A valve is opened and air enters the tank.
atmospheric at 95Kpa and 17°C until the pressure in the tank reaches 95Kpa and at that
At the moment, the valve is closed. Determine the final temperature of the air in the tank.
Assume that the specific heats are constant.
R= 406K

m ¿ −m out=∆msystems
m i=m2
E¿ −E out=∆Esystem=0
mihi=m2 u 2
Q≅W≅E out=E¿ ≅ke≅pe≅0
u2=hi
c vT 2 =c p T i
T 2=( c p/c v )T i=kTi
T 2=1.4 times 290,000=406K=133℃

62
A vertical isolated cylinder-piston device contains a mass of 10 kg of
water, of which 6Kg are in vapor phase. The mass of the piston is such that it maintains a
constant pressure of 200Kpa inside the cylinder. Then, steam is allowed to enter
0.5Mpa and 350°C to the cylinder, from a supply line, until it has evaporated.
todo el líquido en el cilindro. Determine a) la temperatura final en el cilindro y b) la masa
of vapor that enters.
R= a) 120.2°C, b) 19.07kg

P1=200kPa
x 1=0.6
h1 =hf+ x 1hfg=504.71+0.6∗2201.6=1825.6 kJ/kg

P2=200kPa
saturated vapor
h2 =hg @ 200kPa=2706.3kJ/kg

Pi=0.5MPa
T i=350℃
hi =3168.1 kJ/ kg

T 2=T sat @200kPa=120.2℃

m ¿ −mout=∆msystem
m i=m2−m1
E¿ −E out=∆Esystem=0
mihi=W b ,out+m2 u 2−m1 u1

Q is approximately equal to 0

0=W b , oout−(m¿2−m)
¿ h+m
1 i u−m
2 2 u¿ 1 1

0=−(m¿¿2−m) h+m
1 i h−m
2 2h¿ 1 1

hi−h 1 (3168.1−1825.6 kJ) /kg

m 2= m 1= ( (10kg)=29.07kg
hi−h2 3168.1−2706.3kJ/kg
)

mi=m2−m1=July 29−10=19.07kg

63
A rigid tank of 0.12m3contains refrigerant 134a at 1Mpa and 100%
quality. That tank connects through a valve to a supply line that
Refrigerant 134a is at 1.2MPa and 36°C. Then, the valve is opened and allowed to let the
refrigerant into the tank. When it is observed that the tank contains saturated liquid at
At 1.2Mpa the valve closes. Determine a) the mass of the refrigerant that entered the tank and
b) the amount of heat transferred.
R= a) 128.4Kg, b) 1057KJ

P1=1MPa
saturated vapor
v1 =v g@ 1MPa=0.02031m3 /kg
u1=u g @ 1 MPa=250.68 kJ/kg

P2=1.2MPa
saturated liquid
v1 =v g@ 1.2MPa=0.0008934m3 /kg
u1=u g @ 1.2 MPa=116.70 kJ/kg

PI=1.2MPa
T i=36℃
hi =hf @36 ℃ =102.30kJ/kg

m ¿ −m out=∆msystems
m i=m2
E¿ −E out=
E le =0
atD
system
Q¿ +mIhI=m2u2−m1 u 1
W≅ke≅pe≅0
V1 0.12m3
m 1= = =5.91kg
v 1 0.02031m3 /kg
V2 0.12m3
m 2= = =134.31kg
v 2 0.0008934m3 /kg

m i=m 2−m1=134.31−5.91=128.4kg

Q¿ =−mihI+ m2u2−m1u1=−(128.4kg)(102.30 kJ/kg)+(134.31kg)( 116.70 kJ/kg)− 5.91 kg( ) (250.68 kJ/kg)

¿ 1057kJ

64
a rigid tank of 0.2m3contains a pressure regulator, and contains vapor of
water at 2Mpa and 300°C. Then, the steam is heated in the tank. The regulator maintains
constant pressure allowing some steam to escape, but inside the temperature
increases. Determine the amount of heat transferred when the temperature of the steam
water reaches 500°C.

P12 MPa v10.12551 m3/kg

u1= 2773.2 kJ/kg
T1=300°C h13024.2 kJ/kg

P22 MPa v20.17568 m3/kg

u23116.9 kJ/kg
T2=500°C h23468.3 kJ/kg

Mass balance
→
m ent−m sal =∆ m systema ❑ mi =m 2−m 1

Energy balance

E¿ −E out=△E system

Negligible kinetic and potential energy

Q int −m eh e =m 2 u2−m1u1

h1 +h2 3024.2+3468.3 kJ/kg

he ≅ = =3246.2kJ/ kg
2 2

V1 0.2m3
m 1= = =1.594kg
v 1 0.12551m3 /kg

V2 0.2m3
m 2= = =1.138kg
v 2 0.17568m3 /kg

me =m1−m2=1.594−1.138=0.456kg

Q ent=m eh e +m 2 u 2−m 1 u1

65
¿( 0.456kg)(3246.2 kJ/ kg)+(1.138kg)( 3116.9 kJ/kg)−(1.594kg)(2773.2 kJ/kg)

¿ 606.8 kJ

A balloon contains 65m3from helium gas to atmospheric conditions of 100Kpa and

22°C. The balloon is connected through a valve to a very large tank, which
abastece helio a 150Kpa y 25°C. Entonces, se abre la válvula y se deja entrar helio al
balloon, until the pressure equilibrium is reached with the helium in the supply tank.
The material of the balloon is such that the volume increases linearly with pressure. If not
There is heat transfer during this process, determine the temperature in the balloon.
R= 334K

Mass balance
→
m ent−m sal =∆ m systema ❑ mi =m 2−m 1

Energy balance

E¿ −E out=△E system
Negligible kinetic and potential energy

m ihi=W b,salt+ m 2 u2−m1u1m2

P1 V 1 (100kPa)(65m3 )
m 1= = =10.61kg
RT 1 (2.0769 kPa·m3 /kg∙ K)(295K)

PV → P2 150kPa(
= ❑V 2= V 1=
1 1 3 3
)
65m=97.5m
P 2V 2 P1 100 kPa

P2 V 2 (150 kPa)(97.5m3 ) 7041.74

m 2= = = kg
RT 2 (2.0769 kPa·m /kg∙K)(T 2K)
3 T2

7041.74
m i=m 2−m1= kg−10.61kg
T2

66
 P1 + P2 ( 100+150kPa
) (
W b= ( V−V
2 =1 ) 97.5−65 ) m 3=4062.5 kJ
2 2

Wb,salt=mic pT i−m2c vT 2+ m1c vT 1

7041.74 7041.74 (
4062.5=
( T2
(
)
−10.61 5.1926 ) 298
( −)
T2
) 2 +(10.61)(3.1116)(295)
3.1156 trillion

T 2=333.6K

A vertical isolated cylinder-piston device contains 0.8m 3of soda

134a at 1.2 MPa and 120°C. At that moment, all its force is applied with a linear spring.
to the embolism. A valve connected to the cylinder opens and lets refrigerant escape. The
The spring loosens when lowering the piston, and the pressure and volume drop to 0.6 MPa and 0.5 m.3, to
final del proceso. Determine a) la cantidad de refrigerante que escapo y b) la temperatura
coolant end.

P11.2 MPa v10.02423 m3/kg

u1= 325.03 kJ/kg
T1=120°C h1= 354.11 kJ/kg

Mass balance
→
m int −m salt=∆ m systema ❑ m e=m1 −m 2
Energy balance
E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem
Wb ,ent −m ehe =m2u2−m 1 u 1
V1 0.8m3
m 1= = =33.02kg
v 1 0.02423m3 /kg
V 2 0.5m3
m 2= =
v2 v2
0.5m3
m e =m 1−m 2=33.02−
v2
P1 + P2 (120+ 600kPa
) (
W b ,ent = ( v−v=
1 2) 0.8−0.5 ) m3 =270 kJ
2 2
Substituting:

( ) ( )
0.5m3 0.5m3
270− 33.02− he = u2−(33.02kg)(325.03 kJ/kg)
v2 v2

67
 h1 +h 2( 354.11kJ/kg)+h2
h e= =
2 2

Solving the equations with the EES we obtain:

T2=96.8°C,me=22.47kg,h2= 336.20 kJ/kg,

u2= 307.77 kJ/kg,v20.04739 m3/kg,m210.55 kg

A cylinder-piston device initially contains 2 kg of refrigerant 134a at

800Kpa and 80°C. In this state, the piston touches 2 stops at the top of the cylinder.
The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 500 MPa is needed to move it. It opens.
a valve at the bottom of the cylinder and R-134a slowly comes out of the cylinder. After a
Over time, it is observed that the piston moves, and the valve closes when half exits.
the refrigerant from the cylinder and the temperature of the refrigerant drops to 20°C. Determine a) the
work done and b) heat transfer.
R= a) 11.6KJ, b) 60.7KJ

Properties of R-134a in various states:

(Table A-11 to A-13)

P1800 kPa v10.032659 m3/kg

u1= 290.84 kJ/kg
T1=80°C h1= 316.97 kJ/kg

P2500 kPa v20.042115 m3/kg

u2242.40 kJ/kg
T2=20°C h2263.46 kJ/kg

Mass balance
→
m int −m salt=∆ m systema ❑ m e=m1 −m 2
Energy balance
E¿ −E out=△E system

Kinetic and potential energy are negligible, therefore:

Wb ,ent −Qsalt=m e h e =m2 u2−m1u1

V 1=m1v 1=(2kg)(0.032659m3/kg)=0.06532m3
V 2=m2v 2=(1/2) m1v 2=(1 /2)(2kg)(0.042115m3 /kg)=0.04212m3

68
me =m1−m2=2−1=1kg
h e=(1/2)(h1 + h2)=(1/2)(316.97+263.46)=290.21 kJ/kg
3
W b ,ent =P 2V−V=
( 1 500
2 ) (kPa 0.06532−0.04212m=11.6
)( ) kJ

b) Substituting:

11.6 kJ−Q sal −(1kg)(290.21kJ/kg)=(1kg)(242.40 kJ/ kg)−(2kg)(290.84 kJ/kg)

Qsalt=60.7 kJ

Unit 6: The Second Law of Thermodynamics.

OBJECTIVE OF THE UNIT:

Study the second law of thermodynamics and understand its relationship with processes
thermodynamic.

A car engine consumes fuel at a rate of 28L/hr and delivers to the

wheels a power of 60KW. If the fuel contains a calorific value of
44000KJ/kg and a density of 0.8g/cm3Determine the efficiency of the engine.
R= 21.9%
ṁcombustible= ( ρ V˙ )flammable = ( 0.8kg/L ) ( 28L/h )=22.4kg/h

Q̇ H =ṁ powerq HV power

¿ ( 22.4kg/h ) ( 44,000 kJ/kg )
69
¿ 985,600 kJ/h=273.78 kW

The efficiency of the engine would be:

Ẇnot , sto the 60kW

ηyour = = =0.219=21.9%
Q̇ H 273.78kW

A coal power plant produces a net power of 300MW with a

total thermal efficiency of 32%. The actual gravimetric air-fuel ratio in the
The furnace is calculated to be 12kg of air per kilogram of fuel. The calorific value of
carbon is 28000KJ/kg. Determine a) the amount of coal consumed during a
24-hour period and b) the mass flow of air that flows through the furnace.
R= a) 2.89x106kg, b) 402kg/s

a)
Ẇ net , sto the300MW
Q̇ent= = =937.5MW
ηto have 0.32
7
Q ent=Q˙ent∆t= 937.5MJ/
( s24×3600s=8.1×10
)( ) MJ

Qent 8.1×107MW
mcarbon = = =2.893 times 106kg
q HV 28MJ/kg

m carbon 2.893 times 106kg33.48kg

ṁcarbon = = =
∆t 24×3600s s

b)
ṁ=
air ( AF ) ṁcarbon = ( 12 kilograms/fuel kg ) ( 33.48kg/s )=401.8kg/ s

A domestic refrigerator with a COP of 1.2 removes heat from the refrigerated space to
una tasa de 60KJ/min. Determine a)la potencia eléctrica que consume el refrigerador, b)
the heat transfer rate to the air from the kitchen.

a)
Q̇ L 60 kJ/min50kJ
Ẇ net, ent = = = =0.83 kW
O PR 1.2 min
b)
Q˙ H =Q˙L+W˙ net ,ent =60+50=110 kJ/ min

70
The coefficient of performance of a residential heat pump is 1.6. Calculate the
heating effect, in KJ/s that this pump will produce when it consumes 2KW of
electric power.

Q˙ H =OPHP W net,˙ ent = ( 1.6 ) ( 2kW)=3.2kW=3.2 kJ/s

A household refrigerator that has a power input of 450KW and a COP of

2.5 must cool 4 large watermelons weighing 10 kg each to 8°C. If the watermelons are
Initially at 20°C, determine how long it will take for the refrigerator to cool them. The watermelons are
they can be treated as water, whose specific heat is 4.2KJ/kg· Is your answer realistic or
optimist? Explain.

Q L= ( mc∆t ) watermelons=5( 10kgt i m e) (s4.2 kJ/kg∙℃ ) ( 20−8 ) ℃ =2520 kJ

Q˙ L= O
( P W R ) ( ˙ neto ,ent )= 2.5
( ) 0.45kW=1.125kW
( )

QL 2520 kJ
∆t= = =2240s=37.3 min
Q˙ L1.125 kJ/ s

This response is optimistic as the refrigerated space will gain a bit of heat.
During this process, due to the surrounding air, the workload will increase.
Therefore, in reality, it will take more time to cool the watermelons.

A heat pump is used to maintain a house at a constant temperature of

23°C. the house loses heat to the outside air through the walls and windows.
reason of 60,000KJ/hr, while the energy generated inside the house by the
People, the lights and the household appliances is 4,000KJ/hr. For a COP of 2.5,
determine the necessary power for the operation of the heat pump.
Q̇ H =60,000−4,000=56,000 kJ/h

Q̇ H 56,000 kJ/h 1kW

Ẇ net, and =
OPHP
=
2.5 (
3600 kJ/h )
=6.22kW

In the condenser of a residential heat pump, refrigerant 134a enters

800Kpa and 35°C, at a rate of 0.018Kg/s and exits as saturated liquid at 800Kpa. If the
compressor consumes 1.2KW of power, determine a) the COP of the heat pump and b)
the heat absorption rate of the outside air.

71
a)
P1=800kPah1 =271.22 kJ/kg
T 1=35℃

P2=800 kPa h2 =95.47 kJ/kg

x 2=0

Q̇=m ˙h−h= ˙ 95.47 kJ

H ( 1 2 ) ( 0.018kg/s ) ( 271.22− ) /kg=3.164 kW

Q̇ H 3.164 kW
OP= = =2.64
Ẇent 1.2 kW

b)
Q˙ L=Q˙H −W˙ent=3.164−1.2=1.96kW

6-8A the evaporator coils on the back of the freezer section of

a domestic refrigerator, refrigerant 134a enters at 120 kPa with a quality of 20% and
Sale at 120Kpa and -20°C. If the compressor consumes 450W and the COP of the refrigerator is 1.2,
determine a) el flujo másico del refrigerante y b) la tasa de rechazo del calor hacia el aire
from the kitchen.

P1=120kPa h1 =65.38 kJ/kg

x 1=0.2

P2=120 kPa h2 =238.84 kJ/kg

T 2=−20℃

a)
Q̇ L= ( OP ) Ẇent= (1.2 ) ( 0.45kW)=0.54 kW

Q̇ L 0.54 kW
ṁ=
R = =0.0031kg/s
h2−h 1 ( 238.84−65.38 kJ
) /kg
b)
Q˙ H =Q˙L+W˙ int =0.54+ 0.45=0.99kW

A completely reversible thermal machine operates with a source at 1500R and a

drain at 500R. At what rate should heat be supplied to this machine in btu/hr for it to
produce 5hp of power?

TL 500R
ηTer , max =1− =1− =0.6667
TH 1500R

72
 Ẇ net Ẇnet 5hp2544.5Btu/h
ηTer, max =
Q̇H
⟶ Q˙ H= =
η Ter,max 0.6667( 1 hp )= 19,080 Btu/h

A geothermal power plant uses geothermal water extracted at 160°C at a rate of

440kg/s as a heat source, and produces 22MW of net power. If the temperature of
entorno es de 25°C, determine a) la eficiencia térmica real, b) la eficiencia térmica
maximum possible, c) the actual heat rejection rate of this power plant.

T source=160℃ hsource=675.47 kJ/kg

x source=0

T environment=25℃ henvironment=104.83 kJ/kg

xenvironment=0

a)
Q̇=m
ent ˙hgeo ( −henvironment ) = ( 440kg/s ) ( 675.47−104.83 kJ) /kg=251,083 kW
source

Ẇnet , sto the 22MW

ηTer = = =0.0876=8.8%
Q̇ent 251.083MW
b)
T ( 25+ 273K
)
ηTer, max=1− L=1− ( =0.312=31.2%
TH 160+ 273K )
c)
Q˙ sal =Q˙int −Wnet,
˙ salt=251.1−22=229.1MW

Determine the minimum work per unit of heat transfer from the source.
of heat, which is needed to operate a heat pump that works with the reservoirs of
thermal energy at 460K and 535K.

Applying the first law we get:

W net, ent Q H −Q L QH
= = −1
QL QL QL

For the minimum input work, this heat pump will be

completely reversible and the thermodynamic definition of
the temperature will be reduced to the expression

Wnet, ent T H 535K

= −1= −1=0.163
Q LTL 460K

73
A refrigerator must remove heat from the cooled space at a rate of 300KJ/min to
maintain its temperature at -8°C. If the air surrounding the refrigerator is at 25°C,
determine the minimum power input needed for this refrigerator.

The input power to the refrigerator will be minimal when the

refrigerator operates in a reversible manner. The COPrevfrom the refrigerator
it will depend solely on the temperature limits in the cycle, and it
define as:

1 1
OPR , rev = =
( T/T−1
H L)
¿¿

Q̇ L 300 kJ/min
Ẇ neto, int , min = = =37.36kJ/min=0.623kW
OPR , max 8.03

A heat pump with a COP of 2.8 is used to heat an airtight house.

air. When it works, the heat pump consumes 5KW of power. If the temperature of
the house is at 7°C when the heat pump turns on How long does it take to raise this
Is the temperature of the house at 22°C? Is this answer realistic or optimistic? Explain. Assume
that all the mass inside the house (air, furniture, etc.) is equivalent to 1500kg of air.
R= 19.2min

We assume: 1.- Air as an ideal gas with constant specific heat.

in the house. 2.- The heat loss of the house during the period of
heating is negligible. 3.-The house is well sealed and there is no
air intake or exhaust.

Q=H m( c ∆T
v house)=(1500kg)(0.718 kJ/kg∙℃)(22−7)℃ =16,155 kJ

The range at which this heat pump supplies heat is:

Q˙ H =OPHP Wneto
˙ ,ent = ( 2.8 ) ( 5kW)=14kW

That is, this heat pump can supply 14 kJ of heat per second. So the
tiempo requerido para suministrar 16,155kJ de calor es:

74
 Q H 16,155kJ
Δt= = =1154s=19.2 minutes
Q̇ H 14 kJ/s

Unit 7: Entropy.

UNIT OBJECTIVE:
Study entropy and understand its importance in thermodynamic processes.

A rigid tank contains an ideal gas at 40°C that is stirred by a paddle wheel.
The paddle wheel does 200KJ of work on the ideal gas. It is observed that the
the temperature of the ideal gas remains constant during this process, as a result of the
Heat transfer between the system and the surroundings at 30°C. Determine the change of
entropy of the ideal gas.

We assume: The gas inside the rigid tank is an ideal gas.

Analysis: The temperature and specific volume of the gas remain constant during
the process, therefore the initial and final state of the gas is the same. So s2=s1

ΔSsis=0

Air is compressed by a 12KW compressor, of P1a P2The temperature of

air remains constant at 25°C during this process, as a result of the
thermal transfer to the environment at 10°C. Determine the rate of change of entropy of the air.
Indicate the assumptions that were made in the solution to this problem.

75
R= -0.0403KW/K

E˙ int −E˙salt=E˙system0( stable)=0

→

E˙ int =E˙salt
W˙ int =Q˙salt
Therefore:
Q˙ salt=W˙ ent=12kW

Q̇ salt, air −12kW

˙=
∆Sair = =−0.0403kW/K
T sis 298K

7-3 During the isothermal heat rejection process in a Carnot cycle, the flow of
Work experiences an entropy change of -0.7 btu/R. If the temperature of the sink
The thermal is 95°F, determine a) the amount of heat transfer, b) change of
entropy of the sink, c) the total change of entropy for this process.
R= a) 388.5btu, b) 0.7btu/R, c)0

a) This is a reversible isothermal process and the change in

the entropy during this process is given by:

Q
∆S=
T

So:
→
Q fluid=T fluid∆ S fluid=(555R)(−0.7 Btu/R)=−388.5 Btu❑ Q fluid, salt=388.5 Btu

b) The change in entropy of the sink is determined by:

Q drain, sink 388.5 Btu

∆Ssink = = =0.7 Btu/R
T drain 555R

c) Therefore, the process of change in total entropy is:

S gen=∆ Stotal=∆ S fluid+∆Sdrain=−0.7+0.7=0

76
This was to be expected since every Carnot cycle process is a process
Reversible processes, and no entropy is generated during reversible processes.

Refrigerant 134a enters the coils of the evaporator of a system.

cooling as a wet vapor at a pressure of 160Kpa. The refrigerant absorbs
180KJ of heat from the cooled space, which is maintained at -5°C, and exits as saturated vapor
at the same pressure. Determine a) the change in entropy of the refrigerant, b) the change in
entropy of the cooled space, c) the total change for this process.

Q
∆S=
T

a) La presión del refrigerante se mantiene constante. Por

the refrigerant temperature also remains
constant at the value of saturation.

T =T sat@ 160kPa =−15.6℃ =257.4K(TableA−12)

So:
Q refrigerante ,ent 180 kJ
∆Ssoda = = =0.699kJ/K
T soda 257.4K

b) Similarly
−Qspace −180kJ
ΔSspace = = =0.672kJ/ K
T space 268K
c) The change in the total entropy of the process is:

S gen=∆ Stotal=∆ S refrigerante + ∆ S spaceo =0.699+0.672=0.027 kJ/K

Water vapor enters a compressor at 35 Kpa and 160°C and exits at 300 Kpa with the same
specific entropy that the input has. What is the temperature and specific enthalpy?
from the water at the outlet of the compressor?

T 1=160°C h1 =2800.7kJ/kg
P1=35MPa S1=8.1531 kJ/kg ∙ K

77
Table A-6
P2=300kPa R=T 2=440.5℃
S2=S 1=8.1531 kJ/kg∙K R = h=3361
2 kJ/kg

A cylinder-piston isolated device contains 0.05m 3of saturated vapor of

refrigerant 134a at a pressure of 0.8 MPa. The refrigerant is now allowed to expand from
reversible manner until the pressure drops to 0.4Mpa. Determine a) the final temperature in
the cylinder and b) the work done by the refrigerant.

a)
P1=0.8MPa v1 =v g@ 0.8MPa=0.025621m3 /kg
saturated vapor u1=u g @ 0.8MPa=246.79 kJ/kg
S1=S g @ 0.8MPa=0.91835 kJ/ kg∙ K
v 0.05m3
m= = =1.952kg
v 1 0.025621m3 / kg

P2=0.4MPa x 2=S2−S f/ Sfg=0.91835−0.24761/0.67929=0.9874

S2¿ S 1 h2 =hf + x2hfg=63.62+ 0.9874
( )171.45
( =232.91
) kJ/kg

T 2=T sat @0.4MPa=8.91℃

b)
E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem
−W b,out=△U
W b,out=m u−u=
( 1 2 ) ( 1.952kg ) ( 246.79−232.91 kJ) / kg=27.09 kJ

7-7 Steam expands in an isentropic turbine with a single outlet and a single inlet.
At the entrance, the steam is at 2Mpa and 360°C. The pressure of the steam at the exit is
100Kpa. Calculate the work produced by this turbine, in KJ/kg

E˙ ¿ −E˙out=△E system
˙
E˙ ¿ =E˙out
m˙ h=m1 ˙h+W
2 ˙ out
Ẇ=ṁ
out (h ¿ 1−h
¿ )¿ 2

Table A-6
P1=2MPa h1 =3159.9 kJ/kg

78
T 1=360℃ S1=6.9938kJ/kg∙K

P2=100MPa x 2=S2−S f / Sfg=6.9938−1.3028/6.0562=0.9397

S2¿ S 1=6.9938 kJ/kg∙K h2 =hf+ x2hfg=417.51+ 0.9397
( 2257.5
)( =2538.9
) kJ/kg

Ẇ out=(h1−h2 )=3159.9−2538.9=621.0kJ/kg

A 50kg block of copper initially at 80°C is put into a tank.

isolated container containing 120 liters of water at 25°C. Determine the final equilibrium temperature and
the total change in entropy for this process.

E¿ −E out=△E system 0=△ U

△ U copper+ △U water=0

[ mc( T−T
1 )2 ]copper+ [mc(T−T)
1 2 ] =0
water

997kg
mwater=pv=
( m3 ) =119.6kg
( 0.120m3 )

0.386kJ 4.18kJ
( 50kg )
( kg )
K T−80℃+
( 2 ) (119.6kg )
( kg )
KT−25℃=0
( 2 )
T 2=27℃
T2
( )
0.386 kJ 300K
Delta Scopper=m cavgln
T1
= (50kg )
( kg
Kln
) ( )
353K
=−3.140kJ/ K

T2
( )
4.18 kJ 300K
△S water=mc avgln
T1
= ( 119.6kg )
( kg ) ( )
∙ K ln
298K
=3.344 kJ/ K

△S total= Delta Scopper+ΔSwater=−3,140+3.344=0.204 kJ/ K

A block of aluminum weighing 20kg initially at 200°C comes into contact with a
20kg block of iron at 100°C in an insulated container. Determine the temperature.
final equilibrium and the total change of entropy for this process.
R= 168.4°C, 0.169KJ/K

E¿ −E out=△E system 0=Δ U

79
D e l t a U aluminumo + D e l t a U iron=0
[ mc( T−T)
1 2 ]aluminum+ [mc(T−T)
1 2 ]=0
iron

0.45 kJ 0.973 kJ
( 20kg )
( kg )
K T−100℃+
( 2 ) ( 20kg ) (
kg
KT−200℃=0
( 2 ) )
T 2=168.4℃ =441.4K
T2
( )
0.45kJ 441.4K
Delta Siron=m cavgln
T1
= (20kg )
kg ( Kln
373K ) (
=1.515kJ/ K
)
T2
( )
0.973 kJ 441.4K
△S aluminum=mc avgln
T1
= ( 20kg )
kg ( K ln
473K ) (
=−1.346 kJ/ K
)
Delta Stotal=△S iron+△S aluminum=1.515−1.346=0.169 kJ/ K

A 50kg iron block and a 20kg copper block, both at temperature

initial of 80°C, they are dropped into a large lake at 15°C, thermal equilibrium is established
after a while as a result of the heat transfer between the blocks and the
lake water. Determine the total change in entropy for this process.

T2
( )
0.45kJ 288K
Delta Siron=m cavgln
T1
= (50kg )
kg (
Kln
) ( )353K
=−4.579 kJ/ K

T2
( )
0.386 kJ 288K
△S copper=m cavgln
T1
= (20kg )
kg ( Kln
) ( 353K )=−1.571kJ/ K

E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem

−Qout=Delta U=Delta Uiron−△U copper

Q out [
= mc(T−T)
1 ]
2 iron + [mc(T−T)
1 ]
2 copper

0.45kJ 0.386 kJ
Q yout =(50kg )
( kg )
K ( 353−288 )+ (20kg )
kg ( )
∙ K ( 353−288)=1964kJ

80
 Qlago,∈¿ 1964 kJ
Delta Slake= = =6.820 kJ/ K¿
T lake 288K

ΔStotal=△S iron+ ΔScopper+ Delta Slago =−4.579−1.571+ 6.820=0.670kJ/ K

A cylinder-piston device contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at 120 kPa and

27°C. The gas is now slowly compressed in a polytropic process during which
PV1.3= constant. The process ends when the volume is reduced by half. Determine
the change in entropy of nitrogen during this process.
R= -0.0617KJ/K
n−1 n−1
T 2v 2 v2
=
T 1v 1( ) →T 2=T 1
( )
v1
1.3−1
= ( 300K ) ( 2 ) =369.3K

T2 V2
( )
369.3K
△S N=m cv ,avgln+ Rln
2
T1 V1 (
= ( 1.2Kg ) (0.745 kJ/Kg∙ K) ln
300K
+( 0.297kJ/ Kg∙ K) ln(0.5)
)
¿−0.0617kJ/ K

A rigid insulated tank is divided into two parts by partitions. Initially,

One part contains 5 Kmol of an ideal gas at 250 Kpa and 40°C, and the other side is in a vacuum.
Now the partition is removed and the gas fills the entire tank. Determine the total change of
entropy during this process.
R= 28.81KJ/K

E¿ −E out=ΔEsystem=0
0=△ U =m(u2−u1 )
u2=u 1
T 2=T 1

(
Delta S=Nć v, avg ln
T 2 ❑0
T1
kJ
+ Ruln
V2
V1
=NRuln
) V2
V1

(
¿ ( 5 k m o) l8.314
kmol
Kln
) ( 2 )=28.81 kJ/K

It is compressed in a cylinder-piston device from 100 KPa and 17°C to 800 KPa.
a reversible adiabatic process. Determine the final temperature and the work done.
81
during this process, assuming for the air a) constant specified heats, b)
variable specific heats.
R= a) 525.3K, 171.1KJ/kg; b) 522.4K, 169.3KJ/kg

a)
P2 (k−1 )/ k 0.4/ 1.4

( )
800 kPa
T 2=T 1
P1
= ( 290K )
100kPa ( )
=525.3K

T avg=(290+525.3)/2=407.7K→cv ,avg =0.727 kJ/kg∙K

E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem
w ¿=c v,avg T−T=(0.727
( 2 1 ) kJ/ kg·K)(525.3−290) K=171.1 kJ/kg

b)
T 1=290K
Pr=1.2311
1

u1=206.91

P2 800kPa
Pr= Pr= ( 1.2311) =9.849
P1
2
100kPa
1

T 2=522.4K
u2=376.16 kJ/kg

w ¿=u2−u1= (376.16−206.91kJ/kg=169.25
) kJ/kg

A rigid insulated tank contains 4 kg of argon gas at 450 kPa and 30°C. It is now opened.
a valve and allows argon to escape until the internal pressure drops to 200Kpa,
assuming that the argon remaining inside the tank has undergone a reversible process
adiabatic, determine the final mass in the tank.

(k−1 )/ k 0.667/ 1.667

P2
( )
200kPa
T 2=T 1
P1
= ( 303K )
( 450kPa ) =219.0K

P 1v m1RT 1 P2 T 1 ( 200kPa303K
)( )
= →m 2= m 1= ( ( 4kg)=2.46kg
P 2v m2RT2 P1 T 2 450kPa219K
)( )

Nitrogen at 120Kpa and 30°C is compressed to 600Kpa in an adiabatic compressor.

Calculate the minimum work required for this process in KJ/kg.

82
E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem=0
E¿ =E out
mh 1 +Ẇ ¿ =ṁh 2
Ẇ ¿ =ṁ(h2 −h1)
P2 (k−1 )/ k 0.397/1.397

( )
600kPa
T 2=T 1
P1 (
= ( 303K )
)
120kPa
=479K

Ẇ¿=h−h=c2 1 T−T=(1.044
p( 2 1 ) kJ/kg∙ K)(479−303) K= 184 kJ/kg

Air enters at 800 kPa and 400°C into a steady flow nozzle with a low
speed and exits at 100kPa. If the air underwent an adiabatic expansion process through
the nozzle. What is the maximum air speed at the nozzle outlet, in m/s?

P2 (k−1 )/ k 0.4/1.4

( )
100kPa
T 2=T 1
P1 (
= ( 400+273K )
800kPa ) =371.5K

E¿ −E out=△E system=0
E¿ =E out
ṁ(h1+ V 12 /2)=ṁ(h1 +V 22 /2)
V 22−0
0=h2−h1+ ¿
2
V 22
0=c p (T 2−T 1 )+( )
2

√
1000m2s2
2 2√
V= c (T−T)=
p 2 2(1.005
1 kJ/ kg·K)(673−371.5) K ( )=778.5m/ s
1 kJ/kg

A constant volume tank contains 5kg of air at 100Kpa and 327°C. The air is
cool to the ambient temperature of 27°C. Assume constant specific heats at
300K. a) determine the change in entropy of the air in the tank during the process, in
KJ/K. b) determine the net change in the entropy of the universe due to this process, in
KJ/K. c) make diagrams of the processes for the air in the tank and the environment in one
T-s diagram. Be sure to label the initial and final states for both processes.

a)
T2 0.718 kJ ( 27+273K
)
ΔSair=mcvln=
T1
( 5kg )
( kg
Kln
) ( 327+273K )
=−2.488 kJ/K

83
b)
Qout=mcv (T 2−T 1)
Q yout =(5kg)(0.718 kJ/kg⋅K)(327−27)=1077kJ
Q out 1077 kJ
ΔSonr = = =3.59 kJ/ K
T surr300K
S gen=Δ Stotal=Δ Sair+ ΔSonr =−2.488+3.59=1.10 kJ/ K

Water vapor enters an adiabatic turbine at 7 MPa, 600°C, and 80 m/s and exits at
50Kpa, 150°C y 140m/s. si la producción de potencia de la turbina es de 6MW.
Determine a) el flujo másico de vapor que fluye por la turbina y b) la eficiencia
isentropic of the turbine.

a)
P1=7MPa
T 1=600℃
h1 =3650.6 kJ/kg
s2=7.0910 kJ/kg⋅K

P2=50 kPa
T 2=150℃
h2 a =2780.2kJ/kg
s2=7.9073 kJ/kg⋅K

E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem=0

E¿ =E out
ṁ(h1+V 21 /2)=Wa ,obut+ ṁ(h1 +V 21 /2)
V 22−V21
Wa,out=−ṁ(h2−h1+ )
2
(140m/s)2−( 80m/ s 2)
∗( 1kJ/kg)
2
6000kJ/s=−ṁ(2780.2−3650.6+ )=6.95kg/s
(1000m2 /s 2)
b)
P2 s=50kPa
s2 s =s 1
s 2 s−s f 7.0910−1.0912
x 2 s= = =0.9228
s fg 6.5019
h2s=h f+ x 2 s h fg=340.54+ ( 0.9228 ) ( 2304.7 )=2467.3 kJ/kg
V 22−V 12
W out =−ṁ(h2 s −h1 + )
2

84
 (140m/s)2−( 80m/ s 2)
∗( 1 kJ/kg)
2
W s,oout=−(6.95 kg/s)(2467.3−3650.6+ )=8174kW
(1000m2 /s 2)
Wa 6000kW
η1 = = =0.734=73.4%
Ws8174kW

In an ice production plant, water is frozen at 0°C and atmospheric pressure.

evaporating saturated liquid R-134a at -10°C. the refrigerant exits this evaporator
as saturated steam, and the plant is designed to produce ice at 0°C at a rate of
4000Kg/hr. Determine the entropy generation rate in this plant.

Ṡ ¿ −Ṡ out+ Ṡ gen=△Ṡ system

ms 1−ms2−Q∈¿ ˙ T w + Ṡ gen=0
Ṡ gen=ṁ R (s1−s2 )−Q∈¿˙ Tw
Ṡ gen=ṁ Rs fg−Q∈¿˙ Tw

h fg@−10℃ =205.96kJ/kg
sfg @−10 ℃ =0.78263kJ/kg·K

Q̇∈¿ ṁwhif=(4000/3600kg/s)( 333.7 kJ/kg)=370.8kW

˙
ṁ R=Q∈¿ hif=(370.8kJ/s) /(205.96kJ/kg)=1.800kg/s
˙
Ṡ gen=ṁ Rs fg−Q∈¿ T w =(1.800kg/s)(0.78263kJ/kg·K)−(370.8 kW)/(273K)
Ṡ gen=0.0505kW/K

Water vapor expands steadily in a pipe at a rate of

25000kg/hr, entering at 6Mpa and 450°C and exiting at 20Kpa as saturated steam. If the
The power generated by the turbine is 4MW, determine the rate of entropy generation.
for this process. Assume that the environment is at 25°C.

P1=6MPa
T 1=450℃
h1 =3302.9 kJ/kg
s2=6.7219kJ/kg⋅K

P2=20 kPa
Sat.vapor
h2 =2608.9 kJ/ kg
s2=7.9073 kJ/kg·K

E¿ −E out= Delta Esystem=0

E¿ =E out

85
ṁ1h1=Q˙ out+ Ẇ out+ mh2
Q˙ out=mh−h−Ẇ
( 1 2) out
Q˙ out=(25000/3600kg/s )(3302.9−2608.9)kJ/kg−4000 kJ/s=819.3 kJ/s

Ṡ ¿ −Ṡ out+ Ṡ gen=△Ṡ system=0

ms 1−ms2−Q˙out/T b, on+ Ṡ gen=0
˙
Ṡ gen=ms1−ms2−Q out/T b , sur
Ṡ gen=(25000/3600kg/s )(7.9073−6.7219) kJ/kg·K+819.3kW/298K
Ṡ gen=11.0 kW/ K

Liquid water at 200 kPa and 20°C is heated in a chamber to mix it with steam.
superheated at 200Kpa and 150°C, the liquid water enters the mixing chamber at a rate
at 2.5 kg/s and it is estimated that the chamber loses heat from circulating air at 25°C at a rate of
1200KJ/min. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 200Kpa and 60°C, determine a)
the mass flow of superheated steam and b) the rate of entropy generation during
this mixing process.

a)
P1=200kPa
T 1=20℃
h1≈ h f@ 20℃ =83.91 kJ/ kg
s1≅ s f @20℃ =0.2965 kJ/kg⋅K

P2=200 kPa
T 2=150℃
h2 =2769.1 kJ/ kg
s2=7.2810kJ/kg·K

P3=200kPa
T 3=60°C
h3≅ h f@ 60℃ =251.18 kJ/kg
s3≅sf @60℃ =0.8313 kJ/kg⋅K

ṁ¿ −ṁout=△Esystem=0
ṁ1−ṁ2=ṁ3
E¿ −E out=△E system=0
E¿ =E out
ṁ1h1 +ṁ 2h2=Q˙ out+ ṁ 3 h 3
1 1 h−2 ṁ
Q˙ out=mh+ṁ 2 +( mh=ṁ
1 2 ) h−h+ṁ
3 1 ( h−h
1 3) 2( 2 3)
ṁ2 =Q˙ out−mh−h1 ( 1 /h−h
3) 2 3
(1200 kJ/ s)−(2.5kg/ s)(83.91−251.18) kJ/ kg
ṁ2= =0.166kg/ s
( 2769.1−251.18 kJ ) /kg

86
ṁ3=ṁ1+ ṁ2=2.5+0.166=2.666kg/s

b)
Ṡ ¿ −Ṡ out+ Ṡ gen=△Ṡ system=0
ṁ1s 1+ ṁ 2 s2 −ṁ 3s3 −Q˙ out/T b , sur+ Ṡ gen=0
Ṡ gen=−ṁ1s 1−ṁ2s 2+ ṁ 3s3 +Q˙ out/T b, on
Ṡ gen=(2.666kg/ s)(0.8313kJ/kg⋅K)−(0.166kg/ s)(7.2810 kJ/kg·K)
Ṡ gen=(2.5kg/s )(0.2965kJ/kg⋅K)+(1200/60 kJ/s)/(298K)
Ṡ gen=0.333 kW/K

Steam enters an adiabatic nozzle at 4 MPa and 450°C with a speed of 70 m/s and
It exits at 3MPa and 320m/s. If the nozzle has an entry area of 7cm.2. Determine a) the
output temperature and b) the entropy generation rate for this process

P1=4MPa
T 1=450℃
h1 =3331.2 kJ/kg
s1=6.9386kJ/kg⋅K
v1 =0.08004m3 /kg

E¿ −E out=△E system
E¿ =E out
ṁ(h1+V 21 /2)=ṁ(h2 +V 22 /2)
0=h2−h1+(V 22−V 21 )/2
h2 =3331.2 kJ/kg−(((320m/s)2−(70m/s)2)/2)(1 kJ/kg/1000m2 /s2 )=3282.4kJ/kg

P2=3MPa
h2 a =3282.4 kJ/kg
T 2=442.3℃
s2=6.9976 kJ/kg⋅K

ṁ=1(A 1 V 1 )/v 1=(1(7x10−4m 2)(70m/s))/0.08004kg/s

Ṡ ¿ −Ṡ out+ Ṡ generate=△Ṡ system=0
ms 1−ms2 + Ṡ gen=0
Ṡgen
=ṁ s−s=(0.6122kg/s)(6.9976−6.9386)
( 2 1) kJ/kg⋅K=0.0361kW/ K

87
ṁ1h1=Q˙ out+ Ẇ out+ mh2
Q˙ out=mh−h−Ẇ
( 1 2) out
Q˙ out=(25000/3600kg/s )(3302.9−2608.9)kJ/kg−4000 kJ/s=819.3 kJ/s

Ṡ ¿ −Ṡ out+ Ṡ gen=△Ṡ system=0

ms 1−ms2−Q˙out/T b, on+ Ṡ gen=0
˙
Ṡ gen=ms1−ms2−Q out/T b , sur
Ṡ gen=(25000/3600kg/s )(7.9073−6.7219) kJ/kg·K+819.3kW/298K
Ṡ gen=11.0 kW/ K

Liquid water at 200 kPa and 20°C is heated in a chamber to mix it with steam.
superheated at 200Kpa and 150°C, the liquid water enters the mixing chamber at a rate
at 2.5 kg/s and it is estimated that the chamber loses heat from circulating air at 25°C at a rate of
1200KJ/min. If the mixture leaves the mixing chamber at 200Kpa and 60°C, determine a)
the mass flow of superheated steam and b) the rate of entropy generation during
this mixing process.

a)
P1=200kPa
T 1=20℃
h1≈ h f@ 20℃ =83.91 kJ/ kg
s1≅ s f @20℃ =0.2965 kJ/kg⋅K

P2=200 kPa
T 2=150℃
h2 =2769.1 kJ/ kg
s2=7.2810kJ/kg·K

P3=200kPa
T 3=60°C
h3≅ h f@ 60℃ =251.18 kJ/kg
s3≅sf @60℃ =0.8313 kJ/kg⋅K

ṁ¿ −ṁout=△Esystem=0
ṁ1−ṁ2=ṁ3
E¿ −E out=△E system=0
E¿ =E out
ṁ1h1 +ṁ 2h2=Q˙ out+ ṁ 3 h 3
1 1 h−2 ṁ
Q˙ out=mh+ṁ 2 +( mh=ṁ
1 2 ) h−h+ṁ
3 1 ( h−h
1 3) 2( 2 3)
ṁ2 =Q˙ out−mh−h1 ( 1 /h−h
3) 2 3
(1200 kJ/ s)−(2.5kg/ s)(83.91−251.18) kJ/ kg
ṁ2= =0.166kg/ s
( 2769.1−251.18 kJ ) /kg

86
b)
S¿ −Sout+ S gen=ΔSsystem
Q out/T b on+ S gen=ΔSA + △S B
S gen= Delta SA+ ΔSB +Qout/T b,on= m( s−m 2 2 s+1m1 )s−m A ( 2 2
s+Q/T1 1 ) B out b ,sur
¿ ( ( 0.418 ) ( 5.8717 )− ( 0.5403 ) ( 5.8717 ) )+ ( ( 3.1223 ) ( 7.2274 )− ( 3 ) ( 7.7100 ) ) +(600 kJ/273K)
¿ 0.916kJ/ K

89