Uses of isotopes in our daily lives Medical Gamma rays of cobalt-60 are used to kill cancer cells without

surgery in patients. This treatment is known as radiotherapy. Patients with skin cancer can be treated using beta rays from the isotopes phosphorus-32 and strontium-90 Medical instruments such as surgical equipment, syringes and bandages can sterilize by using gamma rays. Radioisotopes are also used as tracers. A small amount of sodium-24 is injected into the patient's body. A radioactive detector is then used to detect accumulation of sodium-24 and therefore detect tumours and blood clots before they become dangerous. This tracing method is also used to investigate the thyroid glands by measuring the uptake of iodine-131. Plutonium-238 in a nuclear battery is used to produce small electric Shocks in the heart pacemaker. People with irregular heartbeats need to have a heart pacemaker implanted inside their chest. The nuclear battery of the pacemaker provides a tiny electrical shock to ensure a steady heartbeat. Agricultural Radio isotopes are used to cause mutation in insects so as to make them sterile or to cause death. These serve as pest control in agriculture. The metabolism of phosphorus by plants can be studied using phosphate fertilisers that contain phosphorus-32. A small amount of phosphorus-32 is used in fertilisers. The radiation produced by phosphorus-32decaying is detected by a Geiger-Miller counter. This method can trace the passage of phosphate ions in plants.. Carbon-14 is used to study the passage of carbon during photosynthesis in plants. Industrial Isotope sodium-24 is used to detect leakage of underground pipes. Beta rays are used to control the thickness of plastic, paper and metal sheets in factory. Gamma rays are used to detect whether cans or bottles are filled up to the required amount. Sodium-24 is used to measure the wear out rate of engine in a vehicle. The gamma rays from cobalt-60 are used to kill bacteria in food to make fresh vegetables and fruits last longer without any change in quality, flavour and texture of food. Food Preservation Gamma rays are used to inhibit budding in potatoes.

Archeology Radioisotope carbon-14 is used to study and estimate the age of ancient artifacts. This method is named as the radiocarbon dating. Production of Energy Plutonium is used in nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy.

The melting point of naphthalene is determined by heating it over a water bath. Why is a water bath used? To ensure uniform heating of naphthalene. When do we use an oil bath? To determine the melting point of substances more than 100 degree celcius. For heating curve, why there will be a constant temperature? Heat energy that is absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles. For cooling curve, why there will be a constant temperature? Heat produced during the formation of bond is equal to the heat released to the surrounding. Why naphthalene need to be stirred throughout the experiment? To ensure the temperature is uniform Why does the boiling tube need to be placed in beaker or flask? To ensure uniform cooling effect and to avoid supercooling. What is kinetic theory of matter? Matter is made up of tiny particle Particles in matter will always vibrate, move and collide each other There are attractive force between the particles of matter The higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy of the particle. What is the effect on the freezing and melting point if the naphthalene used is not pure? The melting and freezing point will be less than the expected value. What are the substances that can be used for sublimation process? Iodine crystals, solid ammonium chloride and solid carbon dioxide(dry ice)

A Exist in solid state. Below melting point Particles are closely packed and in arranged manner

P PQ Q QR Exist in both gaseous and liquid state. Constant temperature known as boiling point Heat produced during the formation of bond is equal to the heat released to the surrounding. Gas condenses into liquid Exist in gaseous state. Forces of attraction between the particles become stronger Temperature and kinetic energy decreases Exist in gaseous state Particles have very high kinetic energy.

AB Temperature and kinetic energy increases

B Exist in solid state Heat energy absorbed is enough to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles Exist in both solid and liquid state Constant temperature known as melting point Heat energy absorbed is used to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles. Melting process ends. Exist in liquid state.

BC

i. Suggest another method which can replace water bath in this experiment. j. Why stirring of substance Y is required throughout the whole experiment? k. Compare the kinetic energy of particles of substance Y at t1 and t3. l. State one different in the arrangement of the particles of substance Y before t1 and after t4.

1. In this experiment, solid substance Y was heated in a water bath from room temperature until it turned into gas. Substance Y was stirred throughout the whole experiment. The temperature of substance Y was recorded at fixed intervals of time and the graph of temperature against time during the heating of substance Y is shown in figure (b) above. a. What is the physical state of naphthalene at the region i. QR ii. ST iii. TU b. What is the time when substance Y begins to melt? [1 mark] c. What is the boiling point of substance Y? [1 mark] d. Why the temperature of M remains unchanged from time t3 to t2 even though heating continues? e. Why water bath is used for heating the solid of substance Y? f. Give a reason why water bath is suitable in this experiment? g. Name 2 substance, whose boiling point can be determined by using water bath. h. Given that the boiling point of substance X is around 105oC. Why cant we use water bath to determine the boiling point of substance Y?