THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY

AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA.

(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA LABOUR CONGRESS PLATEAU STATE)

By:

LONGBAP TIMRING
FUKU/MSS/20/PAD/0011

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF KASHERE AS PART OF THE
FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE DEGREE ([Link]. HONS) IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

AUGUST, 2025.

1
 DECLARATION

his undergraduate research project titled (of the work) by (name of student) meets the regulations

governing the requirements for the award of BSc (Hons) in Public Administration of Federal

University of Kashere and is therefore, approved for its contributions to the body of knowledge

and professional practice.

I, Longbap Timring hereby declare that this is the product of my research effort, undertaken

under the supervision of Prof. Musa M Kirfi and has not been presented elsewhere for the award

of any degree or certificate. All sources have been duly distinguished and appropriately

acknowledged.

Longbap Timring ________________

FUKU/MSS/20/PAD/0011 Signature/Date

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that Longbap Timring of the department of Public Administration Federal

University of Kashere under the supervision of Prof Musa M Kirfi have submitted this research

work titled:THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY AND

ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF

NIGERIA LABOUR CONGRESS PLATEAU STATE) to the department as part of the

requirements for the award of a degree Bachelors of Science Education.

Prof Musa M Kirfi _________________________

Project Supervisor Signature/date

Prof Musa M Kirfi ___________________________

Head of Department Signature/date

Prof. Barakatu Abdullahi ______________________________

Dean Faculty of Education Signature/date

______________________________ ______________________________
Examiner Signature/date

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Table of Contents

Title Page - - - - - - - - - -

Certification - - - - - - - - - -

Dedication - - - - - - - - - -

Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - -

Abstract - - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study ..................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ............................................. ....................................... 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study ......................................................... 4

1.4 Research Questions ................................................................. 4

1.5 Research Hypothesis .............................................................. 5

1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................... 5

1.7 Scope of the Study .................................................................... 6

1.8 Limitations of the Study ....................................................... 6

1.9 Organization of the Study .................................................... 7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Conceptual Framework ..........................................................

2.2 Theoretical Framework ...........................................................

2.3 Empirical Review .......................................................................

2.4 Summary of Literature Review ............................................

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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design .........................................................................

3.2 Population of the Study .........................................................

3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique ...............................

3.4 Method of Data Collection ..................................................

3.5 Method of Data Analysis ......................................................

3.6 Validity and Reliability of Instrument .................................

3.7 Ethical Considerations .........................................................

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Presentation ......................................................................

4.2 Analysis of Research Questions ...........................................

4.3 Hypothesis Testing ....................................................................

4.4 Discussion of Findings .........................................................

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings ............................................................

5.2 Conclusion ..................................................................................

5.3 Recommendations ....................................................................

.4 Suggestions for Further Studies .........................................

References

Appendices

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 Abstract
This study investigates the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in promoting transparency
and accountability in public administration in Nigeria, with a focus on the Nigeria Labour
Congress (NLC) in Plateau State. It addresses the challenges posed by systemic corruption,
weak enforcement of accountability mechanisms, and limited capacity of CSOs due to financial,
political, and institutional constraints. The research adopts a descriptive survey design, utilizing
structured questionnaires and interviews to collect data from 150 respondents, including NLC
officials, government administrators, and civil society stakeholders.
Findings reveal that CSOs employ strategies such as the use of the Freedom of Information Act
(FOIA) and public awareness campaigns to hold public officials accountable and engage
citizens. However, their effectiveness is often hindered by limited access to data, repressive
political environments, and restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly. Despite these
challenges, CSOs remain vital to democratic governance, fostering civic engagement and
pressuring institutions to uphold transparency.
The study recommends stronger enforcement of FOIA, capacity building for CSOs, legal reforms
to protect civic space, increased grassroots engagement, and collaborative partnerships. It
concludes that empowering civil society is essential for sustainable governance reforms in
Nigeria. Future research should explore the influence of digital advocacy, urban-rural CSO
dynamics, and the impact of donor funding on CSO independence.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Transparency and accountability are critical pillars of good governance and sustainable

development in any society. In Nigeria, the challenges of corruption, inefficiency, and lack of

transparency in public administration have long hindered the nation’s progress.

Nigeria’s public administration system has often been criticized for its lack of transparency,

accountability, and effectiveness. Over the years, corruption, nepotism, and mismanagement

have eroded public trust in government institutions. The need for civil society to actively engage

in governance processes has become increasingly evident. Civil society organizations serve as

intermediaries between the government and citizens, advocating for reforms, monitoring public

expenditures, and ensuring that the government’s actions align with the principles of good

governance. The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), as a prominent labor union, has historically

played a pivotal role in addressing social injustices and advocating for the rights of workers and

citizens. In Plateau State, the NLC has been instrumental in pushing for policies and practices

that promote transparency and accountability.

In Nigeria, the role of civil society in promoting transparency and accountability within public

administration is pivotal amidst ongoing challenges of corruption and inefficiency. Civil society

organizations (CSOs) play a crucial role in monitoring government activities, advocating for

policy reforms, and engaging citizens in governance processes. By fostering transparency, CSOs

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help ensure that public institutions operate with openness and integrity, thereby enhancing public

trust and confidence in government actions. This is particularly significant in Nigeria's context,

where historical and systemic issues of corruption have often undermined development efforts

(Smith, 2020). Moreover, civil society acts as a watchdog by scrutinizing public spending and

procurement processes, thereby mitigating the risks of mismanagement and embezzlement.

Through initiatives such as budget tracking and social audits, CSOs provide independent

assessments that hold government officials accountable for their actions and decisions. This

oversight function not only helps prevent misuse of public funds but also encourages more

responsible governance practices (Okolo, 2019). Furthermore, the advocacy efforts of civil

society are instrumental in shaping legislative frameworks that promote transparency and

accountability. By lobbying for the enactment and enforcement of anti-corruption laws and

freedom of information legislation, CSOs create legal foundations that support a culture of

transparency within public administration (Abubakar, 2021). These efforts are essential for

combating systemic corruption and promoting ethical standards in governmental operations.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The role of civil society in promoting transparency and accountability in public administration in

Nigeria faces multifaceted challenges that hinder effective governance and development

outcomes. One significant issue is the pervasive culture of corruption and opacity within

governmental institutions, which undermines efforts towards transparency. Despite legislative

measures and international commitments aimed at fostering accountability, implementation gaps

and weak enforcement mechanisms persist, hampering the effectiveness of transparency

initiatives (Akande, 2023). This lack of accountability not only erodes public trust but also

perpetuates a cycle of inefficiency and mismanagement in public service delivery, thereby

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impeding socio-economic progress. Another critical problem is the constrained capacity and

resource limitations faced by many civil society organizations (CSOs) operating in Nigeria.

While CSOs play a crucial role in advocating for transparency and monitoring government

actions, their effectiveness is often hindered by financial constraints, limited access to data, and

political pressures (Adepoju, 2022). These challenges restrict CSOs' ability to conduct

comprehensive oversight and engage meaningfully in policy dialogue, thereby diminishing their

impact on promoting accountability within public administration.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine the role of civil society in promoting transparency

and accountability in public administration in Nigeria. Specifically the objectives of the study

are:

i. To analyze the strategies employed by civil society organizations CSOs to promote

transparency in Nigerian public administration.

ii. To evaluate the impact of CSO advocacy on holding public o fficials accountable in

Nigeria.

iii. To investigate the challenges faced by CSOs in promoting transparency and

accountability in Nigerian public administration.

1.4 Research Questions

To guide the study and achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions were

formulated:

i. How do CSOs utilize the Freedom of Information Act FOIA to access government data

and reports in Nigeria?

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 ii. To what extent do CSO-led public awareness campaigns influence citizen engagement in

demanding accountability from government officials?

iii. How do limitations on freedom of speech and assembly hinder the work of CSOs in

Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The following research hypothesis was developed and tested for the study:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the role of civil society and the promotion of

transparency and accountability in public administration in Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study is important for many reasons. The following are the major stakeholders this paper

through its practical and theoretical implications and findings will be of great significance:

Firstly, the paper will benefit major stakeholders and policy makers in the Public Administration

sector. The various analysis, findings and discussions outlined in this paper will serve as a guide

in enabling major positive changes in the industry and sub-sectors. Secondly, the paper is also

beneficial to the organizations used for the research. Since first hand data was gotten and

analysed from the organization, they stand a chance to benefit directly from the findings of the

study in respect to their various organizations. These findings will fast track growth and enable

productivity in the organisations used as a case study. Finally, the paper will serve as a guide to

other researchers willing to research further into the subject matter. Through the conclusions,

limitations and gaps identified in the subject matter, other student and independent researchers

can have a well laid foundation to conduct further studies.

1.7 Scope of the Study

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The study is delimited to Nigeria Labour Congress, Plateau State. Findings and

recommendations from the study reflects the views and opinions of respondents sampled in the

area. It may not reflect the entire picture in the population.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

The major limitations of the research study are time, financial constraints and delays from

respondents. The researcher had difficulties combining lectures with field work. Financial

constraints in form of getting adequate funds and sponsors to print questionnaires, hold Focus

group discussions and logistics was recorded. Finally, respondents were a bit reluctant in filling

questionnaires and submitting them on time. This delayed the project work a bit.

1.9 Organization of the Study

The study is made up of five (5) Chapters. Chapter one of the study gives a general introduction

to the subject matter, background to the problem as well as a detailed problem statement of the

research. This chapter also sets the objectives of the paper in motion detailing out the

significance and scope of the paper. Chapter Two of the paper entails the review of related

literature with regards to corporate governance and integrated reporting. This chapter outlines the

conceptual reviews, theoretical reviews and empirical reviews of the study. Chapter Three

centers on the methodologies applied in the study. A more detailed explanation of the research

design, population of the study, sample size and technique, data collection method and analysis

is discussed in this chapter. Chapter Four highlights data analysis and interpretation giving the

readers a thorough room for the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of data

analyzed in the study. Chapter Five outlines the findings, conclusions and recommendations of

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the study. Based on objectives set out, the researcher concludes the paper by answering all

research questions set out in the study.

1.10 Definition of Key Terms

1. Civil Society: Organizations and associations that operate independently of the

government to advocate for societal interests, including non-governmental organizations,

labor unions, and community groups.

2. Transparency: The openness and accessibility of government actions, decisions, and

policies to the public.

3. Accountability: The obligation of public officials and institutions to account for their

actions and decisions to the public.

4. Public Administration: The implementation of government policies and the

management of public programs and services.

5. Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC): A national federation of trade unions in Nigeria that

advocates for the rights and welfare of workers.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews existing literature on the role of civil society in promoting transparency and

accountability in public administration, particularly in Nigeria. The review is divided into

theoretical, conceptual, and empirical sections, followed by a summary of key findings. This

chapter aims to provide a robust framework for understanding civil society’s impact on

governance and accountability.

2.2 Theoretical Review

Several theories provide a conceptual framework for understanding how civil society

organizations (CSOs) influence public administration, governance, and anti-corruption efforts.

These theories include Advocacy and Awareness Theory, Social Capital Theory, Network

Governance Theory, and Democratic Governance Theory. Each theory provides a unique

perspective on how CSOs function in ensuring government accountability and citizen

participation.

Advocacy and Awareness Theory focuses on the role of CSOs in raising public consciousness

about governance issues. Edwards and Hulme (1996) argue that advocacy involves amplifying

marginalized voices and ensuring that public institutions uphold their responsibilities. In Nigeria,

CSOs utilize various advocacy tools such as media campaigns, policy dialogues, and public

demonstrations to expose corruption and promote transparency (Akor, 2014). This theory

highlights how civil society acts as a bridge between the government and citizens, facilitating

informed participation in governance.

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Social Capital Theory, as proposed by Putnam (1993), underscores the significance of networks,

norms, and trust in fostering collective action. CSOs play a vital role in building social capital by

creating platforms for dialogue, collaboration, and civic engagement (Eboh, 2020). In Nigeria,

organizations such as BudgIT and Connected Development (CODE) have utilized social capital

to mobilize citizens in budget tracking and community development initiatives. The theory

suggests that when communities are empowered with the right information and trust in

institutions, they are more likely to demand accountability from public officials.

Network Governance Theory highlights the interconnectedness of various actors, including

government agencies, private sectors, and CSOs, in public administration (Provan & Kenis,

2008). This theory emphasizes that governance is not solely the responsibility of the government

but involves multiple stakeholders working collaboratively. In Nigeria, partnerships between

CSOs and anti-corruption bodies such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission

(EFCC) illustrate the application of network governance in promoting accountability (Ogundiya,

2010). However, challenges such as conflicting interests and bureaucratic inefficiencies can

sometimes hinder the effectiveness of these networks.

Democratic Governance Theory posits that transparency and accountability are fundamental to a

functioning democracy. CSOs serve as watchdogs, ensuring that government institutions operate

within democratic principles (Held, 2006). In Nigeria, organizations such as the Centre for

Democracy and Development (CDD) have played a crucial role in monitoring elections,

promoting human rights, and advocating for open governance (Amundsen, 2020). This theory

reinforces the idea that an active civil society contributes to strengthening democratic institutions

and holding leaders accountable. However, government restrictions on civil society space and

funding limitations remain significant challenges to their effectiveness.

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2.2.1 Advocacy and Awareness Theory

Advocacy and Awareness Theory emphasizes the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in

raising public awareness about governance issues. According to Edwards and Hulme (1996),

advocacy involves amplifying marginalized voices to hold public institutions accountable. CSOs

employ various advocacy strategies, including media campaigns, public demonstrations, and

policy dialogues, to influence governance (Akor, 2014).

In Nigeria, CSOs have played a crucial role in raising awareness about corruption and

governance failures. For example, the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project

(SERAP) has consistently used advocacy to push for policy reforms (Ojo, 2021). They have also

utilized social media platforms to reach a broader audience, ensuring increased public

participation in governance. CSOs often engage in legislative advocacy to influence the

enactment of laws that promote transparency and accountability. A notable example is the

involvement of civil society in the passage of Nigeria’s Freedom of Information Act (2011),

which has empowered citizens to demand access to government records (Adebayo, 2022). This

law has been instrumental in exposing corruption and mismanagement of public resources.

Despite their successes, CSOs face challenges such as government repression and financial

constraints, which hinder their advocacy efforts. The Nigerian government has, at times,

restricted the activities of CSOs through regulations and intimidation (Ibrahim & Olatunji, 2020).

To enhance their effectiveness, CSOs require sustained support from both local and international

organizations.

2.2.2 Social Capital Theory

Social Capital Theory highlights the importance of networks, norms, and trust in facilitating

collective action (Putnam, 1993). CSOs create platforms where citizens can collaborate and share

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information, thereby strengthening community capacity to demand accountability. In Nigeria,

social capital plays a critical role in governance and accountability efforts (Eboh, 2020).

One way CSOs build social capital is by fostering civic engagement through town hall meetings,

workshops, and community forums. These initiatives provide citizens with the knowledge and

skills needed to hold government officials accountable (Adeyemi, 2022). Additionally, such

interactions build trust among stakeholders, strengthening collective efforts to improve

governance. Social capital enables CSOs to mobilize resources and expertise from various

sectors, including academia, the private sector, and the media. Collaborative efforts have led to

successful anti-corruption initiatives, such as BudgIT’s budget monitoring project, which

provides accessible government expenditure data to the public (Ajayi, 2023).

The effectiveness of social capital in driving accountability is often undermined by weak

institutional frameworks and political interference. For example, studies have shown that the

Nigerian government sometimes co-opts CSO leaders, thereby weakening their advocacy efforts

(Eze, 2021). Addressing these challenges requires strong institutional support and policies that

promote independent civil society operations.

2.2.3 Network Governance Theory

Network Governance Theory underscores the interconnectedness of actors, including

government agencies, private sectors, and CSOs, in managing public affairs (Provan & Kenis,

2008). This theory emphasizes that governance is not solely the responsibility of the government

but involves multiple stakeholders working collaboratively to improve policy implementation

and accountability. The inclusion of diverse actors creates a more resilient governance

framework that ensures better decision-making, resource sharing, and enhanced public service

delivery (Klijn & Koppenjan, 2016).

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Civil society serves as a critical node in these networks, ensuring that governance processes are

inclusive, transparent, and accountable. In Nigeria, partnerships between CSOs and anti-

corruption agencies such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) exemplify

this collaborative approach (Ogundiya, 2010). Organizations like the Socio-Economic Rights and

Accountability Project (SERAP) have worked with government institutions to enhance public

finance transparency and hold corrupt officials accountable (Uche, 2021).

Additionally, network governance has facilitated public-private partnerships (PPPs) that have

improved service delivery in various sectors, including health and education (Adeyemi & Ojo,

2022). By engaging CSOs in policy discussions and implementation, these partnerships ensure

that governance is not monopolized by the state but incorporates diverse perspectives, thus

fostering accountability and effectiveness. However, challenges such as power imbalances,

bureaucratic inefficiencies, and political interference often limit the full potential of network

governance in Nigeria (Eze & Nwankwo, 2023).

Despite its benefits, network governance in Nigeria faces obstacles, including weak institutional

structures and limited funding for CSOs. Governments may also attempt to sideline civil society

actors or co-opt them into political agendas, reducing their effectiveness as independent

accountability mechanisms (Ibrahim, 2020). Strengthening institutional frameworks, ensuring

legal protections for CSOs, and fostering trust among governance actors are crucial steps for

maximizing the effectiveness of network governance in promoting transparency and

accountability in Nigeria.

2.2.4 Democratic Governance Theory

Democratic Governance Theory posits that transparency and accountability are core principles of

democracy. According to this theory, democratic governance is based on citizen participation,

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rule of law, and institutional accountability, with civil society organizations playing a

fundamental role in maintaining these principles (Held, 2006). CSOs serve as watchdogs,

ensuring that government officials operate within democratic norms and are accountable to the

electorate (Diamond, 2019).

In Nigeria, organizations such as BudgIT and the Centre for Democracy and Development

(CDD) have played significant roles in enhancing democratic governance. BudgIT, for example,

monitors government expenditures and provides accessible financial data to the public, thereby

increasing transparency in budgeting processes (Akanbi, 2021). Similarly, CDD works on

electoral transparency, civic education, and policy advocacy, strengthening Nigeria’s democratic

institutions (Obi & Adebayo, 2022).

Civil society engagement in electoral monitoring and policy advocacy has contributed to the

improvement of Nigeria’s democratic processes. Groups such as the Transition Monitoring

Group (TMG) and the Election Monitor have played pivotal roles in ensuring free and fair

elections by reporting electoral malpractices and advocating for electoral reforms (Nwokolo,

2023). Their presence deters electoral fraud and strengthens public confidence in democratic

institutions.

Despite these contributions, challenges persist in the form of political repression, restrictive laws,

and threats against civil society actors. The Nigerian government has, at times, attempted to

curtail CSO activities through legislative measures such as the proposed NGO Regulation Bill,

which sought to limit the independence of civil society organizations (Okechukwu, 2020). To

sustain the effectiveness of democratic governance, there is a need for stronger legal protections

for CSOs, increased funding, and a commitment from the government to uphold democratic

principles.

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2.3 Conceptual Review

2.3.1 Civil Society

A. Definition and Theoretical Perspectives

Civil society refers to the array of voluntary organizations and institutions that function outside of the

state and commercial sectors. These include non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community-based

organizations (CBOs), faith-based organizations, advocacy groups, labor unions, and professional

associations (Salamon et al., 2000). These entities provide a platform for collective action, enabling

citizens to advocate for their rights, express opinions, and influence policy processes. In political theory,

civil society is seen as a check on state power, especially within liberal democratic frameworks where

pluralism and civic engagement are highly valued.

From a theoretical standpoint, civil society has evolved through various lenses. In classical thought,

scholars like Alexis de Tocqueville emphasized the role of voluntary associations in fostering democracy.

In modern contexts, Robert Putnam (1993) highlighted the importance of “social capital” built through

civil society networks in strengthening institutional performance. In the African context, civil society is

often viewed as both a watchdog and a gap-filler, compensating for governance deficits through service

delivery and advocacy (Gyimah-Boadi, 2006).

In Nigeria, the post-military era has seen a significant resurgence in civil society activity, with increased

mobilization around issues like anti-corruption, human rights, and electoral reform. Despite occasional

government clampdowns, civil society remains a critical component of democratic consolidation,

leveraging both local and international platforms to push for institutional change.

B. Roles and Contributions in Nigerian Governance

In Nigeria, civil society organizations (CSOs) have played a pivotal role in advancing transparency, civic

education, and government accountability. Groups such as the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability

Project (SERAP), BudgIT, and the Centre for Anti-Corruption and Open Leadership (CACOL) have led

high-impact campaigns aimed at exposing corruption, promoting policy transparency, and defending

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human rights. These CSOs utilize tools such as litigation, petitions, policy briefs, and grassroots

mobilization to hold public officials accountable (Okonkwo, 2022).

Labor unions, particularly the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), have also contributed significantly to civil

society's influence. By organizing nationwide strikes and policy dialogues, the NLC has pressured the

government on issues ranging from wage increases to fuel subsidy reforms. In some instances, CSOs

collaborate with international donors and multilateral institutions, gaining technical and financial support

to scale their impact.

Nonetheless, civil society in Nigeria operates in a challenging environment marked by threats to freedom

of expression, limited funding, and skepticism from the state. Some government actors perceive CSOs as

antagonistic or politically motivated, which hinders constructive collaboration. Despite these constraints,

the role of civil society remains indispensable in promoting democratic governance and ensuring that

public institutions are responsive to citizens' needs.

2.3.2 Transparency and Accountability

A. Concepts and Interrelationship

Transparency and accountability are central pillars of good governance. Transparency involves the

openness, accessibility, and clarity of information related to government processes, decisions, and

resource allocation. Accountability, on the other hand, refers to the mechanisms through which public

officials are held answerable for their actions or inactions (Kolstad & Wiig, 2009). Together, these

principles ensure that government authority is exercised responsibly and in alignment with public interest.

Civil society plays a crucial role in enforcing these principles. Through budget analysis, public

expenditure tracking, and performance monitoring, CSOs make government operations more visible and

comprehensible to the general public. Tools like the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) empower civil

society to access essential government records, thereby enhancing public scrutiny and trust in governance

systems.

The synergy between transparency and accountability is particularly evident in Nigeria's anti-corruption

landscape. For example, when public expenditure data is made available, CSOs can trace irregularities,

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demand explanations, and trigger investigative or legal actions. This dynamic reduces opportunities for

illicit behavior, increases deterrence, and promotes better service delivery outcomes.

B. Civil Society’s Interventions and Challenges

CSOs in Nigeria have utilized both traditional and digital tools to promote transparency and

accountability. Organizations such as Transparency International Nigeria, SERAP, and BudgIT have

engaged in extensive public enlightenment campaigns, social media advocacy, and evidence-based

reporting to expose corruption and drive policy reform (Adebayo, 2023). These interventions often

prompt public debate and sometimes compel authorities to respond through policy shifts or disciplinary

action.

Investigative journalism has also emerged as a powerful tool. Institutions like the Premium Times Centre

for Investigative Journalism (PTCIJ) have unveiled high-profile corruption scandals, ranging from

electoral fraud to misappropriation of COVID-19 funds (Eze, 2021). Such revelations not only inform the

public but also exert pressure on law enforcement agencies to act, even in a system where impunity is

prevalent.

Despite these efforts, transparency and accountability in Nigeria face persistent obstacles. Many

government agencies remain opaque, disregarding FOIA requests or providing incomplete information.

Moreover, weak enforcement of anti-corruption laws and political interference often dilute the

effectiveness of CSO advocacy. Therefore, for civil society to drive systemic change, there must be

stronger institutional support, legal safeguards, and increased civic participation.

2.3.3 Public Administration

A. Overview and Democratic Significance

Public administration refers to the organization and management of public institutions tasked with

implementing government policies and delivering services to the populace. It encompasses ministries,

departments, parastatals, and regulatory bodies, all of which play a critical role in translating political

decisions into tangible outcomes (Frederickson, 2005). In democracies, public administration is expected

to be transparent, efficient, and accountable to the citizenry.

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In Nigeria, public administration is often characterized by complex bureaucratic structures, patronage

systems, and frequent policy inconsistency. These challenges hinder service delivery, delay project

implementation, and create loopholes for corruption. As such, reforming public administration requires

both internal government initiative and external oversight mechanisms, especially from civil society.

The effectiveness of public administration is directly linked to governance quality. Without robust

administrative systems, even well-intentioned political decisions fail to reach the people. This

underscores the need for CSO involvement in monitoring public sector performance and advocating for

institutional reforms that prioritize efficiency, equity, and public welfare.

B. Civil Society’s Role in Reforming Public Institutions

Civil society organizations in Nigeria are increasingly involved in public administration reform.

Initiatives like budget tracking, procurement monitoring, and service delivery audits help ensure that

resources are used appropriately and reach the intended beneficiaries. For example, Connected

Development’s Follow The Money project tracks public spending in health, education, and

infrastructure, often exposing misuse and prompting corrective measures (Ibrahim & Yusuf, 2023).

Furthermore, CSOs create platforms for citizen engagement, such as town hall meetings, policy

dialogues, and online feedback channels. These forums bridge the gap between bureaucrats and citizens,

making governance more inclusive and participatory. By amplifying citizens’ voices, civil society fosters

a culture of responsiveness within public administration.

Nevertheless, structural inefficiencies within government institutions—such as poor data management,

lack of transparency, and politicization of the civil service—continue to limit the impact of civil society.

As Ogunleye (2023) notes, lasting change will require a combination of top-down reforms, technological

innovation, and institutional collaboration between state actors and non-state actors.

2.4 Empirical Review

Empirical studies have demonstrated that CSOs significantly impact transparency in governance.

SFor instance, a study by Okeke and Ugwuanyi (2014) revealed that civil society initiatives, such

22
as budget tracking and public audits, have increased public access to government financial

information in Nigeria. Similarly, Olowu (2017) found that advocacy campaigns led by CSOs

have pressured government agencies to adopt open data policies. More recently, Akinwale and

Osabuohien (2021) emphasized the role of digital platforms in enhancing transparency, as CSOs

now leverage technology to disseminate critical governance data to the public, thereby reducing

information asymmetry.

Furthermore, CSOs such as Budget and Connected Development (CODE) have played pivotal

roles in tracking government expenditures and ensuring that funds allocated for public projects

are properly utilized (Adeleke, 2022). These organizations have developed digital tools that

allow citizens to monitor budget implementation in real time, strengthening transparency and

deterring corruption. In addition, grassroots organizations have initiated community-based

monitoring projects that increase citizen engagement with governance processes (Eze, 2023).

The role of CSOs in legislative advocacy has also been notable. In 2020, the Open Government

Partnership (OGP) Nigeria initiative, backed by several CSOs, led to the adoption of

transparency-enhancing policies such as the Beneficial Ownership Disclosure framework. This

framework aims to expose hidden ownership structures used for illicit financial flows (Olawale,

2021). Consequently, CSOs have proven instrumental in pushing for institutional reforms that

enhance transparency in governance.

2.4.2 Civil Society and Accountability in Public Administration

The impact of civil society on accountability has been widely documented. According to Ojo

(2018), CSOs in Nigeria have been instrumental in exposing high-profile corruption cases, such

as the fuel subsidy scam. Their collaboration with media organizations has ensured sustained

public attention on governance issues. Furthermore, studies by Aniekwe and Atuobi (2016)

23
highlight how CSOs have empowered citizens to demand accountability through capacity-

building initiatives and civic education.

A recent study by Nwokedi (2022) found that CSOs play a crucial role in facilitating social

accountability by organizing public hearings and stakeholder dialogues. Through these

platforms, citizens voice their concerns and demand responses from public officials.

Additionally, organizations such as the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project

(SERAP) have taken legal action against government agencies that fail to disclose public

financial records, reinforcing institutional accountability (Adebayo, 2023).

CSOs have also been instrumental in election monitoring and governance oversight. During the

2023 Nigerian general elections, civil society groups such as Yiaga Africa deployed thousands of

observers to ensure transparency and fairness in the electoral process. Their reports exposed

electoral malpractices and provided recommendations for improving future elections (Obi,

2023). By promoting electoral integrity, CSOs enhance overall public administration

accountability.

2.4.3 Challenges Faced by Civil Society in Nigeria

Despite these achievements, civil society faces significant challenges. Akindele and Adeyemi

(2019) identified limited funding, government hostility, and weak institutional frameworks as

major obstacles. These challenges often undermine the effectiveness of CSOs in achieving their

goals.

One of the major constraints is the financial dependence of many CSOs on international donors.

While donor funding is essential, it often comes with conditions that may not align with local

priorities, limiting the flexibility of CSO operations (Okonjo, 2020). Additionally, local funding

24
sources remain scarce, as corporate and individual philanthropy for governance-related CSO

activities is underdeveloped in Nigeria (Ezekwesili, 2021).

Government hostility towards civil society is another major challenge. The introduction of

restrictive policies, such as the 2019 NGO Regulatory Bill, threatened to limit the operational

space of CSOs in Nigeria (Ameh, 2022). Moreover, activists and journalists working with CSOs

frequently face intimidation, harassment, and legal threats, deterring their advocacy efforts

(Onyema, 2023).

Weak institutional frameworks further hinder CSO effectiveness. Many CSOs struggle with

bureaucratic bottlenecks when seeking access to public information under the Freedom of

Information (FOI) Act. Government agencies often delay responses or provide incomplete data,

making transparency efforts difficult (Alabi, 2023). Addressing these institutional weaknesses is

crucial for improving the efficacy of civil society in promoting good governance.

In conclusion, while CSOs have significantly contributed to transparency and accountability in

Nigeria’s public administration, they continue to face systemic challenges. Strengthening

institutional frameworks, ensuring financial sustainability, and safeguarding civic space are

essential steps for enhancing the role of civil society in governance.

2.6 The Role of International Organizations in Promoting Civil Society Engagement

International organizations have played a pivotal role in fostering civil society engagement in

Nigeria, aiming to enhance democratic governance, transparency, and socio-economic

development. The World Bank, for instance, has been instrumental in this regard. Through

initiatives like the Nigeria Program-for-Results (PforR), the World Bank collaborates with

Nigerian civil society organizations (CSOs) to improve service delivery and governance. This

25
partnership emphasizes the importance of CSOs in monitoring and evaluating government

projects, ensuring that resources are utilized effectively and transparently.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has engaged with Nigerian CSOs to discuss economic

policies and reforms. In November 2019, the IMF organized a workshop in Abuja that brought

together CSOs from various regions of Nigeria. This platform allowed for meaningful dialogue

on socio-economic issues, enabling CSOs to voice concerns and provide input on policy

decisions affecting the nation's economy. Such interactions underscore the IMF's recognition of

civil society as a crucial stakeholder in shaping economic policies.

The United Nations has also been active in promoting civil society engagement in Nigeria.

Through the Peacebuilding Commission, the UN collaborates with local CSOs to address peace

and security challenges. This partnership aims to strengthen community resilience and counter

the appeal of terrorism, particularly in regions affected by insurgency. By involving CSOs in

peacebuilding efforts, the UN ensures that interventions are community-driven and sustainable.

Moreover, the Open Government Partnership (OGP) has been a significant platform for

enhancing civil society participation in Nigeria. Nigeria's commitment to the OGP includes

creating an enabling environment for citizens and CSOs to freely assemble, associate, and

express their opinions on government policies. This initiative aims to improve citizens'

participation and advocacy, fostering a more open and responsive government.

2.7 Strategies for Strengthening Civil Society Participation in Governance

Strengthening civil society participation in Nigeria's governance requires a multifaceted

approach that addresses legal, institutional, and capacity-building challenges. One effective

strategy is the establishment of formal mechanisms for CSO-government collaboration. By

institutionalizing platforms for dialogue, CSOs can regularly engage with government agencies,

26
contributing to policy formulation and implementation. This collaborative framework ensures

that civil society inputs are systematically integrated into governance processes, enhancing

transparency and accountability.

Capacity building is another critical strategy. Empowering CSOs with the necessary skills and

resources enables them to effectively advocate for policy changes and hold government

accountable. Training programs focused on areas such as policy analysis, advocacy techniques,

and financial management can enhance the operational efficiency of CSOs. For example, the

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has supported Nigerian CSOs

through training, mentoring, and coaching, leading to increased sustainability and impact.

Legal reforms are also essential to create an enabling environment for civil society. Reviewing

and amending restrictive laws that hinder CSO operations can promote greater civic engagement.

Ensuring the protection of fundamental rights, such as freedom of assembly and expression,

empowers citizens and CSOs to participate actively in governance without fear of reprisal. The

Open Government Partnership highlights the importance of safeguarding these liberties to foster

open and responsive governance.

Fostering partnerships between CSOs and international organizations can amplify advocacy

efforts and resource mobilization. Collaborations with entities like the World Bank, IMF, and

United Nations can provide Nigerian CSOs with access to global best practices, funding

opportunities, and platforms for voicing concerns on an international stage. These partnerships

can enhance the credibility and influence of CSOs in national governance discourse.

2.8 Summary of Literature Review

The literature highlights the crucial role of civil society in promoting transparency and

accountability in public administration. Theoretical frameworks such as Advocacy and

27
Awareness Theory, Social Capital Theory, Network Governance Theory, and Democratic

Governance Theory provide a foundation for understanding this role. Empirical studies confirm

the positive impact of CSOs in Nigeria while also underscoring the challenges they face. This

review underscores the need for supportive policies and institutional reforms to enhance the

effectiveness of civil society in governance.

28
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter outlines the research methodology employed in this study. It describes the research

design, population, sampling technique, data collection instruments, validity and reliability of the

instruments, procedure for data collection, and methods of data analysis. The chapter provides a

framework that ensures the research findings are reliable and can be effectively interpreted to

address the role of civil society in promoting transparency and accountability in public

administration, particularly focusing on the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) in Plateau State.

3.1 Research Design

The study adopts a descriptive survey research design. This design is appropriate for analyzing

how civil society organizations, particularly the NLC, influence transparency and accountability

in public administration. The descriptive approach enables the collection of both qualitative and

quantitative data, facilitating an in-depth understanding of the subject matter. The study employs

structured questionnaires and interviews to gather relevant information from respondents.

3.2 Population of the Study

The population of this study comprises members of the Nigeria Labour Congress in Plateau

State, government officials, civil society activists, and relevant stakeholders in public

administration. This diverse group is selected to provide a holistic perspective on the role of civil

society in promoting transparency and accountability. The total population is estimated at 500

individuals, including NLC executives, government representatives, and civil society members.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique

29
A stratified random sampling technique is employed to ensure the representation of all relevant

groups. The sample size consists of 150 respondents, drawn proportionally from NLC officials,

government administrators, and civil society representatives. This sampling method enhances the

validity and reliability of the findings by capturing a broad range of perspectives.

3.4 Instrument for Data Collection

The primary instrument for data collection is a structured questionnaire consisting of closed-

ended and open-ended questions. Additionally, interviews with key informants, including NLC

officials and government representatives, provide qualitative insights into the subject matter. The

questionnaire is designed to measure respondents’ perceptions of civil society’s role in

enhancing transparency and accountability in public administration.

3.5 Validation of Instruments

The research instruments are subjected to expert review for content validity. Academicians and

professionals in public administration and civil society engagement review the questionnaire and

interview guides to ensure they effectively capture the research objectives. A pilot study is also

conducted with a small sample to refine the instruments before full-scale deployment.

3.6 Reliability of Instrument

The reliability of the questionnaire is tested using the Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient. A

reliability coefficient of 0.7 and above is considered acceptable, ensuring consistency in

responses. The test-retest method is also applied to assess the stability of the instrument over

time.

3.7 Procedure for Data Collection

Data collection is conducted in phases. First, official permission is sought from the NLC Plateau

State chapter and relevant government offices. The questionnaire is distributed physically and

30
electronically to respondents, while interviews are conducted in person and via virtual platforms

where necessary. Respondents are assured of confidentiality and anonymity to encourage honest

responses.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

The collected data is analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Descriptive

statistics such as frequency distribution, mean, and percentages are used to summarize

questionnaire responses. Inferential statistics, including chi-square and regression analysis, are

applied to test hypotheses. Qualitative data from interviews are analyzed thematically to identify

key patterns and perspectives.

31
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the results from the 150 questionnaires and key informant interviews. It

outlines descriptive statistics of demographic data, analyzes responses per research question

using quantitative (percentiles, mean scores) and qualitative (thematic coding) techniques, and

interprets findings in relation to the study’s objectives and hypothesis.

4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data

4.2.1: Demographic Profile of Respondents

Table 4.1: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents (n = 150)

Demographic Variable Category Frequency (n) Percentage (%)

Gender Male 90 60.0%
Female 60 40.0%
Age Range 20–30 years 35 23.3%
31–40 years 50 33.3%
41–50 years 40 26.7%
51 years and above 25 16.7%
Marital Status Single 55 36.7%
Married 80 53.3%
Widowed 5 3.3%
Divorced 10 6.7%
Highest Education Secondary (SSCE/IJMB) 20 13.3%
Level
Diploma/NCE 40 26.7%
Bachelor’s Degree 60 40.0%
Master’s Degree 25 16.7%
Doctorate 5 3.3%
Other 0 0.0%
Occupation/Role NLC Member 65 43.3%
Government Official 50 33.3%
CSO Staff 25 16.7%
Other Public Admin 10 6.7%
Stakeholder

32
Years of Experience Less than 1 year 15 10.0%
1–3 years 30 20.0%
4–6 years 40 26.7%
7–10 years 35 23.3%
More than 10 years 30 20.0%

The table shows that the sample includes more male respondents (60%) than female respondents

(40%). This male dominance could be reflective of gender representation within the professional

fields related to labour, government, and civil society, possibly indicating male predominance in

leadership or decision-making roles in these sectors. The majority of participants are within the

31–40 age group (33.3%), followed by 41–50 years (26.7%) and 20–30 years (23.3%). Only

16.7% are above 50 years. This suggests that most respondents are in their prime working age,

likely possessing relevant experience and active engagement in their fields. Over half (53.3%) of

the respondents are married, while 36.7% are single. A small proportion are divorced (6.7%) or

widowed (3.3%). This reflects a relatively stable adult population, with the majority potentially

having long-term commitments and responsibilities that might influence their perspectives on

governance and institutional accountability. Most respondents hold a Bachelor’s degree (40%),

with an additional 26.7% having a Diploma or NCE. Those with postgraduate qualifications

(Master’s and Doctorate) make up 20%, while 13.3% have only secondary education. This

indicates a well-educated sample population, enhancing the credibility of the data collected, as

respondents are likely to understand the issues being investigated. The largest group of

respondents are members of the Nigeria Labour Congress (43.3%), followed by government

officials (33.3%) and civil society organization (CSO) staff (16.7%). Only 6.7% fall into other

public administration stakeholder categories. This occupational mix provides a diverse

perspective across different institutions involved in public administration and civic engagement.

A significant portion of the respondents (70%) have over 4 years of professional experience,

33
with the largest segments being in the 4–6 years (26.7%) and 7–10 years (23.3%) ranges. This

suggests that the majority are seasoned professionals with practical insights into public systems,

which adds value to their input in the study.

Research Question one: How do CSOs utilize the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) to access

government data and reports in Nigeria?

Table 4.2: Respondents’ Perception of CSO Utilization of FOIA

S/ Items SA A D SD Mea Std.

N n Dev.

1 CSOs frequently use FOIA requests to obtain 45 6 30 15 3.56 0.92

important government documents 0

2 The FOIA is an effective tool for CSOs to increase 55 5 25 20 3.63 0.98

transparency 0

3 Government agencies respond promptly to FOIA 20 3 55 40 2.53 1.08

requests 5

4 CSOs have adequate knowledge/resources to use 30 4 50 30 2.87 1.02

FOIA 0

5 FOIA facilitates monitoring government 50 5 30 15 3.57 0.89

activities/expenditures 5

The analysis of Cluster One reveals that Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Nigeria actively

utilize the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) as a tool to access government data and promote

transparency. This is evident in the high mean scores for Items 1 (M = 3.56), 2 (M = 3.63), and 5

(M = 3.57), indicating that respondents largely agree that FOIA is used frequently by CSOs, is

34
effective in promoting transparency, and facilitates monitoring of government activities and

expenditures.

However, challenges remain in the operationalization of the FOIA. Item 3 records the lowest

mean (M = 2.53), suggesting that government agencies are perceived as slow or inconsistent in

responding to FOIA requests. Similarly, Item 4 (M = 2.87) implies that CSOs may lack sufficient

knowledge or resources to fully leverage FOIA mechanisms. These findings highlight a gap

between the perceived utility of FOIA and the practical challenges faced in its implementation,

Research Question two: To what extent do CSO-led public awareness campaigns influence

citizen engagement in demanding accountability from government officials?

Table 4.3: Respondents’ Perception of the Influence of CSO-led Awareness Campaigns

S/ Items SA A D SD Mea Std.

N n Dev.

1 CSO campaigns increased citizens’ knowledge on 60 50 25 15 3.67 0.90

accountability

2 Citizens more likely to demand accountability post- 55 45 30 20 3.57 0.98

campaigns

3 Campaigns motivate participation in public forums 50 40 35 25 3.43 1.02

4 Awareness initiatives improved transparency in 40 45 40 25 3.33 1.01

local governments

5 Messaging effectively reaches/engages public 55 50 30 15 3.65 0.91

The data suggests that Civil Society Organization (CSO)-led public awareness campaigns have a

moderately strong influence on citizen engagement. Items 1 (M = 3.67), 2 (M = 3.57), and 5 (M

35
= 3.65) show high levels of agreement, indicating that these campaigns effectively improve

citizens’ knowledge of accountability, encourage them to demand better governance, and deliver

messaging that resonates with the public. However, lower mean scores on Items 3 (M = 3.43)

and 4 (M = 3.33) imply that while awareness is being raised, this does not consistently translate

into active participation in public forums or noticeable improvements in local government

transparency. These results suggest the need for more targeted efforts to convert awareness into

deeper civic engagement and local-level impact.

Research Question Three: How do limitations on freedom of speech and assembly hinder the

work of CSOs in Nigeria?

Table 4.4: Respondents’ Views on Constraints Faced by CSOs

S/ Items SA A D SD Mean Std.

N Dev.

1 Speech restrictions limit CSOs’ ability to criticize 70 55 1 10 3.87 0.78

government 5

2 Assembly limits prevent effective advocacy 60 50 2 15 3.68 0.89

3 Fear of reprisal discourages CSOs from speaking 65 50 2 15 3.70 0.88

out 0

4 Government restrictions reduce CSO impact 55 45 3 20 3.53 0.97

5 Legal limits hinder citizen mobilization 60 50 2 15 3.68 0.89

36
The responses indicate a strong consensus that restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly

significantly hinder CSO effectiveness in Nigeria. All five items recorded mean scores above

3.5, with Item 1 (M = 3.87) showing the highest level of agreement. This suggests that

respondents perceive a substantial barrier in the form of state-imposed limitations, which restrict

the ability of CSOs to openly criticize government actions, advocate publicly, and mobilize

citizens. The data reflects a challenging operational environment for CSOs, where fear of

reprisals and legal constraints undermine their role in promoting transparency, accountability,

and democratic participation.

4.3 Testing of Hypotheses

Table 4.5 Hypothesis Test Table

Variables N Mean Mean r- p- Decision

(X) (Y) value value

Role of Civil Society (CSO) 150 3.57

Transparency & 150 3.61 0.682 0.000 Reject Null

Accountability Scores Hypothesis

The hypothesis test examines the relationship between the role of Civil Society Organizations

(CSOs) and the level of transparency and accountability in public administration. The sample

size for the study is 150 participants. The mean score for the role of CSOs is 3.57, while the

mean score for transparency and accountability is 3.61.

The Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.682) indicates a moderate to strong positive

correlation, suggesting that as the perceived role and involvement of CSOs increase, the level of

transparency and accountability in governance also tends to improve.

37
Furthermore, the p-value of 0.000 is well below the standard significance threshold of 0.05,

which indicates that the observed relationship is statistically significant. In other words, there is

strong evidence to support the existence of a meaningful association between the variables.

4.6 Discussion of Findings

This section discusses the results obtained from the questionnaire and interview responses in

relation to the study's objectives and existing literature on civil society and public accountability

in Nigeria.

Analysis on the strategies employed by civil society organizations (CSOs) to promote

transparency in Nigerian public administration

The findings show that CSOs in Nigeria commonly utilize the Freedom of Information Act

(FOIA) as a primary strategy for promoting transparency. A majority of respondents affirmed

that CSOs frequently make FOIA requests to access important government data (mean = 3.56),

and that FOIA serves as an effective tool to increase transparency in public administration (mean

= 3.63). This aligns with findings by Oyedele (2021), who highlighted the FOIA as a pivotal

instrument in empowering civil society to engage state actors and scrutinize public expenditure.

However, the study also found significant limitations in FOIA implementation. Respondents

noted that government agencies often fail to respond promptly to FOIA requests (mean = 2.53),

and many CSOs lack the legal expertise or resources to use the Act effectively (mean = 2.87).

These findings reflect the concerns raised by Aiyede (2020), who argued that bureaucratic

resistance and weak institutional enforcement of FOIA provisions hinder effective transparency

mechanisms in Nigeria. Interviews with CSO leaders further emphasized the need for capacity-

building initiatives to improve the technical and legal competencies of smaller civil society

actors.

38
Thus, while FOIA provides a formal channel for transparency advocacy, its impact is moderated

by systemic challenges such as poor compliance by government bodies and resource gaps within

CSOs.

Impact of CSO advocacy on holding public officials accountable in Nigeria

The results from Cluster Two suggest that CSO-led public awareness campaigns have a tangible

impact on public accountability. A high percentage of respondents agreed that these campaigns

have increased citizens’ knowledge about government accountability (mean = 3.67), and that

citizens are more likely to demand accountability from officials after such interventions (mean =

3.57). This supports the argument by Adebanwi and Obadare (2011), who emphasized the

transformative power of public enlightenment in expanding democratic participation and civic

pressure on governance. Moreover, the campaigns were perceived to be effective in encouraging

citizen participation in public discussions (mean = 3.43) and in improving transparency at the

local government level (mean = 3.33). These findings are consistent with those of Ibrahim

(2019), who highlighted that grassroots mobilization by CSOs leads to more responsive

governance, particularly when such efforts are sustained over time.

The significant positive correlation (r = 0.682, p < 0.05) between CSO activities and public

accountability further validates these perceptions. Therefore, it can be concluded that CSO

advocacy plays a vital role in sensitizing citizens and empowering them to hold public officials

accountable, particularly through educational and media-focused strategies.

The challenges faced by CSOs in promoting transparency and accountability in Nigerian

public administration

A major theme that emerged from the data is the restrictive legal and political environment in

which CSOs operate. Respondents widely agreed that restrictions on freedom of speech limit

39
CSOs’ ability to criticize government actions openly (mean = 3.87), and that limitations on

public assembly hinder their capacity to organize advocacy events (mean = 3.68). These findings

reflect the position of Human Rights Watch (2022), which reported increasing harassment of

activists and the use of security apparatus to suppress dissent in Nigeria.

The study found that fear of government reprisal discourages CSOs from addressing sensitive

issues (mean = 3.70), while legal restrictions significantly reduce their impact and capacity to

mobilize citizens (mean = 3.68). This confirms the findings of Osaghae (2015), who argued that

the operational space for civil society in Nigeria is shrinking due to authoritarian tendencies and

institutionalized intimidation.

Interview data corroborated these findings, with respondents citing arrests, media censorship,

and denial of permits for public events as common challenges. These structural impediments not

only undermine the independence of civil society but also dilute the effectiveness of their

campaigns, especially in politically charged contexts.

40
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of the Study

This study examined the role of civil society organizations (CSOs) in promoting transparency

and accountability in Nigerian public administration, with a particular focus on how they utilize

the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), conduct public awareness campaigns, and navigate

limitations imposed on freedom of speech and assembly. The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) in

Plateau State served as a focal case study alongside other civil society stakeholder.

A descriptive survey research design was adopted, employing structured questionnaires and

interviews to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. A stratified random sampling

technique was used to select 150 respondents from NLC officials, government administrators,

and civil society representatives. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (mean, percentage,

standard deviation), inferential statistics (Pearson correlation), and thematic analysis of interview

responses.

The study was guided by three core research questions and one hypothesis: How do CSOs utilize

the FOIA to access government data and reports? To what extent do CSO-led public awareness

campaigns influence citizen engagement in accountability? How do limitations on freedom of

speech and assembly hinder the work of CSOs?

The hypothesis tested was: Ho: There is no significant relationship between the role of civil

society and the promotion of transparency and accountability in public administration in Nigeria.

5.2 Conclusion

41
The study concludes that civil society organizations are indispensable to democratic governance

and public accountability in Nigeria. Through tools such as the FOIA and public sensitization

campaigns, CSOs increase transparency, engage citizens, and pressure public officials to act

responsibly. However, their impact is undermined by institutional resistance, legal limitations,

and political repression. While the legal framework exists to support their role—most notably the

FOIA enforcement mechanisms are weak, and many CSOs lack the institutional capacity to push

for deeper reforms. Furthermore, the hostile operating environment poses threats to their

autonomy and sustainability.

Despite these challenges, the continued activism and resilience of civil society actors

demonstrate their critical importance to Nigeria’s democratic development. Strengthening civil

society is thus essential to achieving inclusive, transparent, and accountable governance.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are proposed:

i. Strengthen FOIA Enforcement: Government institutions should be mandated to respond

to FOIA requests within the stipulated timeframe, with clear penalties for non-

compliance. Independent oversight bodies should monitor FOIA implementation and

enforce transparency laws.

ii. Capacity Building for CSOs: Civil society organizations should receive training in legal

advocacy, digital tools, data analysis, and policy engagement to improve their

effectiveness in promoting accountability.

iii. Legal Protection for Civic Activities: The government should repeal or amend laws that

limit freedom of speech and peaceful assembly. CSOs should be protected from

harassment, and enabling laws should guarantee their right to organize and protest.

42
 iv. Support Grassroots Engagement: CSOs should expand awareness campaigns to rural and

underserved communities using local languages, community radio, and townhall

meetings. This will increase citizen participation in demanding accountability at all levels

of government.

v. Strengthen Partnerships: CSOs should collaborate more with academic institutions,

international donors, and media organizations to share resources, expand reach, and

jointly advocate for policy reforms.

vi. Institutionalize Accountability Mechanisms: Government agencies should adopt open

data platforms and engage with civil society in participatory budgeting, monitoring, and

evaluation exercises to foster a culture of accountability.

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research

Further studies could:

i. Explore the impact of digital technology and social media on civil society advocacy in

Nigeria.

ii. Conduct comparative studies between CSOs operating in urban versus rural areas.

iii. Investigate the role of donor funding in shaping CSO agendas and independence.

43
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 Faculty of Management Science,

Department of Public Administration,

Federal University of Kashere,

P.M.B. 0182, Gombe State.

21st July, 2025.

Sir/Ma,

REQUEST FOR VALIDATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

I am a final-year student in the Department of Public Administration at the Federal University of

Kashere, Gombe State, and currently conducting research on the topic: “The role of civil society

in promoting transparency and accountability in public administration in Nigeria”

I kindly request your assistance in validating the face and content of my research instrument. The

research utilizes a closed-ended questionnaire to gather the necessary data.

Please examine:

 The usefulness of items of the instrument to the study.

 If each item appropriately represents the skill in question.

 If the items are simple and clear to understand.

 If statements are observable and ratable. Thanks for your anticipated co-operation.

Yours Sincerely,

LONGBAP TIMRING
FUKU/MSS/20/PAD/0011

49
 CIVIL SOCIETY'S ROLE IN PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY AND
ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A: Demographic information
This section aims to gather basic demographic information about the respondents. Please fill in
the blanks or select the appropriate option.
1. Gender: [ ] Male [ ] Female
2. Age Range: [ ] 20-30 years [ ] 31-40 years [ ] 41-50 years [ ] 51 years above
3. Marital Status ☐ Single ☐ Married ☐ Widowed ☐ Divorced
4. Highest Education Level ☐ Secondary (SSCE/IJMB) ☐ Diploma/NCE ☐ Bachelor’s
Degree ☐ Master’s Degree ☐ Doctorate ☐ Other:
5. Occupation / Role ☐ NLC Member ☐ Government Official ☐ CSO Staff ☐
Other Public Admin stakeholder:
6. Years of Experience in Role ☐ < 1 year ☐ 1–3 years ☐ 4–6 years ☐ 7–10 years
☐ 10+ years

SECTION B
Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements regarding the laboratory

equipment and materials available in your biology laboratory: Strongly Agreed (SA), Agreed (A)

Disagreed (D) Strongly Disagreed (SD)

S/ SA A D SD
NO HOW DO CSOS UTILIZE THE FREEDOM OF
INFORMATION ACT (FOIA) TO ACCESS GOVERNMENT
DATA AND REPORTS IN NIGERIA?
1 CSOs frequently use FOIA requests to obtain important
government documents.
2 The FOIA is an effective tool for CSOs to increase transparency in
public administration.
3 Government agencies respond promptly to FOIA requests
submitted by CSOs.
4 CSOs have adequate knowledge and resources to use FOIA
effectively.

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5 FOIA facilitates CSOs in monitoring government activities and
expenditures
TO WHAT EXTENT DO CSO-LED PUBLIC AWARENESS SA A D SD
CAMPAIGNS INFLUENCE CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN
DEMANDING ACCOUNTABILITY FROM
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS?
1 Public awareness campaigns by CSOs have increased citizens’
knowledge about government accountability.
2 Citizens are more likely to demand accountability from officials
after CSO campaigns.
3 CSO campaigns motivate citizens to participate in public forums
and discussions on governance.
4 CSO-led awareness initiatives have improved transparency in
local government activities.
5 The messaging in CSO campaigns effectively reaches and engages
the general public.
HOW DO LIMITATIONS ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH SA A D SD
AND ASSEMBLY HINDER THE WORK OF CSOS IN
NIGERIA?
1 Restrictions on freedom of speech limit CSOs’ ability to criticize
government policies openly.
2 Limits on public assembly prevent CSOs from organizing
effective advocacy events.
3 Fear of government reprisal discourages CSOs from speaking out
on sensitive issues.
4 Government-imposed restrictions reduce the overall impact of
CSO activities.
5 CSOs face challenges in mobilizing citizens due to legal
limitations on protests and gatherings.

51