FINGER IN THE PIE- take an active part in

GENERAL EDUCATION something

A SNOWBALL CHANCE IN HELL- no chance
ENGLISH at all
THE FACE THAT LAUNCHED A THOUSAND
VOCABULARY WORDS OF SHIPS- Helen of troy
ABASE- demoted
DESPOTIC- cruel LITERATURE
DEXTERITY- manual skill CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE- Father of
FRIVOLOUS- worthless English Tragedy
VEXATIOUS- annoying WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- Greatest
AMORPHOUS- shapeless English/Sonnet writer/Bard of Avon
PENCHANT- fondness GEOFFREY CHAUCER- Father of English
TRANSMUTED- change Literature/Morning star of English Literature
RANCOR- bitterness EDGAR ALLAN POE- Father of
MUNDANE- ordinary Horror/Detective Stories
PROFANITY- obscenity GUY DE MAUPASSANT- French short story
APOCALYPTIC- prophetic HOMER- mythical geographer
IMPERTINENT- irrelevant PSALMS OF KING DAVID- greatest lyric
VORACIOUS- very eager poem
CONFLAGRATION- large fire RABINDARATH TAGORE- Indian lyric
st
APLOMB- composure/relax poem/1 awardee of Nobel Prize
QUEUE- line KALIDASA- India’s Shakespeare
EUPHORIA- state of well-being Counterpart/Greatest Sanskrit
EURIDITE- learned/smart
ACAPELLA- without accompaniment LITTLE WOMAN- Louisa Alcott
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS- Lincolm
FRENCH DR. ZHIVAGO- Boris Paternak
SOIREE- evening party SCARLET LETTER- Nathaniel Hawthorne
CONNOISSEUR- expert in matter of taste HARRY POTTER- J.K Rowling
CHAUFFEUR- driver PARADISE LOST- John Milton
MESDAMES- plural of madame THE LITTLE PRINCE- Antoine Exupery
RENNAISANCE- rebirth ANNABEL LEE- Edgar Allan Poe
THE NECKLACE- Guy De Maupassant
LATIN PURGATORY- Dante Alighieri
CAVEAT EMPTOR- let the buyer beware MACBETH- ambition of power- Shakespeare
AD NAUSEAM- sickening HAMLET- to be or not to be- Shakespeare
COUP DE GRACE- death blow ROMEO & JULIET- love and war-
Shakespeare
IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS RUBAIYAT- Omar Khayyam
RED LETTER DAY- special day GITANJALI- Tagore
AT SIXES AND SEVENS- states of confusion THE GREAT GATSBY- F.Scott Fitzgerald
GREEN THUMB- good at gardening MRS DALOWAY- Virginia Woolf
WHITE LIES- excusable ULYSSES- James Joyce
FIRST RATE- excellent THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY- Oscar
MAKING BOTH ENDS MEET- limited Wilde
MAN’S HUMANITY TO MAN- cruel behavior HUCKLEBERRY FINN- Mark Twain
VANITY FAIR- William Makepeace SOCIAL SCIENCE
Thackeray
GULLIVER’S TRAVEL- Jonathan Swift PHILIPPINES
ROBINSON CRUSOE- Daniel Defoe 7641- total islands
DANIEL DERONDA- George Eliot Philippines- only Christian nation
ALICE’S WONDERLAND- Lewis Carroll Pithecopaga Jefferyi- largest eagle
MOBY-DICK- Herman Melville Mt. Apo- highest peak
JANE EYRE- Charlotte Bronte Philippine Trench- deepest point
PILGRIM’S PROGRESS- John Bunyan Rio Grande de Cagayan- longest river
THE ROAD NOT TAKEN- Robert Frost San Juan- smallest city
ANNA KARENINA- Leo Tolstoy Mindanao- land of province
SILAS MARNER- George Eliot Coron Palawan- best scuba diving site
Palawan- largest province
FAMOUS WRITINGS Batanes- smallest province
Didactic- literary pieces with moral writings Cebu- oldest city
Elizabethan- era of Shakespeare Quezon city- most populous city
Gilgamesh- first epic Davao- largest City
Mahabharatta- longest epic of India Pagadian- Little Hongkong
Nibelungenlied- medieval german epic Mindanao/Davao- durian originated
Patchatantra- collection of indian fables st
Diwata 1- 1 satellite
Aeta- indigenous people in tarlac,
SYSTEM OF WRITINGS pampanga
Cuneiform- Mesopotamia Mt. Pinatubo- active stratovolcano in
Hieroglyphics- Egypt Zambales
Calligraphy- Chinese Tarsier- smallest primate
Alphabet- Greek
Sanskrit- India WORLD
Asia- largest continent
PEN NAMES China- largest country in Asia
Mark Twain- Samuel Clemens Russia- largest country in the world
George Eliot- Mary Ann Evans China- largest population
Roberth Galbraith- Joanne Rowling nd
India- 2 to the largest population
Hongkong- not ASEAN
LET ANSWERS Singapore- Financial Hub
Cleanliness Tokyo- largest city in the world
Stephen’s writing Shanghai, China- most populous city
Stephen’s family boyhood Greenland- largest island in the world
Extended Family- grandmother Caspian Sea- largest lake
Spouse- housewife Mt. Everest- highest elevation on earth
Manolo- stage fright Death Valleys- hottest place on earth
Hopeful Mc Murdo Dry Valleys- driest place on earth
Mood- indecision Africa- oldest continent
Isolation and loneliness Hinduism- oldest religion in Asia
Destiny Dead Sea- lowest point in the world
Albatrosse- largest sea bird
Angkorwat- largest temple
Cheetah- fastest animal
Rafflesia- biggest flower Umalohokan- announcer in barangay/town
Bay of Bengal- largest bay crier
Indonesia- largest archipelago Trial-Ordeal- justice system

FORMER NAMES OF PRESENT DAY SPANISH GOVERNOR GENERAL

st
COUNTRY Miguel Lopez De Legazpi- 1 Governor
KAMPUCHEA – Cambodia General
MESOPOTAMIA – Iraq Diego De Los Rias- last Governor General
BURMA – Myanmar Jose Basco- Monopoly of Tobacco
PERSIA – Iran Narciso Claveria- Spanish Surnames
CEYLON – Sri Lanka Carlos Maria Dela Torre- best Governor
SIAM – Thailand General
FORMOSA - Taiwan Rafael De Izquierdo- Execution of Gomburza

SOCIAL STRUCTURE LA SOLARIDARIDAD PROPAGANDA

1. Maharlika – the ruling class Jaena- founder and creator (1st editor)
nd
2. Timawa – free men Del Pilar- 2 editor
3. Aliping namamahay Ponce- managing editor
4. Aliping sagigilid Triumvirate- Rizal, Jaena, Del Pilar
Rizal- dakilang manunulat
WAVE MIGRATION THEORY Jaena- dakilang orador
1. NEGRITOS – arrived through land bridges Del Pilar- dakilang political analyst
2. INDONESIANS – arrived by boats Andres Bonifacio- father of Philippine
3. MALAYS – permanent settlers Revolution
Gregoria De Jesus- Lakambini
SPANISH OCCUPATION Emilio Jacinto- Utak ng Katipunan
Chronicler- Antonio Pigafetta Apolinario Mabini- Utak ng Rebolusyon
Circumnavigate- Sebastian Elcano Dagohoy- longest revolt
Raja Sikatuna- blood compact with Legaspi Macario Sakay- President of Tagalog
Raja Humabon- First baptism Republic
Raja Lakandula- First to revolt Pedro Pelaez- secular
Raja Soliman- last Raja of Manila Gregorio Aglipay- first bishop
Isabelo Delos Reyes- labor union
Union Cabrera Democratica- first labor
IMPORTANT TERMS union
Pueblo- bayan/town Philippine Independent Church- only
Cabeceras- town center remnant
Reduccion- paglipat/resettlement
Governador General- national AIMS OF PROPAGANDA
Goberbadorcillo- local -For Philippines to be a province of Spain
Sanctorum- tribute -Representation in the Philippines in the
Cedula Personal- tax Cortes Generates, the Spanish parliament
Polo y servicio- force labor -Secularization of the clergy
Falla- excemption fee -Legalization of Spanish and Filipino
Frailocracia- abuse equality
Galleon Trade- source of income
Mexico- extended contact
Imam- religious leader
 1. EMILIO NAGUINALDO (1898-1901)
AIMS OF KATIPUNAN -First and youngest President
st
-to win Philippine Independence by means - 1 republic colonization of Spain
of an armed conflict (or revolution) -led the declaration of Philippine
-to establish a republic after Independence Independence
-to develop a strong alliance with each and -started the Malolos Republic
every Filipino
-to unite Filipinos into one solid nations 2. MANUEL L. QUEZON (1935-1944)
-Commonwealth
PEN NAMES -National Language
ANDRES BONIFACIO- May Pag-asa, Agapito,
Bagumbayan 3. JOSE P. LAUREL (1943-1945)
ANTONIO LUNA- Taga-ilog -President of the Japanese-sponsored
EMILIO AGUINALDO- Magdalo republic
EMILIO JACINTO- Di Masilaw, Tingkian -Puppet Republic/Mickey Mouse Money
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA- Diego Laura
JOSE MA. PANAGANIBAN- Jomapa 4. SERGIO OSMENA (1944-1946)
JOSE RIZAL- Dimas-alang, Laong Laan -First Visayan President (Cebu)
JUAN LUNA- Buan -First speaker of Philippine Assembly
MARCELO DEL PILAR- Pudpoh, Plaridel, -Served as President during the Liberation
Dolores Manapat, Piping Dilat and began the reconstruction from the war
MARIANO PONCE- Tikbalang, Naning
(Satanas), Kalipulako 5. MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948)
JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS- Huseng Batute -President of third republic
JOSE DELA CRUZ- Huseng Sisiw -Second president from Visayas (Capiz)
VALERIANO PENA- Kintin Kulirat -Continued the reconstruction of the
JOSE VILLA- doveglion Philippines with the passage of Bell-Trade
Act (Parity Rights)
FILIPINO POETS -Died of heart attack
BIENVENIDO SANTOS- American Culture
Writings 6. ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1953)
DANIEL DEFOE- “Robinson Crusoen” (novel) - First president from Ilocos
EDILBERTO TIEMPO- made “Cry Slaughter” -Establishment of Central Bank of the Phil.
that has been translated many times -Beset by corruption intrigues (golden
ERNEST HEMINGWAY- Ring Lardner Jr. orinola) and Huk rebellion
JOSE GARCIA VILLA- “Comma Poet”, Dove
G. Lion 7. RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES/ESCALANDE- -Man and guy of the masses
Masterpiece is “Don Quixote” that is most -Opened Malcanang for the common people
influential -Founding of SEATO
NICK JOAQUIN- Quijano de Manila – -Died of a plane crash in Mt. Manunggal
Spanish Culture Writing
PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ- made “Dead Stars” 8. CARLOS P. GARCIA (1957-1961)
that is the first modern English short story -Third and last president from Visayas
(Bohol)
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS -“Filipino First Policy”
(AgQueLa OsRoQui MagGarMaMar
AquiRaEs ArAqui DU30BBm)
9. DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL (1961-1965) 15. BENIGNO “NOYNOY” AQUINO III (2010-
-Poor boy from Lubao 2016)
-Incorruptible -ran on the slogan of “Kung walang corrupt,
-Abolished Land Tenancy walang mahirap” and “Tuwid na Daan”
-Changed Philippine Independence -RA 10533 K-12
-Certificate in Filipino -Reproductive Health Law
-MAPHILINDO
16. RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE (2016-2022)
10. FERDINAND MARCOS, SR. (1965-1969, -First President from Mindanao
1969-1972, 1972-1986) -“Change is coming” and “Tapang at
-Longest reigning malasakit”
-Large-scale graft and corruption -War on Drugs
-Cronyism of relatives and allies -TRAIN Law
-Imprisonment, torture, and murder of -Build, Build, Build Infrastructure Program
activists and opposition personalities -Ambisyon natin 2040
-Clamped down on freedom of speech and
of the press 17. FERDINAND MARCOS, JR. (2022)
-Ran on a promise of strengthening unity
11. CORAZON COJUANGCO AQUINO (1986 among Filipinos
-1992) -Vowed to promote recovery from pandemic
-First Woman President (Bangon bayan muli)
-Restoration of democracy
-Drafting of the 1987 Constitution POLITICAL SCIENCE CONCEPTS
-Most number of coup de etat Civil Rights- enjoy life
Political Rights- participation in governance
12. FIDEL RAMOS (1992-1998) Suffrage- right to vote
-Philippines 2000 Franchised- given the right to vote
-First Protestant President Disenfranchised- removal of the right to
-Introduction of the “Value Added Tax” vote
Exiled- thrown to another city
13. JOSEPH ESTRADA (1998-2001) Executed- sentence to death
-Father of the masses Barangay- smallest political unit
-Ran on the slogan “Erap para sa Mahirap” Precinct- smallest electoral unit
-Ousted following EDSA People Power II in Aquilino Pimentel- Father of local govt. code
2001 due to allegations of corruption Bicameralism- division of legislative
3years- maximum number of consecutive
14. GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO (2001- terms for house of rep.
2004, 2004-2010)
-Second woman President STATE
-“Strong Republic” Elements
-RoRo highways (roll on-roll off) 1. People- inhabitants
-Holiday economics 2. Territory- fixed portion
-EVAT (12%) 3. Government- working agency
-Started 4P’s 4. Sovereignty- freedom
POWER JUSTICE SYSTEM
Police- regulate laws Royal Audencia - acted as the Supreme
Eminent- just compensation Court
Taxation- charge of burden Residencia - investigation done to an
outgoing official
BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT Visita - unannounced investigations done
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH anytime during an official’s tenure
-Bicameral Legislature
-House of Representatives IMPEACHABLE PERSON (PVOCS)
(Lower House) – led by Speaker President, Vice President, Ombudsman,
-Senate Commissioner, Supreme Court
(Upper House) – led by Senate President
-Has the following functions IMPEACHABLE OFFENSE (CBBGOT)
1. Legislation/law making Culpable violation
2. Appointments confirmation Bribery
3. Budget/ “Power of the purse” Betrayal of public trust
4. Oversight Graft and corruption
-Qualifications are set in Article VI of the Other high crimes
1987 Constitution Treason

EXECUTIVE BRANCH TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

-“Power of the sword” Democracy
-Implements the law Republican
-Commander of Chief of Armed Forces Monarchy- one man
-Qualifications are set in Article VII of the Oligarchy- selected few
1987 Constitution Aristocracy- elite of the society
LOCAL EXECUTIVE POSITIONS Anarchy- no government at all
-Governor (for a province) Communism- no private property
-Mayor (for a city or municipality) Meritocracy- talented/educated
-Barangay Chair Federalism- national/local
Parliamentary- executive and legislative
JUDICIARY BRANCH Presidential- executive
-Interprets the laws as well as other
government actions (executives orders, AMERICAN REGIME
proclamations, etc) Benevolent Assimilation Policy- intention to
-Qualifications are set in Article VIII of the stay
1987 Constitution Preamble of the Jones Law- stable
government
PHILIPPINE COURT SYSTEM Tydings Mc Duffie Law- ten-year transition
-Supreme Court (Highest Court/Court of Treaty on General Relations- Independence
Last Resort) of the Philippines
-Court of Appeals Bell Trade- trade between Philippines and
-Regional Trial Court USA
-Municipal Trial Court Payne-Aldrich Act- partial free trade
Underwood-Simmon Act- full free trade
PROTECTED RIGHTS -Amazon Basin – world’s largest area of
1. The right to life, liberty, and property tropical rain forest
2. The right against unreasonable searches -Part of Latin America
and seizures -Spanish is the official language of the 9
3. Right to privacy of communication countries
4. Freedom of expression and assembly -12 countries
5. The right to information on matters of
public concern ANTARTICA
6. Right to be presumed innocent until -Fifth largest and southernmost continent
proven guilty -Position at the South Pole
7. Liberty of abode -Birds of Antarctica: penguins, albatrosses
8. Right to remain silent, and right against and petrels
self-incrimination -Summer population – several thousand
9. Right to have a legal counsel -During winter – semitransparent bases
10. Freedom of political thought
11. No person shall be imprisoned for debt OCEANIA
-named used to refer to the widely scattered
CONTINENTS islands of the central and southern Pacific
ASIA Ocean
-largest continent within its limits an area of -Melanesia – black islands
44,444,100 KM2 -Micronesia – little islands
-most populous continent -Polynesia – many islands
-has the longest coastline of any continent
-Climate: Monsoon Asia, Dry Asia, Cold Asia EUROPE
-Southwest Asia, South Asia, East Asia, -Second to the smallest continent
Southeast Asia and Central/North Asia -Dominant zone: Mediterranean, Continental
and Maritime
AFRICA -Vatican City – world’s smallest sovereign
-Second largest continent state
-“Dark Continent” -European Union – an economic and
-Most rural and least urbanized of the political union of 27 countries member state
continents -51 countries
-Climate is predominantly tropical
-Nile River – longest river AUSTRALLIA
-54 countries -world’s smallest continent
-world’s oldest land masses
NORTH AMERICA -flattest continent
-Third in size -Climate varies in latitude – northern part is
-Majority are Christian tropical, southern part is more temperature
-Caribbean islands maybe combined with climate
Mexico and Central America – Middle -largest producer of diamond
America
-23 countries TAGLINES OF THE PROVINCES/CITY
BENGUET – Salad Bowl of the Philippines
SOUTH AMERICA BAGUIO CITY – Summer Capital of the Phil.
-Fourth largest continent ILOCOS SUR – Heritage Village of the Phil.
-Andes – longest mountain chain in the ISABELA – Rice Granary of the North
world PAMPANGA – Culinary Center of the Phil.
TARLAC – Melting Cup of Central Luzon PRE-HISTORIC
BULACAN – Land of Heroes PALEOLITHIC
CAVITE – A Place with a Glorious Past -Old Stone Age
QUEZON – Land of Thousand Colors -discovery of fire
RIZAL – Cradle of Philippine Art -Hunting
PALAWAN – The Philippine’s Last Frontier
ROMBLON – Marble Country of the Phil. NEOLITHIC
ALBAY – Land of the World’s Most Perfect -New Stone Age
Cone -Domesticating animals
SORSOGON – Bicol’s Whale shark Paradise
AKLAN – Philippine’s Oldest Province MESOPOTAMIA CIVILIZATION
CAPIZ – Seafood Capital of the Phil. SUMERIAN
NEGROS OCCIDENTAL – Sugar Bowl of the -Cuneiforms – writing system
Phil. -Clay Tablets
LEYTE – Land of History -Ziggurat
BUKIDNON – Pineapple Capital of the Phil. -Irrigations
DAGUPAN – Milkfish Capital of the Phil. -Wheel and Cart
BACOLOD – City of Smile
ZAMBOANGA CITY – City of Flowers ALKADIAN EMPIRE
GUIMARAS – Mango Capital of the Phil. -First empire
QUEZON CITY – The City of Stars -Sargon I
CAMIGUIN – Lanzones Capital of the Phil. -Semitic Language
DIPOLOG CITY – Orchid City of the Phil. -Abacus
MARINDUQUE – Heart of the Phil.
MAKATI – Manhattan of the Phil. BABYLONIANS
TAWI-TAWI – Venice of the South -Amorites
DAVAO DEL NORTE – Durian and Banana -Code of Hammurabi
Capital -Column
SIQUIJOR – Island of Fire -Hanging Garden
CAGAYAN DE ORO – City of the Golden
Friendship ASSYRIANS
-Ashurbanipal
MAIN BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY -First Library
METAPHYSICS – Fundamental questions of -Warrior Society
reality -Chariots
EPISTEMOLOGY – concept of knowledge,
how we learn and what we can know HITTITES
LOGIC – rules of valid reasoning and -First to use Iron
argumentation
ETHICS – human values and how PHOENICIANS
individuals should act -Phonetic Alphabets
AESTHETICS - notion of beauty and the
philosophy of art PERSIANS
-Cyrus the Great
-Satraphy
 Hungarian Empire)
CHINA CIVILIZATIONS -Serbia (Russia) Austria-Hungary (Germany)
DYNASTY CONTRIBUTIONS -America enters World War I
Shang Oracle Bones -Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the
Zhou Longest dynasty, Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers)
Feudalism, -Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania.
Confucius was born Canada, Japan, and the US (the Allied
Chin (Qin) Great Wall of China Powers)
Han Civil Service started, -Compensation by Germany for all damage
Silk Road done to the civilian population of the allies
Sui Grand Canal and their property by the Aggression of
Tang Buddhism Spreads, Germany by land and sea and from the air
Golden Age of China
Sung Magnetic Compass, WORLD WAR II
Gun powder -Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September
Yuan Unification of China 1939 drove Great Britain and France to
declare war on Germany, marking the
beginning of WWII.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
-Final Solution
OLD KINGDOM
-Superiority of the “pure” German race
-First Pyramids
-Lebensraum
-Build Ships
-The axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan)
-Attack on Pearl Harbour
MIDDLE KINGDOM
-D-Day – the allies began a massive
-Fortification
invasion of Europe, landing 156,000 British,
-Hyksos
Canadian and American soldiers on the
beaches of Normandy, France
NEW KINGDOM
-Victory in Europe (V-E Day)
-Prosperous time
-Hiroshima (August 06, little boy) and
-Hapshetsup
Nagasaki (August 09, fat man) bombing
-Victory over Japan (V-J Day)
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
-Lower and Upper Egypt (menes)
COLD WAR
-divine kinship
-the open yet restricted rivalry that
-Hieroglyphics
developed after World War II between the
-Papyrus
US and Germany the Soviet Union and their
respective allies.
INDUS CIVILIZATION
-Harappan Civilization
5 MAJOR RELIGIONS
-Harappan and Mojenjodaro
HINDUISM
-Urban Planning
-Brahma – creator of the universe
-Terra Cotta
-Vishnu – preserves the universe
-Shiva – destroys the universe
MAJOR EVENTS
-Karma
WORLD WAR I
-Reincarnation
-A number of alliance involving European
powers
-Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (Auto-
BUDDHISM ADAM SMITH – an inquiry into Nature and
-Four Fold Truths Causes of the Wealth of Nation
-Nirvana – total happiness THOMAS MALTHUS – Theory of Population
ALFRED MARSHALL – Principle of
JUDAISM Economics
-Abraham – father of Judaism JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES – The General
-Koshier – food that adhere to their dietary Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
law
-Symbol – stars of david TYPES OF ECONOMICS
-Traditional Economics
CHRISTIANITY -Command Economics System
-Christ means the “anointed one” -Market Economics System
-Bible – holy book -Mixed Economics System
Three main groups
1. Roman Catholicism – Pope MARKET STRUCTURE
2. Protestantism – no recognize law PERFECT COMPETITION
3. Eastern Orthodoxy – Patriarch -large number of sellers and buyers
-Symbol – cross -products are Homogenous
-All firms are price takers
5 PILLARS OF ISLAM
-Shahadah – Allah MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
-Salah – 5 times prayers -large number of sellers
-Zakat – almsgiving -similar but not identical
-Hajj – mecca -little power for price
-Fasting – Ramadan -heavy marketing

JAPANESE CIVILIZATION MONOPOLY

Ainu- the first settlers of Japan -only ONE seller
Nara- the first capital of Japan -price makers
Daimyo- military governors
Samurai- military officials to serve lords NON-PRICE DETERMINANT OF DEMAND
Bushido- code of ethics by Samurais -Income
-Taste
KOREAN CIVILIZATION -Expectation of price/income
Korea- “Hermit Kingdom” -Price of related good
Gojosen Kingdom- first kingdom -Population
Goryeo Kingdom- the Golden Age of Korea
PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
ECONOMICS -responsive of quantity demanded for good
PIONEERS IN ECONOMICS to a change in price
JOHN STUART MILL – supply and demand
as relationship ELASTIC DEMANDS – the good is non-
JEREMY BENTHAM – Utilitarianism essential
JEAN-BAPTISE SAY – Treatise on Political INELASTIC DEMANDS – the good is
Economy essential
DAVID RICARDO – Law of Comparative
Advantage
INCOME ELASTICITY OF DEMAND community
-responsiveness of quantity demanded for a TARIFF – imports from foreign country
good to a change in income AD VALOREM TAX – luxury imported goods
SIN TAX – imported alcoholic liquors and
INFERIOR GOODS – budget meal cigarette
NORMAL GOODS – expensive
PERIOD IN ECONOMICS
NON-PRICE DETERMINANT OF SUPPLY Stability
-no. of sellers Boom
-improved technology Recession
-cost of production Depression

THE ECONOMIC RESOURCES (CELL) GEMEINSCHAFT – personal

Capital GESSELSCHAFT - business
Entrepreneur
Labor MALTHUSIAN PRINCIPLE
Land Capitalism- oppressive according to Karl
Marx
PRICE CEILING – maximum Who are the oppressed? Working class
PRICE MINIMUM – minimum Do not allow capitalism- communism

OTHER CONCEPTS ARTS APPRECIATION AND HUMANITIES

DEFLATION
-general decline in prices; caused by Carlos V. Francisco- visual arts
reduction in supply of money Lucio San Pedro- music
Lea Salongga- Filipino who gained
DISINFLATION international attention
-a slowing of rate at which prices increase Cecil Licad- renowned pianist
Liza Macuja- Prima ballerina
HYPER INFLATION Napoleon Abueva- Father of modern
-the extreme rapid inflation sculpture
Eduardo Castillo- sculpture landmarks
STAGFLATION Juan Luna- painter of spolarium
-condition of slowly growing economic Fabian Dela Rosa- Amorsolo’s mentor
growth but fast growing prices Gilopez Kabayao- classical violin to the
masses
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) –
Gawa ng Pinoy THEATER PROPONENT
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) – Arena Montano
Gawa Dito Pinas
Sala Rogers
Experimental Tinio
TAXATION
-involuntary
MEOW= Mysticism Eastern
-change in burden
Optimism Western
INCOME TAX – individuals and business
REALTY TAX – propert
CAPITAL GAINS TAX – sellers of property
COMMUNITY TAX – residents of the
OTHER INFORMATIONS JOSEFA ESCODA- Girl scout of the
AGUEDA KAHABAGAN- Tagalog Joan of Philippines
Arc DR. JOSE RIZAL
TERESA MAGBANUA- Visayan Joan of Arc -Sa Aking Mga Kabata (8 years old)
JUANARIO GALOT- Battle of Tirad Pass -22 languages
traitor -A La Juventud Filipina (UST)
TEODORO PATINO- traitor of Katipunan -Mi Ultimo Adios (last poem)
DANIEL TIRONA- provoke Bonifacio in -Teodora Alonso (mother)
Tejeros Convention -Calamba, Laguna (birth place)
DONYA PIA- died because of difficulty of -June 19, 1861 (birthday)
giving birth; mother of Maria Clara; her -December 30, 1896 (died in Bagumbayan)
husband is Kapitan Tiago -firing squad (cause of death)
BERLIN- lugar na pinagbentahan ng Noli Me -Consummatum Est! (last word)
Tangere FR. JOSE RODRIGUEZ- the Spanish priest
LIWAYWAY- first and longest running who denounced Dr. Rizal’s novels as
komiks in the Philippines enemies of the catholic religion
MANILA BULLETIN- oldest newspaper since DR. FERDINAND BLUEMENTRITT- a
1990 supporter of Propaganda Movement and
KALAYAAN- Newspaper of the Katipunan Rizal’s bestfriend
DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA- first book of the LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS- the
Philippines book written by Rizal in defense of alleged
FRAY JUAN DE PLASENCIA- author of laziness of the Filipinos
Doctrina Christiana LAONG LAAN- pen name used by Rizal in
LIWAYWAY ARCEO- “Tigang ang Uhaw na his writings in La Solidaridad
Lupa” GEN. CAMILIO G. DE POLAVIEJA- Spanish
TOMAS PINPIN- First Filipino Publisher Governor who signed the death sentence for
AMADO HERNANDEZ- Labor Leader “Isang Dr. Rizal
dipang langit” “Luha ng Buwaya” PAHIMAKAS- a translation of Rizal’s
DEOGRACIAS ROSARIO- “Aloha”, Ama ng farewell poem written by Andres Bonifacio
Maikling Kwentong Tagalog in tagalog
JOSE MARIA PANGANIBAN- Memoria FEB 15, 1889- date of founding of the
Fotografica, Lupang Tinubuan fortnightly newspaper “La Solidaridad”
INIGO ED REGALADO- “Ang sampaguitang NOV 15, 1895- date of last issue of La
walang bango” Solidaridad
ZOLIO GALANG- A child of sorrow FRAY JOSE RODRIGUEZ- the first Spanish
MODESTO DE CASTRO- author of Urbana at friar to attack “Noli” and “Fili”
Feliza, Father of Tagalog Classics HONGKONG- place where Dr. Rizal
GENOVEVA MATUTE- Ang kwento ni Mabuti, conceived the idea of establishing La Liga
first Palangka Award for Short Story Filipina, a civic association composed of
DIONISIO SALAZAR- first Palangka Award Filipinos
for Play JOSE MARIA BASA- helped Dr. Rizal in
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- “Ang pag-ibig ay preparing the constitution of La Liga Filipina
hindi pag-ibig kapag nagbabago kung JULY 14, 1892- date when Dr. Rizal exiled in
nakakakita ng pagbabago” Dapitan
PANDAY PIRA- a Muslim-Pampango
blacksmith who is acknowledged as “The THE LIBERAL MINDED STUDENTS AT THE
First Filipino Cannon-maker” UST- Dr. Rizal dedicated his famous poem
“A La Juventud Filipina”
LOPE K. SANTOS- Ama ng Balarilang GREGORIO DEL PILAR- hero of the Tirad
Filipino Pass Battle
SEVERINO REYES- Ama ng Sarswelang MELCHORA AQUINO- Mother of Balintawak
Tagalog “Lola Basyang” FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO- greatest lyric
FELIPE AGONCILLO- First Filipino Diplomat poet of the Revolution
TEODORO AGONCILLO- Ang madamdaming PADRE PATERNO- peace of the revolution
mananalaysay ni Napkil. HIGHWAY 54- the old name of EDSA during
FRANCISCO SOC RODRIGO- Sa Pula, Sa World War II
Puti KUMINTANG- Filipino would sing this song
MANUEL BLANCO- Flora de Filipinas in preparation for war battle
YASUNARI KAWABATA- a Japanese poet EN VENTRE SA MERE- the right of the
who won the Nobel Prize in 1968. unborn child is the same as the right of
MIDDLE AGES- the era of knights, chivalry, individual
and castles in English Literature SERGIO OSMENA- the first appointed head
KEMPETAI- memories or brutality during of the Department of Education during
Japanese regime commonwealth period
JAPANESE ERA- Gintong Panahon ng PNU- established by the Americans for
Panitikang Pilipinas aspiring educators in 1901
LAKANDOLA- chief of Tondo ANIMAL CELLS- do not produce cell walls
LEONOR RIVERA- fiancé of Jose Rizal BOUSTEROPHEDON- ancient Greeks form
MARCELA AGONCILLO- maker of the first- of writing
filipino flag SARACENIC EDUCATION- this education is
DIEGO SILANG- leader of the Ilocano Revolt training for scientific thinking
LAPU LAPU- first Filipino Hero SOCIAL JUSTICE- very foundation of
EPIFANIO DELOS SANTOS- the man of genuine peace and reconciliation
many talents NATIONAL TREASURY- provides the fund to
FRANCISCO BALTAZAR- prince of Tagalog support the Air Quality Management in the
poets Philippines
TRINIDAD TECSON- mother of Biak-na-Bato PASCUAL POBLETE- tinaguriang “Ama ng
AGUEDA- wife of Artemio Tecson Pahayagang Tagalog”
GEN. FRANCISCO MAKABULOS- leader of KINKEE- the gas lamp used to lighten the
the Tarlac Revolt streets in Intramuros way back in history
JULIAN FELIPE- composer of the Philippine MIRANDA RULE- right of a person under
National Anthem arrest
INSULARES- Spaniards born in the AGNOTICISM- coined by Thomas Huxley
Philippines which means “not knowledge but being able
BALDOMERO AGUINALDO- leader of to know”
Magdalo METAPHYSICS- it seeks to find out what is
MARIANO ALVAREZ- leader of Magdiwang ultimately real
PEDRO BUKANEG- the father of Ilocano HORTICULTURE- the art of growing flowers,
Literature fruits and vegetables
JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO- the father of JUS SANGUINIS- a child follows the
Pampango Literature who wrote “There is nationality or citizenship of the parents
no God” regardless of the place of his birth
ALEJANDRO ABADILLA- the father of 1956- Lupang Hinirang sung for the first
modern Tagalog poetry time
BUKANEGAN- Ilocano Balagtasan HENRY OTLEY BEYER- proposed the idea
PANDEREGLA- first Filipino bread that first Filipino came through waves of
migration from south to north
TRUMAN DOCTRINE- was an American EARTH SCIENCE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
foreign policy created to counter soviet Seasons- tilting of the earth on its axis
geopolitical expansion during the cold war Mesosphere- meteors burn
MANILA- was named “Distinguished and Typhoon- storm in the pacific
ever loyal city” by legaspi Pacific ring of fire- volcanoes are active
MARIANO TRIAS- first vice president of the
Republic of the Philippines SCIENCE
PLEBISCITE- the direct vote of all the -systematic pursuit of knowledge
members of an electorate on an important
public questions such as change in the SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Constitutions -Francis Bacon (modern)
MONOTHEIST RELIGION- Christianity, Islam, -Galileo Galilei (classic)
Judaism
FIRST SULTANATE- sultanate of Sulu STEPS:
URAL MOUNTAIN- separated Europe and 1. Phenomena
Asia 2. Identify the problem
5 SHIPS OF MAGELLAN- Trinidad, 3. Formulating hypothesis
Conception, Victoria, San Antonio, Santiago 4. Conduct experimentation
MONGOLOIDS- known as the yellow race 5. Analyze the data
6. Generalization/Conclusion
MATHEMATICS 7. Publish

GEOMETRY IMPORTANT CONCEPTS HYPOTHESIS

Sphere- shape of the earth 1. Null
Square- all sides are equal 2. Alternative
Rectangle- opposite sides are equal
Parallelogram- opposite angles are equal Philosophy- mother of all sciences
Icosagon- 20 sides Senses- empirical approach
Reliability- consistency
LET ANSWERS
9 BIOLOGY
24- cube -branch of natural sciences
12- triangle -study of life/living things

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Transcendence- with God

BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1. ANATOMY
Elements Ca and Te
-internal structures of living things
Ionic- transfer of electrons
Covalent- sharing of electrons
2. PHYSIOLOGY
Plasma- very hot gas of nuclei and electrons
-functions of structures
Metalloids- properties of both metals and
non-metals
3. BOTANY
Ambivalent- positive and negative
-study of plants
Esters- perfume
Bright green- borrow in a flame test
4. CYTOLOGY 7. CHARLES DARWIN
-study of cells -natural selection theory “on the origin”

5. ECOLOGY 8. EDWARD JENNER

-relationship between living and non-living -small pox vaccine

6. GENETICS 9. ALEXANDER FLEMMING

-heredity -discovered penicillin (penicillin notatum)
-father of antibiotics
7. PHYLOGENY
-evolutionary history of organisms 10. CLAUDE EPHRAIM ZOBELL
-father of marine microbiology
8. PATHOLOGY
-diseases 11. WILLIAM WHEWELL
-coined the term “scientist”
9. ENDOCRINOLOGY
-hormones SERENDIPITY
-accidental discovery
10. ZOOLOGY
-study of animals CYTOLOGY
-study of cells
206- total bones 1. All living organisms are composed of
629/600- total muscles cells
2. Every organisms is made up of cells (cell
1. THALLES OF MILETUS is the basic unit of life)
-father of natural philosophy 3. All cells came from existing cell

2. ARISTOTLE ROBERT HOOKE

-father of biology -father of cytology
-cork tree
3. CAROLUS LINNAEUS -discovered cell
-Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist,
and physician. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN – botanist
-binomial nomenclature THEODORE SCHWAIN – zoologist
-father of modern taxonomy RUDOLF VIRCHOW – pre-existing cell
-Aristotle (classical taxonomy)
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
4. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK HOMEOSTASIS
-father of microbiology (study of -internal balance
microscope) -equilibrium

5. GREGOR MENDEL ORGANIZATION

-father of genetics (heredity, variations, -made up of one or more cells with complex
genes, DNA) structures and chemical processes

6. THEOPHRATUS
-father of plant science (botany)
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Atom- basic unit of matter RESPONSE TO STIMULUS “IRRITABILITY”
2. Compound or Molecules -ability to response to stimulus
3. Organelle/s or little organ Stimulus- causes to react
4. Cell Response- reaction
a. Prokaryotic- cells do not have nucleus, no
membrane bound organelles Taxis
b. Eukaryotic- have nucleus and membrane -directional movement of animals as a
bound organelles response to a stimulus
5. Tissue- erythrocytes (red) leukocytes -example; chemotaxis, phototaxis, geotaxis
(white) thrombocytes (platelets) plasma
(liquid) Tropism
6. Organ -directional response of plants toward
7. Organ System (positive) or away (negative) from an
8. Organism- species environmental stimulus
-example; phototropism, thigmotropism,
METABOLISM geotropism, hydrotropism, cryotropism
-sum total of the chemical reactions in the
body PARTS OF A CELL
-example; Anabolism (building up), Major Parts of Cell
Catabolism (breaking down) 1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 3. Nucleus
-increase in size and complexity
respectively CELL WALL
Size- growth (quantitative) Bacteria- peptidoglycan
Complexity- development (qualitative) Plants- cellulose, lignin
Fungi- chitin/crustaceans
ADAPTATION Cytosol- gel like fluid
-fit and survive Vesicles- storage
-change Leucoplast- colorless, starch storage

REPRODUCTION 1. Glycolysis
Sexual Reproduction -cytoplasm
-involve sex cells (fertilization) -2 ATP/glucose
-in human, fertilization occurs in the
oviduct/fallopian tube 2. Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle/
-gametes (sex cells) tricarboxylic acid
-motochondria
Asexual Reproduction -2 ATP
1. Budding- outgrowth (hydra and yeast)
2. Binary Fission- split into two (bacteria) 3. Electron T.C
3. Fragmentation- break parent cell into -inside mitochondria
many parts (planaria) -34 ATP (eukaryotic)
4. Regeneration- capable of re-growing -32 (prokaryotic)
certain parts (lizard and starfish)
5. Parthenogenesis- bees
-haploid (male) diploid (female)
Abiogenesis- spontaneous -RER (protein synthesis)
Pathogen- germ/microbes
Robert Koch- Germ Theory of Disease Golgi Bodies
-synthesizes, packages, and modifies
Monosaccharaides chemical products of the cell
1. Glucose
2. Fructose Centrioles
3. Galactose -spindle fibers (cell division)

Amino Acids Plastids

-building blocks of protein -found in most plants (chloroplast,
-20 total of amino acids (9 essentials, 11 chromoplast, leucoplast)
non-essentials)
Mitochondria
Interphase -powerhouse of the cell
-G1 -cellular respiration
-S (DNA Replication) -glucose and oxygen
-G2
-mitosis NUCLEUS
-control center of the cell
Levels (PMAT) -present in eukaryotic cells
1. Prophase- big cell, visible chromosome
2. Metaphase- chromosomes are align KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER
3. Anaphase- separation phase Microbiology
4. Telophase- two cells -study of microorganisms
Spontaneous Generation Theory
Cytokinesis- totally divide -living organisms develop from nonliving
Biogenesis
CELL MEMBRANE -living from living
-selectively permeable Germ Theory of Disease
-phospholipid bilayer -certain disease is caused by specific
pathogen
CYTOPLASM Bioremediation
-all that is inside the cell, but outside -using microorganisms like bacteria to
nucleus consume and breakdown the pollutants in
-two parts: cytosol and organelles the environment

Organelles SOME PATHOLOGY

-protein synthesis Malaria
-caused by plasmodium
Lysosomes Dengue
-suicide bag -aedes aegypti
-breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins Amoebic Dysentery
into simpler form to be used by the cell -bloody diarrhea: entamoeba histolytica
Mad Cow Disease
Endoplasmic Reticulum -caused by prion
-internal transport system
-SER (lipid, cholesterol, sterod)
BIOCHEMISTRY Vitamin E – Tocopherol (antioxidant)
Vitamin K – menadione (for blood clotting,
CARBOHYDRATES anti-hemorrhagic activity)
-provides immediate energy source for the Vitamin B1 – Thiamine (beriberi)
body Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin
-CHO Vitamin B3 – Niacin (pellagra)
-monosaccharaides Vitamin B5 – pantothenic acid
Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxine
LIPIDS Vitamin B9 – folic acid
-stores energy Vitamin B12 – Cobalamin (pernicious
-fatty acids and glycerol anemia)
Vitamin C – ascorbic acid (scurvy)
PROTEINS
-for building structures of the body MINERALS
-for immunity 1. Iodine
-for transport of substances 2. Calcium
-amino acids 3. Potassium
4. Magnesium
NUCLEIC ACIDS 5. Zinc
-genetic make-up
-nucleotides WATER
-universal solvent
Types: -most abundant inorganic compound in
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid cell’s protoplasm
RNA- Ribonucleic acid
ACIDS
CHARGAFF’S RULE -sour in taste
-equality in quantity between bases in DNA -hydrogen donor
-pH 0-6
KEY CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER
A is to T as C is to G BASES
-adenine paired with thymine and cytosine -slippery and soapy
paired with guanine -hydrogen acceptor
-pH 8-14
COMPUNDS OF LIVING ORGANISM
INORGANIC COMPOUND GASES
-vitamins -nitrogen 78%
-minerals -oxygen 21%
-water -CO2 and other gases 1%
-acid
-base ORGANIC COMPOUND
-gases Carbohydrates
Proteins
VITAMINS Lipids
1. Fat soluble Nucleic Acids
-ADEK
Vitamin A – Retinol (vision)
Vitamin D – Calciferal (calcium)
GENETICS Sweldo Species
MENDELIAN LAWS OF GENETICS
1. Law of Segregation DOMAINS
-poor of allele will separate resulting to only 1. Archaea
one present allele per gamete 2. Bacteria
3. Eukarya
2. Law of Independent Assortment
-separated alleles are independent of each KINGDOM
other 1. Moneria- only prokaryotic kingdom
2. Protista- literally protest
3. Law of Dominance 3. Fungi- decay
-recessive alleles are always masked by 4. Plantae
dominant alleles 5. Animalia

NON-MENDELIAN LAWS OF GENETICS ANIMAL TAXONOMY

1. Incomplete Dominance PHYLUM PORIFERA
-carrying neither of their given traits -most primitive invertebrates
-no organs and definite shape, sessile
2. Codominance -example; sponges
-alleles are both expressed
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
3. Multiple Alleles -with cnidoblast (stinging cells) which
-gene is controlled by multiple alleles (ABO contains nematocyst (stinging organelle)
Bllod) -polyp and medusa
-example; hydra, jellyfish
WORDS TO REMEMBER
Gene PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
-basic unit of inheritance, segment of DNA -flat worms
that codes for a specific protein -flat body
Mutation -example; flukes, tapeworms
-change in DNA sequence that lead to a
change in the expression PHYLUM NEMATODA
Variation -round worms
-may be due to fertilization, meiosis, and -unsegmented, smooth, and long
mutation
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
TAXONOMY -segmented worms
1. Identification -setae for movement
2. Classification -example; earthworm, leeches
3. Naming
PHYLUM ANTHROPODA
Dream Domain -with head, thorax, and abdomen
Ko Kingdom -with jointed legs
Pumasa Phylum -exoskeleton (chitin)
Coz Class -example; insects, spiders, centipede
Our Order
Family Family
Gets Genus
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA TAIGA
-soft and unsegmented body -coniferous trees like pine fir, hemlock; cold
-with mantle glands biome
-example; chitons, bivalves
TEMPERATE DECIDIUOUS FOREST
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA -Four seasons
-with spiny outer covering
-radial symmetry TROPICAL RAINFOREST
-lives on ocean floor -located in the equator, most diverse
-example; starfish, sea urchins terrestrial biome; dipterocarp

PHYLUM CHORDATA SAVANNA

-a single dorsal nerve chord -grassland with scattered trees
-a dorsal rod of cartilage called a notochord
-pharyngeal (gills) slits DESERT
-a tail -dry biome, low precipitation, organisms
-example; mammals, reptiles, amphibians, have specific adaptations to live
aves
ENERGY RELATIONSHIP
COMPONENTS OF ECOLOGY Producers (autotrophs)
BIOTIC FACTORS -use photosynthesis to produce food
-living things -plants (rich in fibers) and algae

ABIOTIC FACTORS Consumers (heterotrophs)

-nonliving things -eat other organisms to obtain energy
-with sharp and tearing teeth
LEVELS OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quatenary)
SPECIES (INDIVIDUAL)
-organisms similar in characteristics, able to Decomposers (saprophytes)
interbreed -break down dead matter into useful basic
form of nutrients
POPULATION a. Detritivore – feed on decaying matter
-group of species living in the same area b. Scavenger – feed on dead animal/plant
-smallest biological unit that can evolve over
time ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ORGANISMS
COMMUNITY Competition
-group of population living in the same area -fight for limited resources

ECOSYSTEM Predation
-portion of biosphere where living things -predator eats prey
and non-living things interact
Parasitism
WORLD BIOMES (TERRESTRIAL) -One is harmed while other benefits
TUNDRA
-permafrost, permanently frozen and Commensalism
treeless, coldest biome -One is benefited, other unaffected
Mutualism
-benefit from each other Dermis
-presence of blood, nerves, hair follicles, and
Ammensalism glands
-one is harmed, other is unaffected
Glands
EVIDENCES OF POPULATION Sudoriferous gland (sweat gland)
1. Fossils -merocrine, eccrine, opocrine
2. Organisms of new organisms Sebacious gland (oil gland)
3. Mutation -holocrine
4. Structural Development
5. Embryological Development MUSCULAR SYSTEM
-600 muscles
VESTIGAL STRUCTURE -myofilament (actin and myosin)
1. Wisdom tooth
2. Appendix Muscular Tissue
3. Coccyx 1. Skeletal Muscle
4. Plica luminaries 2. Visceral/Smooth Muscle
5. Arector pili muscles 3. Cardiac Muscle

EVOLUTION IMPORTANT CONCEPTS SKELETAL SYSTEM

Lamarck- use and disuse -206 bones
Spencer- survival of the fittest -axial (80), appendicular (126)
Darwin- natural selection
Homologous organs- human arms, bat Bone Cells
wings, seal flippers -osteoblast (bone-forming)
-osteocyte (mature bone cell)
KEY TERMS TO REMEMBER -osteoclast (bone-resorbing)
Habitat – place where organisms live
Niche – function or role of an organism in Types of Skeletal System
its environment Endoskeleton
Emigration – movement out of the area -internal
Immigration – moving into the area Exoskeleton
-external
BODY SYSTEMS
Types of Joints (bone to bone connection)
Epidermis Cartilaginous joints (slightly movable)
-stratum corneum Fibrous joints (immovable)
-stratum lucidum Synovial joints (freely movable)
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum Bone
-stratum basale -living tissue which have their own blood
vessels and are made of various cells,
Cells present in Epidermis proteins, minerals and vitamins
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes Cartilage
3. Langerhans cells -Is soft gel-like padding between bones that
4. Merkel cells protects joints and facilitates movements.
 PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Tendon
-is a band of tissue that connects muscle to
NATURE OF SCIENCE
bone
Science
-A systematic body of knowledge.
Ligaments
-The system of acquiring knowledge
-is an elastic band of tissue that connects
through systematic experimentation and
bone to bone and provides stability to the
methodology.
joint
-The search for truth and knowledge.

TERMS TO REMEMBER
DEFINING SCIENCE
Helicobacter pylori
Pure Science
-causes ulcer
-research that adds to the body of scientific
Mastication
knowledge
-chewing
-has no practical use
Regurgitation
-a mother bird partially digests the food and
Applied Science (Technology)
places on amount into the young’s beak
-the practical application of scientific
knowledge
BIOSTATISTICS
-branch of applied statistics directed toward
THREE MAIN BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
applications in the health sciences and
Life Science
biology
-the study of living organisms
-provides some of the most fundamental
Earth Science
tools and techniques of the scientific
-the study of Earth and space
method

Physical Science
Descriptive
-the study of matter and energy
(Categorical) Variable
-chemistry & physics
Nominal Variable
-(no order between variables)
LIFE SCIENCE AREAS OF STUDY
Ordinal Variable
Biology
-(order among values)
-The study of life or living matter in all its
forms
Measurement Variable
Anatomy
Continuous
-The study of the structure of animals and
-height and weight
plants
Discrete
-values are integers, example is the number
Botany
of siblings, the number of times
-The study of plants.

Types of Statistical Variable

Ecology
1. Nominal (eye color, gender, religion)
-The study of relations and interactions
2. Ordinal (stage of diseases, level of pain)
between organisms and their environment.
3. Interval (no true zero, temperature)
4. Ratio (with true zero, length, weight)
Zoology
-The science that covers animals and
animal life. HYPOTHESIS
Physical Science Areas of Study -An educated guess about the relationship
between the independent and dependent
Chemistry variables.
-The science that deals with the If IV then DV.
composition, properties, reactions, and the
structure of matter. Independent Variable
-the factor that is intentionally manipulated
Physics or changed in an experiment.
-The study of matter and energy and the -Valid experiments have only one
interactions between them. independent variable.
Earth Science Areas of Study
Geology Dependent Variable
-The study of the origin, history, and -the factor that may change as a result of
structure of the Earth, and the physical, changes made in the independent variable.
chemical, and biological changes that it has -The dependent variable must be
experienced or is experiencing. measurable.

Meteorology 4. Experiment
-The study of the atmosphere and its -Develop and follow a procedure.
phenomena, such as weather and climate -The outcomes must be measurable
(quantifiable).
Paleontology
-The study of the forms of life that existed 5. Collect and Analyze Results
in prehistoric or geologic periods. -Modify the procedure if needed.
-Confirm the results by retesting.
Astronomy -Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
-The study of the universe beyond the
earth's atmosphere 6. Conclusion
-Include a statement that accepts or rejects
SCIENTIFIC METHOD the hypothesis.
-The Scientific Method involves a series of -Make recommendations for further study
steps that are used to investigate a natural and possible improvements to the
occurrence. procedure.

Steps of the Scientific Method 7. Communicate the Results

1. Problem/Question -Be prepared to present the project to an
-Develop a question or problem that can be audience.
solved through experimentation.
MEASUREMENT
2. Observation/Research -A scientific measurement requires:
-Make observations and research your topic (1) the definition of the physical quantity
of interest. (2) the units.
-The value of a physical quantity is actually
3. Formulate a Hypothesis the product of a number and a unit.
-Predict a possible answer to the problem or
question. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
-An attribute or property of a substance that
can be expressed in a mathematical following numbers?
equation
-Is made up of a value and a unit. Rule #3
-A unit of measurement refers to a -All FINAL zeros to the right of the decimal
particular physical quantity ARE significant
-How many significant digits are in the
TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES following numbers?
1. Fundamental Quantities
-quantities that do not depend on any other Rule #4
physical quantity for their measurement -All zeros that act as place holders are NOT
significant
2. Derived Quantities -Another way to say this is: zeros are only
-products and/or ratios of fundamental significant if they are between significant
quantities digits OR are the very final thing at the end
of a decimal
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
-Scientific notation is used to express very
large or very small numbers
-It consists of a number between 1 & 10
followed by x 10 to an exponent
-The exponent can be determined by the
number of decimal places you have to move
to get only 1 number in front of the decimal

Large Numbers
-If the number you start with is greater than
1, the exponent will be positive

Small Numbers
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES -If the number you start with is less than 1,
-Scientist use significant figures to the exponent will be negative
determine how precise a measurement is
-Significant digits in a measurement include SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS
all of the known digits plus one estimated Ammeter
digit -strength of an electric current

Rules for Significant figures Anemometer

Rule #1 -measure the speed, direction and pressure
-All non-zero digits are ALWAYS significant of the wind
-How many significant digits are in the
following numbers? Voltmeter
-potential difference between two points
Rule #2
-All zeros between significant digits are Barometer
ALWAYS significant -atmospheric pressure and conditions
-How many significant digits are in the
Callipers
-diameters of wire, tube or rod processes

Calorimeter Matter
-quantities of Heat -Anything that has mass and occupies
space.
Thermometer
-temperature Fundamental Laws of Matter
There are three fundamental laws of matter
Hydrometer -Law of conservation of mass
-relative density of liquids -Law of constant/definite composition
-Law of multiple proportions
Hygrometer
-moisture content or the humidity Anton Lavoisier
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Microscope -In a chemical reaction, matter is neither
-magnified view of very small objects created nor destroyed, it is transformed into
something else.
Clinometer
-angles of slope, elevation, or depression of Joseph Prousz
an object with respect to gravity's direction LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION
-A given compound always contains the
Rain Gauge same, fixed ratio of elements.
-Rainfall
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
Seismograph -Elements can combine in different ratios to
-intensity and origin of earthquakes shocks form different compounds

Sextant Kinetic Molecular Theory

-angular distance between two objects -Tiny, constantly moving particles make up
all matter.
Speedometer -The kinetic energy (motion) of these
-speed of the vehicle particles increases as temperature
increases.
Phonograph
-used for reproducing sound FOUR STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
Sphygmomanometer -Low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move
-Blood pressure around
-definite shape & volume
Stethoscope -Crystalline - repeating geometric pattern
-hearing and analyzing the sound of Heart -Amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)

CHEMISTRY LIQUIDS
Matter – Vocabulary -Higher KE - particles can move around but
Chemistry are still close together
-Science that describes matter – its -Indefinite shape
properties, the changes it undergoes, and -Definite volume
the energy changes that accompany those
GASES
-High KE - particles can separate and move
throughout container
-Indefinite shape & volume

PLASMA
-Very high KE - particles collide with enough
energy to break into charged particles (+/-) CHANGES OF MATTER
-Gas-like, indefinite 1. Physical
-Shape & volume -Changes in the physical properties of
-Stars, fluorescent matter and takes place without changing
Light bulbs, TV tubes the chemical composition

2. Chemical
-Changes in the chemical properties of
matter
-Chemical composition is altered producing
a new substance
Ex. Iron Rusting, Wood Burning, Banana
Rotting

PROPERTIES OF MATTER 3. Nuclear

Physical Properties -Changes in the nuclear properties of matter
-properties that can be measured or -Changes in the atomic properties of an
observed without changing the chemical element
nature of the substance -Ex. Fusion (combine) and Fission (divide)
-can be perceived by physical senses
CLASSIFYING MATTER
Intensive
-It does not depend on the amount of the
substance present.
-Ex. COLOR DENSITY B.P./M.P.

Extensive
-It depends on the amount of matter being
measured.
-Ex. Volume Mass

PURE SUBSTANCE
Chemical Properties
-Pure type matter which cannot be
-Properties that is only observable when the
separated physically
substance reacts with another substance
-homogenous
thereby causing a change in the chemical
composition of the substance.
Elements
-matter composed of identical atoms
-EX: copper

METALS
-Metals are lustrous (shiny), malleable, -litmus - red/blue
ductile, and are good conductors of heat -phenolphthalein – colorless/pink
and electricity
-They are mostly solids at room Mixtures
temperature. -Variable combination of 2 or more pure
substances.
NON-METALS
-They are dull, brittle, nonconductors Homogeneous
(insulators). -Uniform and the different components of
-Some are solid, but many are gases the mixture cannot be seen
-Bromine is a liquid -Exhibits one phase
-Particles never settle
METALLOIDS -Solutions
-Semimetals: They have characteristics of
both metals and nonmetals Heterogeneous
-They are shiny but brittle -Heterogeneous Mixture
-they are semiconductors -uneven distribution of components
-Colloids and suspensions
-EX: granite

Colloid
-medium-sized particles
-particles never settle
-Tyndall effect - particles scatter light (looks
cloudy)
EX: milk

COMPOUND
Suspension
-matter composed of 2 or more elements in
-large particles
a fixed ratio
-particles will settle (needs to be shaken)
-properties differ from those of individual
-particles scatter light or can be opaque
elements
-Ex: antibiotics
-EX: salt (NaCl)

HISTORY OF ATOM
Acids
Democritus (400 B.C.)
-Ionize to form hydronium ions (H3O+) in
-Proposed that matter was composed of
water
tiny indivisible particles
HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, HF
-Not based on experimental data
-Greek: atomos
Bases
-Dissociate or ionize to form hydroxide ions
John Dalton (1807)
(OH-) in water
British School teacher
-NaOH, KOH
-based his theory on others’ experimental
data
Indicator
Billiard Ball Model
-substance that changes color in an acid or
-atom is a uniform, solid sphere
base
-Examples:
Henri Becquerel (1896)
Discovered radioactivity
-spontaneous emission of radiation from Element Nomenclature
the nucleus Atomic number = #p+
Three types: Mass number = #p+ + #n0
-Alpha - positive Charge = #p+ - #e-
-Beta - negative Neutral atom: #p+ = #e-
-Gamma – neutral
The Periodic Table
J. J. Thomson (1903) Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian)
Cathode Ray Tube Experiments -Organized elements by increasing atomic
-beam of negative particles mass.
Discovered Electrons -Predicted the existence of undiscovered
-negative particles within the atom elements.
Plum-pudding Model
-positive sphere (pudding) with Henry Mosely (1913, British)
Negative electrons (plums) dispersed -Organized elements by increasing atomic
throughout number.
-Fixed problems in Mendeleev’s
Ernest Rutherford (1911) arrangement.
Gold Foil Experiment
Discovered the nucleus Chemical Bond
-dense, positive charge in the center of the -Strong attractive force between atoms or
atom ions in a molecule or compound.
Nuclear Model
Formed by:
Niels Bohr (1913) -transferring e- (losing or gaining)
Bright-Line Spectrum -sharing e-
-tried to explain presence of specific colors
in hydrogen’s spectrum Octet Rule
Energy Levels -most atoms form bonds in order to have 8
-electrons can only exist in specific energy valence e-
states -full outer energy level
Planetary Model -like the Noble Gases!

Erwin Schrödinger (1926) Chemical Reactions

Quantum mechanics -Represented by chemical equations:
-electrons can only exist in specified energy -Reactants → Products
states 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
Electron cloud model -Reactants: starting materials
-Orbital: region around the nucleus where e- -Products: new compounds formed
are likely to be found
Balancing Chemical Reactions
James Chadwick (1932) Law of Conservation of Mass
Discovered neutrons -The law of conservation of mass states
-neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom that no atoms can be created or destroyed
Joliot-Curie Experiments in a chemical reaction,
-based his theory on their experimental -So the number of atoms that are present in
evidence the reactants has to balance the number of
atoms that are present in the products. -Examples: Mass, charge, length,
temperature, speed
Traditional method:
1. Write down your given equation Vector Quantities
2. Write down the number of atoms per -signifying magnitude and direction
element -Examples: Weight, displacement, Velocity,
3. Save hydrogen and oxygen for last, as Acceleration, Momentum
they are often on both sides.
4. Start with single elements. DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT
5. Use a coefficient to balance the single Distance
atoms. -Distance (d) – how far an object travels.
6. Balance the hydrogen atoms next. -Does not depend on direction.
7. Balance the oxygen atoms.
Displacement
PHYSICS -difference between an object’s final
-is the study of the interaction of matter and position and its starting position.
energy -Does depend on direction.
-Displacement = final position – initial
Aristotle (Greek 4th Century BC) position
-Logic -In order to define displacement, we need
-Studied motion direction.
-Natural and violent motion
-4 elements: earth, water, air, fire Motion
-Change in position in relation to a reference
Galileo Galilei (1564 AD) point.
-Father of the scientific method (along with
the Englishman Francis Bacon 1500’s). Reference Point
-Studied motion. -Nonmoving point from which motion is
-Agreed with the Greek Aristarchos and measured
Polish Copernicus (1473-1543) on
heliocentric view point. This lead to his SPEED AND VELOCITY
house arrest. Speed
-rate of motion
Isaac Newton -distance traveled per unit time
-English (1642-1727) Instantaneous Speed - speed at a given
-related force and motion and studied light. instant
-The BIG Guy
Velocity
Albert Einstein (1879-1955) -speed in a given direction
-Relativity: there is no absolute frame of -can change even when the speed is
reference that is at rest. constant
-Photoelectric effect (Light is quantized)
(Nobel Prize) Acceleration
-Related mass and energy (E = mc2) -the rate of change of velocity
-change in speed or direction
SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES Positive acceleration
Scalar Quantities -“speeding up”
-Quantities signifying magnitude only Negative acceleration
-“slowing down Normal Force
-a force acting perpendicular to the
THREE LAWS OF MOTION interface of contact between two objects.
Newton’s First Law
-An object at rest will remain at rest and an Balanced Forces
object in motion will continue moving at a -forces acting on an object that are opposite
constant velocity unless acted upon by a net in direction and equal in size
force. -no change in velocity
- “Law of Inertia”
Net Force
Inertia -unbalanced forces that are not opposite
-tendency of an object to resist any change and equal
in its motion -velocity changes (object accelerates)
-Increases as mass increases
Friction
Newton’s Second Law -force that opposes motion between 2
-The acceleration of an object is directly surfaces
proportional to the net force acting on it and -depends on the:
inversely proportional to its mass. 1. Types of surfaces
-F = ma 2. Force between the surfaces

Newton’s Third Law Gravity

-For every action there is an equal and -force of attraction between any two objects
opposite reaction in the universe
“Law of Interaction” -increases as:
-Tells that forces come in pairs: action force 1. Mass increases
and reaction force 2. Distance decreases
-Action and reaction force are equal in
magnitude, are directed in opposite Weight
directions and are acting on different bodies -the force of gravity on an object
-Explains what happens when we walk, how
rockets, airplanes and the like are propelled, Projectile Motion
and a lot more Projectile
-any object thrown in the air
Force -acted upon only by gravity
-a push or pull that one body exerts on
another Free-Fall
-when an object is influenced only by the
The 4 Fundamental Forces force of gravity
-Gravitational (attractive force between
masses) Weightlessness
-Electromagnetic (caused by to electric and -sensation produced when an object and its
magnetic fields) surroundings are in free-fall
-Strong Nuclear Force (holds nuclear -surroundings are falling at the same rate so
particles together) they don’t exert a force on the object
-Weak Nuclear Force (involved in radioactive -object is not weightless
decay of nuclei)
Circular Motion
Centripetal Acceleration
-acceleration toward the center of a circular Inclined Plane
path -sloping surface used to raise objects
-caused by centripetal force
Screw
Forces in Fluids -inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a
Fluid cylinder
-matter that flows
-liquids and gases Wedge
-a moving inclined plane with 1 or 2 sloping
Buoyancy sides
-the ability of a fluid to exert an upward -used to push two objects apart
force on an object immersed in it
Archimedes’ Principle Compound Machines
-the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is -combination of 2 or more simple machines
equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the
object Energy
-generally defined as the capacity of an
Bouyant Force object to do work
-upward force exerted -Measured in Joules (J)
-by a fluid on an immersed object
-bouyant force > weight Kinetic Energy
-bouyant force < weight -Thermal energy – movement of molecules
-bouyant force = weight -Electrical energy – movement of charges
-Mechanical energy – movement of
Work systems of objects
-transfer of energy through motion -Radiant energy – accelerated charged
-force exerted through a distance particles producing electromagnetic waves.
-All objects at any temperature emit radiant
Machine energy.
-device that makes work easier
-changes the size and/or direction of the Potential Energy
exerted force -Gravitational potential energy is the energy
stored in an object as the result of its
The Simple Machines vertical position or height.
Lever -Elastic potential energy is the energy stored
-a bar that is free to pivot about a fixed point, in elastic materials as the result of their
or fulcrum stretching or compressing.
-Chemical Energy is the energy from the
Pulley formation or breaking of bonds
-grooved wheel with a rope or chain -Nuclear Energy is the energy in the nucleus
running along the groove of an atom.
-a “flexible first-class lever”
Law of Conservation of Energy
Wheel and Axle -Energy may change forms, but it cannot be
-two wheels of different sizes that rotate created or destroyed under ordinary
together conditions.
-a pair of “rotating levers” EX:
-PE - KE -Ex: plastic, wood, rubber, glass
-mechanical thermal
-chemical thermal Circuit
-closed path through which electrons can
Thermal Energy flow
Temperature
-measure of the average KE of the particles Potential Difference
in a sample of matter Voltage
-difference in electrical potential between
Heat Transfer two places
Heat -large separation of charge creates high
-thermal energy that flows from a warmer voltage
material to a cooler material -the “push” that causes e- to move from - to
Like work, heat is... +
-measured in joules (J) -measured in volts (V)
-a transfer of energy
Current
Specific Heat (Cp) -flow of electrons through a conductor
-amount of energy required to raise the -Depends on # of e- passing a point in a
temp. of 1 kg of material by 1 degree Kelvin given time
-units: J/(kg•K) or J/(kg•°C) -measured in amperes (A)
Resistance
Light and Matter -opposition the flow of electrons
Opaque -electrical energy is converted to thermal
-absorbs or reflects all light energy & light
-measured in ohms
Transparent
-allows light to pass through completely Series Circuits
-current travels in a single path
Translucent -One break stops the flow of current
-allows some light to pass through -current is the same throughout circuit
-lights are equal brightness
White light
-contains all visible colors - ROY G. BIV Parallel Circuits
In white light, an object… -current travels in multiple paths
-reflects the color you see -One break doesn’t stop flow
-absorbs all other colors -current varies in different branches

Conductor EARTH SCIENCE

-material that allows electrons to move -study of the physical structure of the earth
through it easily and its atmosphere including the universe
-e- are loosely held
-ex: metals like copper and silver The Universe
-Also called as cosmos
Insulators -The sum total of all matter and energy that
-material that doesn’t allow electrons to is everything within and between all galaxies
move through it easily
-e- are tightly held Basic Astronomical Objects
-Star(s) round) shape.
-Planets -the neighborhood around its orbit is not
-Satellites cleared
-Asteroids -is not a satellite
-Dwarf Planets Located at:
-Comets Kuiper Belt
-Meteor / Meteoroid / Meteorite -begins near the orbit of Neptune and
continues beyond Pluto. This is also a
Star region where most comets are found.
-Large, glowing balls of gas that generate
heat and light through nuclear fusion in their Comets
cores. -Comets are cosmic snowballs of frozen
gases, rock and dust roughly the size of a
Planet small town.
-A moderately large object that orbits a star
-Planets may be rocky, icy or gaseous in Meteors
composition -Small objects falling into the Earth's
-They shine primarily by reflecting light from atmosphere from space.
their star.
The Solar System
Criteria for being a planet SCIENTISTS
-Is in orbit around the Sun. 1. PTOLEMY (Earth Centered Model -
-Has sufficient mass for it self-gravity to geocentric)
overcome rigid body forces so that it 2. GALILEO (Telescope)
assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly 3. COPERNICUS (Sun Centered Model –
round shape). heliocentric)
-Has cleared neighborhood around its orbit. 4. JOHANNES KEPLER (Laws of Planetary
Motion)
Moon or Satellite 5. TYCHO BRAHE (Detailed observation of
-An object that orbits a planet. heavenly bodies without aid of telescope)

Asteroid Mercury - The Fastest Revolving Planet

-A relatively small and rocky object that Venus - The Hottest Planet
orbits a star. Mars - The Angry Red Planet
-Located in the asteroid belt – between Jupiter - The Largest Planet
Mars and Jupiter’s orbit. Saturn - Rings of Beauty
Uranus - The Sidewise Planet
Ceres Neptune - The Farthest Planet
-Largest Known Asteroid Earth - Our Mother Planet
-By far, the largest and most massive body
in the asteroid belt. Eclipses
-When the Sun’s light falls on the Earth and
Dwarf Planets the Moon, their shadows are formed and
A celestial body that: they cause eclipses.
-Is in orbit around the Sun
-Has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to Layers of the Atmosphere
overcome rigid body forces so that it
assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly
 -large bodies of water affect the
temperature of an area. The temperature of
water affects the temperature of the air
above it.

Atmospheric Circulation
-global wind patterns influences climate
since they distribute heat and moisture
around the Earth.

The Greenhouse Effect Monsoons

Weather and Climate Sea Breeze
-Air over land is warmer than over the sea
Occurs during the day

Land Breeze
-Air over the sea is warmer than on land
Occurs during the night

Weather and Climate

Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)
Weather
-November – April
-refers to the state of the atmosphere at any
given time and place.
Southwest Monsoon (Habagat)
-Elements of weather include temperature,
-May – October
pressure, humidity, velocity and direction of
wind, cloudiness and precipitation.
Water Cycle

Climate
-is the average condition of the atmosphere
based on weather observations over a long
period of time.

Factors that affect climate

Latitude
-As latitude increases, the intensity of solar
Layers of the Earth
energy decreases. Temperature decreases
as latitude increase

Elevation or Altitude
-the higher the elevation is, the colder the
climate

Topography
-topographic features such as mountains
and valleys play an important role in the
amount of precipitation that falls in an area
Earthquakes and Movement of Plates

Bodies of water
 HENRY GLEASON
-Ang wika ay masistemang balangkas na
sinasalitang tunog na pinili at isinaayos sa
paraang arbitraryo.

EDWARD SAPIR
-likas at makataong pamamaraan

CAROLL
SCIENTISTS: THEIR WORK AND
-sistema ng mga sagisag
DISCOVERIES
PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE- discovered
TODD
radium and polonium
-ginagamit sa komunikasyon
MARIE CURIE- 1st woman to win 2 Nobel
prizes
ARCHIBALD A HILL
ANTOINE BECQUEREL- discovered
-pangunahin at pinakaelaboreyt
radioactivity
WILLIAM ROENTGEN- X-rays
KATANGIAN NG WIKA
JOHN DALTON- Atomic Theory
1. MASISTEMANG BALANGKAS
ALBRECHT VAN HALLER- father of
-may organisasyon/pagkasunod sunod
experimental physiology

2. SINASALITANG TUNOG
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON- discovered
-nagdadala ng mga kahulugan
electrons
ALBERT EINSTEIN- Theory of Relativity
3. PINILI AT ISINAAYOS
ISAAC NEWTON- Law of Gravitation / Laws
-pinagkakaunawaan at pagkakaintindihan
of Motion
ARISTOTLE- Father of Biology
4. ARBITRARYO
GREGOR MENDEL- Father of Genetics
-napagkakasunduan
PTOLEMY- Geocentric Model
COPERNICUS- Heliocentric Model
5. MAGAMIT
ROBERT HOOKE- Father of Cytology
-ang wika ay dapat magamit ng tao upang
HIPPOCRATES- Father of Medicine
hindi mamatay
AMADEO AVOGADRO- Mole, amount of
particles of matter
6. KULTURA
ANTON LAVOISIER- Law of Conservation of
-magkabuhol
Mass
JAMES CHADWICK- Discovered the
7. TAO
Neutron
-gumagamit ng wika
CHARLES- evolution
MICHAEL FARADAY- Electromagnetic
8. DAYNAMIKO
induction
-ang wika ay nagbabago
ALEXANDER FLEMMING- Penicillin
ERNEST RUTHERFORD- Discovered nucleus
9. LIKAS
-kusang natututunan
FILIPINO
TEORYA NG PINAGMULAN NG WIKA
KAHULUGAN NG WIKA TORE NI BABEL- bibliya
BOW WOW- tunog ng kalikasan METALINGGUAL
DING DONG- bagay na walang buhay -pagpapahayag ng kuro-kuro
YOHEHO- pwersang pisikal
POOH POOH- masidhing damdamin POETIC
YUM YUM- dila, tunog ng tiyan -patalinhagang pagpapahayag
TATA- kumpas ng kamay
TARARA BOOM DE AY- sayaw at ritwal ANTAS NG WIKA
COO COO- sanggol PORMAL
MAMA- bulalas ng sanggol 1. PAMPANITIKAN/ PANSEMANTIKA/
PANGRETORIKA
TUNGKULIN NG WIKA -pormal at matalinghaga
INTERAKSYUNAL
-pagpapanatili ng ugnayan at relasyong 2. PANTEKNIKAL
sosyal -agham at matematika
-pagbati
3. PAMBANSA
INSTRUMENTAL -hindi matalinghaga
-tumutugon sa pangangailangan -ginagamit sa diksyunaryo

REGULATORI DI-PORMAL
-kumukontrol o gumagabay sa kilos ng tao 1. LALAWIGANIN
-rehiyonal
PERSONAL -halimbawa ay kapampangan
-pagpapahayag ng sariling damdamin o
opinion 2. KOLOKYAL
-pang araw-araw
IMAJINATIV -pinaiksi
-malikhaing pagpapahayag ng saloobin -ginagamit sa mga text messages

HEURISTIKO 3. BALBAL
-paghahanap ng impormasyon -salitang pang kalye
-pagpapahaba at pagpapaiksi
INFORMATIV
-nagbibigay ng impormasyon BARAYTI NG WIKA
DAYALEK
GAMIT NG WIKA -batay sa lugar o lalawigan
EMOTIVE -heograpiko
-damdamin/nararamdaman
IDYOLEK
CONATIVE -personal o natatanging paraan ng paggamit
-panghihimok/nanghihikayat ng wika na nagsisilbing pagkakakilanlan ng
isang tao
PHATIC
-nagsisimula ng ugnayan SOSYOLEK
-nabubuo sa dimensyong sosyal
REFERENTIAL -bayan o lungsod
-paggamit bilang sanggunian
ETNOLEK
-etnolinggwistikong grupo -Arthur Cassanova
1996
PIDGIN -CHED memorandum 59
-wikang putol-putol na walang istruktura -mandatory 6 units in college
1997
CREOLE -Ramos
-wikang nadevelop mula sa pidgin -Buwan ng Wika
2001
REGISTER -mas mahabang rebisyon
-tiyak na konteksto -28 letters alphabet
2009- gabay sa organisasyon
JARGON
-natatanging larangan KASAYSAYAN NG WIKANG PAMBANSA
-propesyonal BAYBAYIN
-17 titik (3 patinig, 14 katinig)
MAHAHALAGANG TAON
1935- hakbang pa lamang ang lahat ABECEDARIO
1936- SWP o Surian ng Wikang Pambansa -kastila
1937- ibinase sa Tagalog -30 letters (5 patinig, 25 katinig)
1940
-nabuo ang aklat ABAKADA
-Abakadang Tagalog -Amerikano
-itinuro ang Tagalog sa mga paaralan -2o letters (5 patinig, 15 katinig)
1959- Pilipino
1967 BAGONG ALPABETO
-Marcos regime -Filipino (1976)
-gusali at mga tanggapan -31 letters

1971 ALPABETONG FILIPINO

-Official gazette -1987
-English and Filipino -28 letters (5 patinig, 23 katinig)
-Linggo ng Wika
st
1972- Saligang Batas isinalin DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA – 1 book
nd
1974 NUESTRA SENYORA DEL ROSARIO – 2
-KP 125 English-Filipino book
-Bilingual Education VOCABOLARIA DELA LENGUA TAGALA –
1978 unang librong pangwika
-Seminars
-Filipino Curriculum ALIBATA
1987 -17 letters (14 katinig, 3 patinig)
-Aquino
-Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas KONSEPTONG PANGWIKA
1989 MONOLINGGWAL – isang wika
-KT 335 DECS gamitin ang Filipino BILINGGWAL – dalawang wika
MULTILINGGWAL – ibat ibang wika
1990- KP 21 Panunumpa MTB – unang wikang ginamit
1991 PURISMO – iniiwasan ang panghihiram ng
-Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino KWF salitang banyaga
PAMBANSANG WIKA – wikang ginagamit
ng lahat ng mamamayan sa isang bansa 2. PANGHALIP (PRONOUN)
WIKANG PANTURO – midyum o daluyan sa Panao – tao
pagtuturo Pamatnig – nagtutukoy/nagtuturo
AUXULLIARY LANGUAGES – wikang Panaklaw - +man
pantulong Pananong – nagtatanong

ISTRUKTURA NG WIKANG FILIPINO 3. PANDIWA (VERB)

PONOLOHIYA o Palatunugan -nagpapakita ng kilos at gawa
-pag aaral ng mga tubnog Pokus – paksa (subject)
Kaganapan – panaguri (predicate)
PONEMA Tagaganap – sino? Kumikilos sa pandiwa
-pinakamaliit na yunit ng tunog Layon – ano? Binibigyang diin ang pandiwa
-21 tunog (20 segmental, 1 glottal) Tagatanggap – para kanino?
1. SEGMENTAL Kagamitan – sa pamamagitan ng ano?
-tunog na may katumbas na titik Gamit ang ano?
2. SUPRASEGMENTAL
-tunog na walang katumbas BOKABULARYO
BUWAYA SA KATIHAN- traydor
TONO – taas at pagbaba INALAT- minalas
DIIN – lakas at hina BAHAG ANG BUNTOT- duwag
HABA – iksi o haba LINANGAN- unibersidad
ANTALA – saglit na paghinto AMOY LUPA- matanda
A STITCH IN TIME SAVES NINE- maagap
KLASTER A STORM IN A TEA CUP- balewala
-kambal katinig YOU CAN COUNT ON ME- maaasahan mo
-pluma, dyaryo, tsuper ako
WASTE NOT, WANT NOT- magtipid
DIPTONGGO MAKING BOTH ENDS MEET- di
-bahay, baboy, ikaw mapagkasya
BANK ACCOUNT IS IN THE RED- malapit ng
MORPOLOHIYA o Palabuuan maubos
-pagbuo ng mga salita CREATING A MOUNTAIN OUT OF A MOLE-
eksaherada
MORPEMA YOU ARE THE APPLE OF MY EYE- ikaw ay
-pinakamaliit nay unit ng salita mahalaga sakin

PANGNILALAMAN SALAWIKAIN
1. PANGNGALAN (NOUN) -explicitly
-tumutukoy sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, hayop -malalim
Pantangi – particular at tiyak
Pambalana – pangkalahatan KASABIHAN
Tahas/Concrete – nahahawakan -may particular na taong nagsabi nito
Basal/Abstract – isip -literal

Payak – binubuo ng salitang ugat SAWIKAIN

Maylapi – pangalan na binubuo ng salitang -idiomatic expressions
ugat
KAWIKAAN -maiksi
-bible verse
TULANG LIRIKO
MGA URI NG TAYUTAY 1. AWIT – 12, Florante at Laura
1. PAGTUTULAD (SIMILE) 2. KORIDO – 8, Ibong Adarna
2. PAGWAWANGIS (METAPHOR) 3. SONETO – 14 lines
3. PAGBIBIGAY KATAUHAN 4. ELEHIYA – pagluluksa
(PERSONIFICATION) 5. ODA – paghanga
4. PAGMAMALABIS (HYPERBOLE) 6. KUNDIMAN – panligaw
5. PAGPAPALIT TAWAG (METONYMY) 7. OYAYI/HELE – pagpapatulog sa bata
6. PAGPAPALIT SAKLAW (SYNECDOCHE) 8. DALIT O IMNO – papuri sa diyos
7. PAGTAWAG (APOSTROPHE) 9. TALINDAW – pamamangka
8. OKSIMORON 10. KUMINTANG – pakikidigma
9. PARALELISMO 11. DIONA – kasal sa bisaya
12. SOLIRANIN – pangingisda
LITERAL 13. SAMBOTAN – pagtatagumpay
-payak na pagsasalin ng bawat salita 14. BALITAAN – awit ng pag ibig (bisaya)
15. DUNG-AW – awit sa patay (ilokano)
ADAPTASYON 16. KUTANG KUTANG – awit sa lansangan
-hiram na salita ay pinapanatili ang baybay 17. MALUWAY – awit sa sama samang
gawa
IDYOMATIKO 18. TIGPASIN – awit sa paggaod (to move
-ginagamitan ng tayutay on)

MALAYA MAIKLING KWENTO

-walang control, maaaring magdagdag at 1. KWENTO NG KATAUHAN
magbawas ng salita -main character

ELEMENTO NG TULA 2. KWENTO NG MADULANG PANGYAYARI

1. SUKAT – bilang -life changing
2. TUGMA – pagkakahawig
3. KARIKTAN – malikhaing pagpili ng salita 3. KWENTO NG KATUTUBONG KULAY
4. INDAYOG – pagiging madulas ng bigkas -culture
5. TALINGHAGA – lalim
6. LARAWANG DIWA – imagery 4. KWENTO NG KABABALAGHAN
-horror
TULANG PASALAYSAY
-may kwento at plot DULA
1. KOMEDYA – happy ending
1. EPIKO 2. TRAHEDYA – mabigat, death of
-kwentong kabayanihan characters
-Maharlikang bida 3. MELODRAMA – mabigat, happy ending
-Di kapani-paniwala 4. TRAGIKOMEDYA – pagkapuksa sa dulo
-pagkahaba haba 5. PARSA – exaggeration
6. SAYNETE – situation
2. BALADA
-karaniwan/ordinary DULANG PANRELIHIYON
-real life 1. PANUNULUYAN – Joseph & Mary
2. FLORES DE MAYO – pag aalay ng kilalang tao
bulaklak
3. SENAKULO – pagpapasakit kay Kristo PANITIKAN
4. SALUBONG – muling pagkabuhay PRE-KOLONYAL
5. TIBAG – paghahanap ni Maria -kwentong bitbit (salin dila)
6. MORO MORO – labang ng Christiano at -bulong
Muslim -bugtong
7. SARSWELA – musical -karagatan
-duplo (lamay)
NOBELA
-may kabanata/chapters KASTILA
-tagni tagning pangyayari -Balagtasan
-Bulaklak ng lahing kalinis linisan (unang
1. NOLI ME TANGERE – 63 chapters balagtasan)
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO – 39 chapters -Batutian – tagalog
-Bukanegan – ilokano
SANAYSAY -Crisotan – kapampangan
1. PORMAL O MAANYO
-very strict MGA PANITIKANG PANGKAASALAN
-akademikong sulatin -pasyon
-Doctrina Christiana
2. DI PORMAL O DI MAANYO -Urbana at Feliza
-mailkhain
-personal/opinions MGA PANITIKANG REBOLUSYONARYO
-Andres Bonifacio – Ama ng Lupang
TALUMPATI Tinubuan
1. mangatwiran -Emilio Jacinto – Kartilya
2. manghikayat -Apolinario Mabini
3. magbigay-kaalaman -Padre Pedro Pelaez – Ninay

PABULA AMERIKANO
-hayop ang mga tauhan -Dulang Sedisyoso
-nagbibigay ng aral -Bodabil – American counterpart of
-pambata sarswela
-Atang Delarama – Reyna ng Bodabil
PARABULA -Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas – Aurello
-mula sa bibliya Tolentino
-butil ng karunungan
HAPON
ALAMAT -Ginintuang Panahon
-pinagmulan ng mga bagay-bagay -Tanaga 7777=28 syllables
-Haiku 575=17 syllables
MITO
-kwento ng mga kababalaghan tungkol sa PANAHONG KONTEMPORARYO
Diyos at Diyosa -romansa
-kalagayang panlipunan
ANEKDOTA
-kakaiba at katatwang pangyayari ng isang GENOVEVA EDROZA MATUTE – hall of
 st
famer, 1957 1 prize 6. KRITIKAL – nagbibigay ng pagpapasaya
ROGELIO SIKAT – Impeng Negro sa napakinggan
ROGELIO MANGAHAS – Duguang Plakard 7. APRESYATIV – naiuugnay ang
1974 napakinggan sa sarili
EFREN ABUEG – Mabangis na Lungsod 8. KOMPATIB – nakikipagtalo sa
LIWAYWAYARCEO – Titser pinakikinggan
LAZARO FRANCISCO – Maganda pa ang
daigdig MGA HADLANG SA EPEKTIBONG
NARCISO G. REYES – Lupang Tinubuan PAKIKINIG
EDGARDO M. REYES – Sa kuko ng Liwanag 1. Pisikal na dahilan
RUTH ELYNIA S. MABANGLO – Unang Ulan 2. Pagkiling sa sariling opinion
NILO PAR PAMONAG – Miliminas taong 3. Maling pagpapakahulugan
0069 4. Magkakaiba ng kultura
PAUL DUMOL – Ang paglilitis kay Mang 5. Ingay
Serapio
FANNY GARCIA – Isang Daang Damit KASANGKAPAN SA PAGSASALITA
1. Tinig o Boses
PEDAGOHIYA 2. Bigkas at Artikulasyon
RECEPTIVE PRODUCTIVE 3. Tindig
Pakikinig Pagsasalita 4. Kumpas
Pagbasa Pagsulat
Panonood Pagtatanghal MGA SALIK SA PGASASALITA
1. Paksa
PAKIKINIG 2. Okasyon
URI NG TAGAPAKINIG 3. Tagapakinig
1. EAGER BEAVER – ngiti ng ngiti
2. TIGER – hinintay na magkamali MGA URI NG TINIG
3. SLEEPER – tahimik sa sulok 1. NASAL – ilong
4. BEWILDERED – kumukunot ang noo 2. HUSKY – basag
walang maintindihan 3. SHRILL – high pitch
5. FROWNER – naghihintay ng oportunidad 4. PLEASANT – maganda
na magtanong
6. RELAXED – walang interes PANONOOD
7. BUSY BEE – abala sa ibang bagay 1. Linggwistiko
8. TWO-EARED LISTENER – ginagamit ang 2. Sosyolinggwistiko
tainga at utak 3. Pragmatik o Strategic
4. Diskorsal
URI NG PAKIKINIG
1. PASIBO – may ibang ginagawa habang MGA URI NG PANONOOD
nakikinig 1. Diskriminatibo
2. AKTIBO – nagpapahiwatig ng malamang -paggamit ng opinion o prejudice
pakikinig
3. ATENTIBO – handa sa maaaring maging 2. Kaswal o Panlibang
tanong -panlibangan lamang
4. MAPANURI – sinisiyasat ang bawat salita
5. ANALITIKAL – maaaring maunawa ang 3. Komprehensibo
pinakikinggan -nakatuon sa mensahe
4. Kritikal -bukas ang isipan
-bumubuo ng sariling kahulugan -sistematiko

PAGBASA BAHAGI NG PANANALIKSIK

TEORYA KABANATA I- Ang Suliranin at Kaligiran nito
-Ibaba Pataas (bottom up) KABANATA II- Mga Kaugnay na Pag-aaral
-Itaas Pababa (top down) at Literatura
-Interaktibo KABANATA III- Metodolohiya o
Pamamaraan
PROSESO KABANATA V- Lagom, Kongklusyon at
Persepsyon->Komprehensyon->Reaksyon Rekomendasyon
->Asimilasyon
KABANATA I
IBAT IBANG URI NG TEKSTO -Panimula – Kahalagan ng Pag-aaral
1. EKSPOSITORI – magsiwalat ng kaalaman -Suliranin – Saklaw at Delimitasyon
2. DESCRIPTIBO – maglarawan -Layunin – Konseptwal na Balangkas
3. NARATIBO – magkwento -Katuturan ng mga Katawagan
4. ARGUMENTATIBO – dalawang panig
5. PERSWEYSIB – isang panig ang focus KABANATA II
6. PROSIDYURAL – step by step -Pag aaral
-Literatura
MGA URI NG PAGSULAT
1. JOURNALISTIK – balita KABANATA III
2. MALIKHAIN – tayutay, pampanitikan -Disenyo ng Pananaliksik
3. AKADEMIK – intelektwal -lunan
4. REPERENSYAL – pinaghanguan -kalahok
5. TEKNIKAL – tiyak na larangan -Instrumento
-Estradistika
PAMAMAHAYAG -proseso
1. ULO NG BALITA/HEADLINES
2. BALITA – mahahalagang pangyayari KABANATA IV
3. LATHALIAN – karagdagang -tekstuwal
interpretasyon sa pagsasaliksik/paraang -grapikal
kawili-wili -tabular
4. EDITORYAL – Pangulong Tudling –
opinion sa isang issue KABANATA V
5. KOLUM – opinion ng manunulat lang -lagom
6. PAMPALAKASAN – sports and pageant -konklusyon
7. PANLIBANGAN- komiks, crosswords, -rekomendasyon
sodoku, horoscope
KOMUNIKASYON
Lead- first sentence/pamatnubay
1. KOMBENSYUNAL – date ang start >TSANEL>
2. DI KOMBENSYUNAL – hindi date TAGAPAGHATID TAGATANGGAP
<FEEDBACK
PANANALIKSIK
-PRETTY RIANNE SANTOS
Katangian
-tapat
 -mediocre
PROFESSIONAL
EDUCATION 2. OPERANT/INSTRUMENT CONDITIONING
- BF Skinner
LEARNING -based on the association of consequences
Cognitivism to one’s behavior.
-mind
-internal Reinforcer (reward)- something that
-not observable increases the like hood of behavior.
-acquisition of skills
REINFORCEMENT
Behaviorism 2 TYPES
-behavior 1. Positive- adds something pleasant.
-observable 1. Verbal
-conducive environment 2. Physical
-external 3. Non-verbal
4. Activity
THEORY OF BEHAVIORISM 5. Token
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - Ivan 6. Consumable
Petrovich Pavlov
2. Negative- takes away something
3 STAGES (before, during and after) unpleasant.
Stimulus- trigger reaction
Reaction- response 2 TYPES OF PUNISHMENT
1. Positive- may binigay ka na ayaw nya
3 TYPES OF STIMULUS 2. Negative- may tatanggalin ka
1. Neutral- no reaction
2. Unconditioned- unconditioned response PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT CONDITIONING
3. Conditioned- conditioned response 1. Shaping- reinforcing successive steps
2. Chaining- reinforcing series of behavior
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL 3. Extinction- no longer reinforced
CONDITIONING
1. Generalization- nilahat SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
2. Extinction- nawala 2 Major Divisions
3. Spontaneous Recovery- bumalik 1. Continuous Reinforcement (lahat)
4. Discrimination- natuto
5. Higher Order Conditioning- pinalitan 2. Partial- some correct responses
6. Adhesive- magkadikit a. Fixed- (every 5 minutes)
7. Principle Excitation- nalipat b. Variable- (average amount of time)
c. Fixed-ratio (correct responses)
2 TYPES OF LEARNER d. Variable-ratio (average of responses)
1. Expert
-deeper knowledge 3. INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY -
-High standards Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
Memory System
2. Novice Sensory
-limited knowledge Short term
-small capacity
-short duration S-R weakened=negative

Long term *Law of Belongingness- paired stimuli

-semantic *Law of Multiple Response- different
-episodic reaction
-procedural *Law of Frequency- often
*Law of Contiguity- events occur together
Chunking- increased capacity of STM.
Rehearsal- through repetition of information. NEW TYPE OF BEHAVIORISM
1. NEO BEHAVIORISM
*ASEAN COUNTRIES -link between behaviorism and cognitive
(MyThai SiLa Bru MaCa InViPhi)
-Myanmar -Thailand PURPOSIVE LEARNING THEORY- Edward
-Singapore -Laos Tolman
-Brunei -Malaysia
-Cambodia -Indonesia SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY - Albert
-Vietnam -Philippines Bandura

FORGETTING 4 STAGES OF MODELING

Decay- memory becomes eroded because 1. Attention
we have not used it. 2. Retention
Displacement- items are pushed out by 3. Motor Reproduction
others. 4. Motivation

Recall task findings ALBERT BANDURA

1. Primary effect (first) -vicarious learning
2. Recency effect (latest) -Bobo doll
-people learn through observation,
Interference LTM simulation, and modeling.
1. Proactive Interference
2. Retroactive Interference 2. GESTALT THEORY “discovery learning”
- Marx Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and
JOHN B. WATSON Kurt Koffka.
-father of behaviorism
-experiment on Albert (bata) 3. WOLFGANG KOHLER’S INSIGHT
-understanding emotions LEARNING
-discovery learning
4. CONNECTIONISM - Edward Lee -experimented on apes (Sultan)
Thorndike
4. DAVID AUSUBEL’S MEANINGFUL
MAJOR LAWS OF LEARNING LEARNING THEORY
1. Law of Readiness -occurs when new experiences are related
- The learner should be biologically prepared. to what a learner already knows.
2. Law of Exercise
- Practice alone is not enough for ADVANCE ORGANIZERS
improvement. 1. Expository
3. Law of Effect 2. Narrative
S-R strengthened=positive 3. Skimming
4. Graphic Organizers (fish bone, Venn
diagram) Bernard Weiner’s Attribution Theory
Self Determination Theory
5. ROBERT GAGNE’S CUMMULATIVE
THEORY COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
*9 Events of Instruction -Jean Piaget
1. Gaining attention Assimilation- acquiring knowledge
2. Informing learner of objectives Accommodation- modify
3. Recalling Prior Knowledge
4. Presenting Material STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
5. Providing Guided Learning 1. Sensory motor stage
6. Eliciting Performance -reflexes
7. Providing Feedback -grasping reflex
8. Assessing Performance -sucking reflex
9. Enhancing Retention and Transform -curling reflex
-rooting reflex
COGNITIVE PROCESS -balance reflex
-constructivism
-Bloom’s taxonomy 2. Pre-Operational
-metacognition -illogical thinking
-transfer of learning Characteristics
1. Animism- kumakausap ng toy
6. JEROME BRUNER’S THEORY OF 2. Ego centrism- selfishness
INSTRUCTION 3. Symbol function- symbols
-instrumental conceptualism 4. Centration- seeing one only aspect
-learning by discovering the solution
-spiral curriculum 3. Concrete-Operational Stage
-decentration
*Representations of Knowledge -elimination of ego-centrism
3. Symbolic= words -conservation
2. Iconic= model/picture
1. Enactive= physical objects 4. Formal Operational Stage
-the use of hypothesis
Judge= evaluation
Take apart, examine, compare= analysis SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY
Describe, retell, explain= comprehension Factors affecting Self-Determination
Combine, formulate, design= synthesis -Choices
Use, work with, utilize= application -Threats and deadlines
Enumerate, list, define= knowledge -Controlling statements
Design, invent, imagine= creating -Extrinsic rewards
Recall, name, list= remembering -Surveillance and evaluation.
Separate, compare, organize= analyzing
Assess, judge, appraise= evaluation THE TEACHING PROFESSION
Explain, discuss, define= understanding
ELEMENTS OF A PROFESSION
MOTIVATION 1. Initial Professional Education
Extrinsic- long lasting 2. Accreditation
Intrinsic- much better
3. Licensing- privilege 7. MASTER’S DEGREE
4. Professional Development 8. DOCTORAL
5. Professional Organization
6. Code of Ethics RA 10931
-Free Tertiary Education
LAWS ON THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF
TEACHING ARTICLE XIV OF 1987 PHILIPPINE
PD 1006 CONSTITUTION
-PBET 1. Free Public Education
-1977 2. Compulsory Education
-70 passing rate 3. Learning System
4. Religious Instruction
RA 7836 5. Ownership of Educational Institution
-PRC 6. Number of Foreign Students
-75 passing rate 7. Academic Freedom
-LET 8. Budget for Education
-1996 9. Language

RA 9293 RA 11713
-Para teachers -Teacher Education of Center Excellence
-no license Act
-special permit 2 years
-4 year service NEAP- National Educators Academy of the
Philippines.
RA 10912
-CPD Law K-12 GRADING SYSTEM

PPST: The new NCBTS Language Science Mapeh

“PHILIPPINE PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS , ESP, AP , Math , TLE
FOR TEACHERS” Written 30% 40% 20%
1. Content Knowledge and Pedagogy Work
2. Learning environment Performanc 50% 40% 60%
3. Diversity of Learners e Task
4. Curriculum of Learners Quarterly 20% 20% 20%
5. Assessment and Reporting Assessment
6. Community Linkages and Professional
Engagement 1. No numerical grades for Kindergarten
7. Personal Growth and Professional 2. Minimum initial grade of 60 to pass
Development 3. Minimum quarterly/ final grade of 75 to
pass
PHILIPPINE QUALIFICATIONS 4. Floor grade for quarterly/ final grade is 60.
FRAMEWORK
1. NCI OUTSTANDING 90-100
2. NCII VERY OUTSTANDING 85-89
3. NCIII SATISFACTORY 80-84
4. NCIV FAIRLY SATISFACTORY 75-79
5. DIPLOMA DID NOT MEET EXPECTATION BELOW 75
6. BACHELOR’S DEGREE
 comparison
STRUCTURE OF LANGUAGE Application Applying Executing,
1. Phonology- sounds implementing
2. Morphology- root words Analysis Analyzing Differentiating,
3. Semantics- meaning of words organizing
4. Syntax- grammars Synthesis Evaluatin Checking,
5. Pragmatics- context g critiquing
Evaluation Creating Generating,
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND planning,
LEARNING producing

Quality Teacher Indicator AFFECTIVE DOMAIN

Content Knowledge- mastery Receiving- perceive
Pedagogical Knowledge- methods, Responding- react
strategies and techniques. Valuing- show
Pedagogical Content Knowledge- suitable Organization- priority
Characterization- habitual
FIVE KEY BEHAVIORS CONTRIBUTING TO
EFFECTIVE TEACHING PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN
A. Lesson Clarity Perception- sensory cues/perceived
B. Instructional Variety Set- prepare
C. Teacher Task Orientation Guided Response- mimicking/imitation
D. Engagement in the Learning Process Mechanism- basic skills
E. Student’s Success Rate Complex Overt Response-
Adaptation- modify
INSTRUCTIONAL PLANNING Origination- create
Lesson Plan- the instructor’s road map
(OSLEA) PRINCIPLES IN SELECTION OF LEARNING
1. Objectives- learning goals MATERIALS
2. Subject Matter- topic -aids to instruction
3. Learning Activities- prayer, checking of -they do not replace the teacher
attendance, review etc. -best suits your objectives
4. Evaluation- assess -use variety of tools (audio visual aids)
5. Assignment- supplement -check out before class starts.

TAXONOMY OF OBJECTIVES PRINCIPLES IN DETERMINING LEARNING

Cognitive- mental abilities ACTIVITIES
Affective- emotional -learners must profit from the experience
Psychomotor- skills -must provide for the experience
-must be authentic and contextualized
COGNITIVE DOMAIN -must challenge the learners to ask
Original Revised questions
(Bloom) -must provide opportunities for content
mastery
Knowledge Remeberi Recognizing,
ng recalling
TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Comprehen Understa Interpreting,
Print- textbooks, pamphlets, handouts,
sion nding exemplifying,
study guides, manuals Metacognitive- thinking about thinking
Audio- cassettes, microphones, podcast Reflective- apply/teaching and learning
Visuals- charts, real object, photographs Cooperative- teach in group
Audio visual- slides, tapes, films, filmstrips
Electronic Interactive- computers, MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE BY HOWARD
calculators, tablets GARDNER (INVISBLEM)
Intrapersonal- self smart
PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING Naturalist- nature smart
Approach- viewpoint Verbal linguistic- word smart
Strategy- long term plan, list of Interpersonal- people smart
concepts/duration Spatial Visual- picture smart
Method- step by step process/procedure Bodily Kinesthetic- body smart
Technique- way of teaching, personal touch Logical mathematical- number smart
Existential- life smart
GENERAL APPROACHES TO TEACHING Musical- sounds smart
TEACHER- STUDENT-
CENTERED CENTERED TYPES OF PROCEDURE
Subject matter Learner centered A. Panel- 5 to 6 members
centered B. Symposium- 2 to 3, formal, social and
Teacher dominated interactive academic issues
Banking approach constructivist C. Debate- opposing ideas
disciplinal integrated D. Round table- own viewpoints
individualistic collaborative
Direct-passive Indirect-active Art of Questioning- to make the student
think
PRINCIPLE IN CHOOSING A METHOD
1. Utilize the laws of learning TYPES OF QUESTIONS
2. Start from what is known already to the *according to the thinking process
students Low Level- what, where, when
3. Provide the learners with numerous and High Level- HOTS
diverse learning
4. Provide opportunity for the learner to ask *According to the purpose of answering
and answer question. during an open discussion.
Convergent- specific answer
DIFFERENT METHODS Divergent- open ended
EXPOSITORY EXPLORATORY
(teacher-centered) (learner-centered) *according to the purpose of the teacher
Eliciting- answer immediately
Less student High student
Probing- follow up question, take stand
involvement involvement
Closure seeking-
Deductive method- Inductive method-
general to specific specific to general
4 MISTAKEN GOALS/HIDDEN GOALS
Less delivery time More delivery time
1. Attention Seeking- special treatment
“notice me”
DIFFERENT STRATEGIES
2. Power Getting- gets bossy “I want to help”
Problem-based- scientific method used
3. Revenge Seeking- violent, hurt others “I
Project-based- end product
am hurt”
Constructivism- related prior knowledge
4. Isolation/Withdrawal/Assumed
Inadequacy- refuses to participate “Guide Prepare your students
me, Push me, Reassure me” Present the materials
Follow up
MANAGEMENT OF TIME
Mandated time- school year MOTIVATION- driving force
Allocated time- schedule of students 1. Extrinsic Motivation- external source,
Academic Instructional time- teaching time reward
Academic engage time- students are 2. Intrinsic Motivation- one’s own goal
making activities
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF
ROUTINE
EDUCATION
-attendance, distribution of materials, in and
out.
-established in first day. Code of Ethics- roles and obligations
Functionalism
TYPES OF CONTROL -anong ambag mo sa society?
Preventive- establish rules -Skills-anong kaya mong gawin?
Supported- signal, non-verbal -Cohesion- unity
Corrective-
FUNCTIONS OF A SCHOOL
TEACHER PITFALLS THAT AFFECT Social- placement, socialization, integration
MANAGEMENT Economic- productivity (applied skills),
JACOB KOUNIN- classroom management creativity (imaginations), progress (new
Withitness- eyes at the back, see the four ideas)
corners of the room. Cultural- differences, similarity, harmony,
Stimulus bounded- gets easily distracted preserve, change
Thrust- students are not ready, surprise quiz Political- patriotism (love and loyalty for the
Dangling- topic hang country) Authority, harmony, change
*Truncation- not able to return
*Flip-flop- 2 topics and able to return Authority- government
Overlapping- multi tasking Batas- to solve societal issues/crisis.
Ripple effect- escalating, domino effect
Over dwelling- matagal magturo Xenocentrism- view others superior than
Fragmentation- hinati yours (Colonial Mentality)
Jerkiness- no momentum and no Ethnocentrism- mas mataas ka kesa sa iba.
smoothness Culture- way of life/living.

MANAGING SURFACE BEHAVIOR CULTURE TRANSFER

Planned Ignoring- hindi papansinin Enculturation- sariling kultura
Signal Interference- nonverbal cues Acculturation- natutunan ang kultura ng iba
Proximity Control- lalapit sa bata Accomodation- both culture ay pinractice
Antiseptic Bouncing- papalabasin Assimilation- kinalimutan ang dating kultura
Removal of Seductive Object- tatanggalin Immersion- contextual
Hurdle help- need assistance
Direct appeal- confront Animism- supernatural things
Euphemism- pinapaganda ang
PPPF (NAGEL AND SMITH) salita/sitwasyon.
Prepare yourself Fatalism- masyadong negative
Optimism- masyadong positive -4 Pillars of Learning (content)
Rationalism- lahat ng bagay may rason.
5 PILLARS OF LEARNING
NEGATIVE SOCIAL TRAITS Learning to know- gaining information
Stereotype- negative thinking Learning to do- applying what you know
Prejudice- negative feeling Learning to be- self-development (holistic
Discrimination- negative action development)
Talangka Mentality- nanghihila ng Learning to live together- society, diversity,
nakakaangat respect and harmony
Ningas Cogon- magaling sa umpisa Learning to transform- highest, change,
Manana Habit- mamaya na sustainability
Split Personality- iniiba ang personality
Kanya kanya Syndrome- kung ano lang sayo RIGHTS OF A CHILD
yun lang ang papakealaman mo. Life- (abortion issue)
Superficial Religiosity- puro dasal, walang Acquire- name, nationality and parents
gawa Not separated- from parents
Views- free express of opinions
AMBIVALENT SOCIAL TRAITS Privacy- protection
Extreme Personalism- masyadong Access- any documents relating to him
namemersonal, family centered Parents- prime responsibility
Utang na loob- kailangan ibalik Protect- against violence
Bahala Na- Si God na ang bahala Health and Education- free access
Pakikisama- foster harmony, fit majority Culture- freedom to practice and enjoy
Leisure- enjoy, play
PERSONAL VALUES Crime- not life imprisonment and not capital
Resilience- ability to recover immediately punishment
Tolerance- accept diversity
Emotional Stability- control emotion A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and
Drive- motivation in the soul of its people. (Culture is not just
Fair- objective and consistent on material things)
Buoyancy- ability to smile despite of
difficulty A people without knowledge of their past
Cooperativeness- ability to work well with history, origin and culture is like tree without
others roots. (Cultural identity)
Intelligence- knowledge
Self Confidence- trust one’s ability Alone we can do much but together we can
Innovativeness- making original and new do so much. (Cultural cooperativeness)
ideas
Reliability- trustworthy Be careful who you hate, it could be
someone you love. (openmindness to other
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, culture)
SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION Culture of the mind must be subservient to
-International Cooperation the heart. (Love for culture)
-Jacques Delors
-International Commission on Education for Culture: the cry of men in face of their
st
the 21 century. destiny. (Cultural identity)
-Learning the treasure within (report)
Different roads sometimes lead to the same Scrupulous- he thinks he is wrong, but he is
castle. (Unity amid cultural diversity) not. (Guilt ridden)
Lax- he thinks he is right, but he is not.
Diversity count friends not skin color. Callous- insensitive, criminal minds
(Cultural diversity)
MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY-
It’s not a sin or a crime to be different. KOHLBERG
(Cultural diversity) PRE- CONVENTIA POST-
CONVENTI L CONVENTION
Our true nationality is mankind. (The ONAL AL
cosmopolitan man) Punishmen Social Social Contract
t approval
EFA- Education For All Obedience
-access and inclusivity Instrument laws Universal
Values Education- good useful and valuable al Ethical
ESD- Education for Sustainable Relativism Principle
Development
Multiculturalism- diversity and similarities GOOD MORAL CHARACTER
-being fully human (full potential)
TYPES OF EDUCATION -being a loving person (unselfish and caring)
Environmental Education- problem, solution, -being virtuous (consistent)
implements -being morally nature (developed)
Human Rights Education- freedom
Global Education- diversity and similarity RESEARCH
Action Research- solved
Localization- specify, product services instructional/classroom problems
Globalization- worldwide Case Study- specific
Population- gustong pag aralan
st
21 CENTURY THEMES Sample- yun lang ang pag aaralan, actual
Global Awareness- diversity, similarity, dos Dependent- minemeasure
and don’ts, issues. (Social Studies) Independent- input and difference set up
Financial, Economic, Business and
Entrepreneurial Literacy- value resources RESEARCH STRATEGIES
Civil Literacy- town city/public, rights and Questionnaire- walang choices
obligations. Survey- may choices
Health Literacy- health and environment Observation- quanti, anecdotes
Rote Memorization- words by words
Paradigm Shift- pagbabago Pessimist- negative
Optimist- positive
CONSCIENCE Altruist- selfless
Right Conscience- right as right, wrong as Utilitarianist- iba at sarili
wrong Hedonist- selfish
Enormous Conscience- regards right and
wrong Principle of Lesser Evil (2 choices)
Pharisaical- sinasabi mo pero di mo Principle of Double Effect (2 effects)
ginagawa (hypocrite, self-righteous) Principle of Formal Cooperation (direct)
Certain- sure decision, absolute Principle of Material Cooperation (indirect)
Doubtful- unsure
VALUES HIERARCHY- MARX SCHELER -ever changing
1. Values of the Holy- divine and -permanent
idols/religion. -tested by time
2. Spiritual Values- right and wrong, beauty -rational thinking is developed
and ugliness, truth and false. -Perpetual Learning
3. Vital Values- novel and vulgar (needs) -unchanging
4. Pleasure- pleasant and painful (wants) -constant
-classics
Universal- applicable to anyone -humanities
Unchanging- constant -great books (Bible, Koran, Analects)
-tried and proven
VALUES IN PHILIPPINE EDUCATION -generalist
Makadiyos
Makatao PRAGMATISM
Makakalikasan -John Dewey
Makabansa -change
-practice
EDUCATIONAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL -practical use
FOUNDATION -apply
-Natural Science
IDEALISM
-Plato ESSENTIALISM
-mind and spirit -William Bagley
-stress on mental development -basic 3R’s
-perfectionism when you are with God -mastery of learning
-Value-laden -specialization
-focus on the development of the mind -Teacher-centered
-knowledge is independent of sense -uniform
-“I want to be” -traditional
-foundation
REALISM -drill and memorization
-Aristotle -develop student to become competent
-Actualities
-Realities in life PROGRESSIVISM
-truth should be tested -learning by doing
-to see is to believe -active
-modern
NATURALISM -improvement
-Jean Jacque Rousseau -development in learners and education
-nature of the self system
-nature of the child
-innate EXISTENTIALISM
-natural stages of development -John Paul Sartre
-Book (Emile) -exist
-self-will, choice, freewill
PERENNIALISM -self unique
-Robert Hutchins -freedom
-forever -responsibility
-choices UTILITARIANISM
-unique individual -use for greater good/society
-presence of elective subject
METAPHYSICS
BEHAVIORISM -study of beyond knowledge
-environment (control) -existence
-rewards and punishment
-passive EPISTEMOLOGY
-study of knowledge
HEDONISM
-pleasure of the body LOGIC
-systematic and organized
EPICUREANISM
-pleasure of the mind AXIOLOGY
-a state of tranquility -study of ethics
-freedom for fear -good or bad, right or wrong
-absence from bodily pain -values

EMPIRISM ELECTRIC APPROACH

-senses -combination of 2 ism
-sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste
LEARNER’S REFERENCE NUMBER
HUMANISM -starts in kindergarten
-welfare of an individual -12 digits
-6 school ID, 2 school year, 4 students’
RATIONALISM number
-reason
-mental power HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION
-timeline
SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM -chronological/series of events
-Counts; Rugg
-society PRE-COLONIAL
-reform -basic skills
-crisis -survival
-laws -conformity
-tribes
STOICISM -communal
-hardships -apprenticeship
-better life -informal
-oral traditions
NATIONALISM
-love for country SPANISH PERIOD
-patriotism -333 years (1565-1898)
-Spread Christianity
CONSTRUCTIVISM -doctrines, bibles, prayers, hymns
-schema -friars/priest
-based on prior knowledge -Spanish and vernacular language
-education is for elites (Illustrados)
-Colegios (high school for boys) -full realization of democracy
-Beaterios (high school for girls) -provisions for Philippine Constitutions
-corporal punishment -1947 DepEd
-Royal decree of 1863 -1972 DepEd and Culture
-catechism (pedagogy) -1978 Ministry of Education
-Parochial schools -Education Act of 1982 Ministry of Culture
-Escuela Pia (Ateneo) and Sports
-1987 DepEd culture and sports
AMERICAN PERIOD -2001 DepEd RA 9155
-education is a right
-treaty of paris (20 million dollar) NEW SOCIETY
-december 10, 1898 -Ferdinand Marcos
-Schurman Commission -Martial Law
-Taft Commission -National Development and Ideas
-Education Act of 1901 -High professionals
-Centralization -Education Act of 1982
-American Soldiers (first teachers)
TH
-Thomasites (first formal teachers) 4 REPUBLIC
-1908 free public education -quality education
-basic literacy -human rights
-English as medium
-PH normal school AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
-Monroe Survey 1925 -Congressional Commission on Education
(EDCOM) provided the impetus for congress
COMMONWEALTH to pass
-Manuel L. Quezon (Ama ng Wikang -creation of TESDA (RA 7796)
Pambansa) -creation of CHED (RA 7722)
-Filipino as separate subject
-Only the Filipino authors ESTRADA ADMINISTRATION
-Nationalism focus (Patriotism) -Presidential Commission on Educational
-Double single session Reform (EO 46)
-to transform school structures with the aim
JAPANESE PERIOD of raising quality of education in a country
-technical and vocational skills
-TESDA ARROYO ADMINISTRATION
-love for labor -DECS to DEPED
-love for arts -HSRT and Bridge Program for March 2004
-1943 Ministry of Education Elementary Graduate
-friendly relations
-values, vocational and health DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION
-culture -Kindergarten Education Act
-language, vernacular -Enhanced Basic Education Act (K-12)
-termination of English -CPD Law
-love your neighbor -Free Tertiary Education

rd
3 REPUBLIC SOUTHEAST ASIAN MINISTER OF
-Manuel Roxas EDUCATION, ORGANIZATION,
-right of everyone to be educated INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY
-check education Collaborative
-propose solutions Constructive
-help implement Authentic
Goal Directed
VIOLENCE
Direct Violence- body SAMR MODEL
Structural Violence- poverty Substitution
Cultural Violence- tradition Augmentation
Emotional Violence- unworthy Modification
Psychological Violence- threatened Redefinition
Spiritual Violence
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
LEARNERS FACTORS
KEY TERMS
Individual Differences- free from biased,
Technology- concrete objects, planned and
multiple intelligences
systematic method
Attention Span
Instructional Technology- concerned with
Number of Learners
institutions
Physical Disability
Technology in Education- application of
technology
TEACHERS FACTORS
Educational Technology-
-strategies/methods
discoveries/inventions by experts
-practice constraints (limitations)
Educational Media- channels and avenues
Audio Visual- (3 forms) media, aids,
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF
technology (3 properties) fixative,
TECHNOLOGY TOOLS (ROQAOA)
manipulative, distributive
Relevance- carrying out the objects
Objectivity- free from bias
5 DIMENSIONS OF EDUCATIONAL
Quality- durable
TECHNOLOGY
Appropriateness- fitted/suited (interest)
1. Design- planning phase
Organize- set/sequence
2. Development- finalization/production
Availability- checking in advance
3. Utilization- application/action phase
4. Evaluation- assessment, judgment,
PRINCIPLES IN THE SELECTION AND
effectiveness
UTILIZATION OF ED. TECH
5. Management- “linchpin” key player
Responsiveness
Usefulness
LEVELS OF TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION
Meaningfulness
(TIM MODEL)
Breadth
Entry
Accuracy
Adoption
Simplicity
Adaptation
Authenticity
Infusion
Purpose
Transformation
Interest
Correctness
MEANINGFUL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Communication Effectiveness
Active
Availability
Presentation -most expensive
Portability -fastest
Cost Effectiveness -trillions

TEACHING WITH MEDIA TOOLS MAINFRAME

Overhead transparency -millions
Chalkboard- traditional board
Bulletin board- movable board, values MINI COMPUTER
Cloth board- push pins -less memory and storage
Hook and loop board -not very sensitive
Magnetic board- metal
Pegboard- holes MICRO COMPUTER
Models -small in size
Mock up- detachable -personal computer
Computers
Replica- distinguishable DESKTOP
Realia- most direct -single location
Simulation- association of technology
Plays- musical play LAPTOP
Pageants- personality and their contribution -integrated screen and keyboard
Pantomine- can go place to one another, no
sounds PALMTOP
Role playing- unprepared, unrehearsed, let’s -hand carry
pretend -tablet, i-pad
Cartoons- captions, political issues,
drawings NOTEBOOK/NETBOOK
Fishbone- cause and effect -easy to carry
Attribute wheel- characteristics
Time chart- time line, bar graphs ACCORDING TO TYPE OF DATA HANDLED
Organizational charts- highest and lowest Analog- engineering (traditional)
Venn diagram- compares and contrast Digital- numbers
Bar graph Hybrid- combination
Histogram- no gap, no space
Pie graph- parts of a whole PEOPLE WARE
Pictoral graph- pictures figure -role play
KWL chart- entrance and exit -human interaction
Spider Map- specific to general vice versa
Sequence chart HARDWARE
Globe- 3D ng mundo -parts that one can touch (tangible)
Map- 2D ng mundo
Diorama- 3D and 2D INPUT DEVICES
-accept data
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION -keyboard
TECHNOLOGY -mouse
-whole range technology integration -joystick
-stylus
COMPUTER -scanner
-biggest -sensor
-pointing device Electronic Games- interactive hardware or
-light pen software
-digitizing table Graphic Packages- create highly stylized
-trackball, touch pad images
-track pad, touch screen Communication Program- connect with
another computer
A- select all B- bold C- copy
D- fonts E- center F- find INSIDE THE MACHINE
E- center G- go to H- replace Motherboard
I- italicize J- justify K- hyperlink Processor (Central Processing Unit or CPU)
L- left indent M- indent N- new doc Memory
O- open file P- print Q- remove -Random Access Memory (RAM)
text format -Read Only Memory (ROM)
R- right align S- save T- hanging -Universal Serial Bus (USB)
indent
U- underline V- paste W- close file NETWORKS
X- cut Y- re do Z- undo -connect computers so that they can
communicate exchange information.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Local Area Networks (LANs)- near each
-processed data back to the user
other
-to another computer system
Wide Area Network (WANs)- two or more
-speakers
LANs connected
-monitors/displays
Internet- information super highway
-printer
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)- unique
-plotter
address for a file
E-mail- electronic mail
INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES
Productivity Tools- presentation
-dhom
Database- organized collection of data
-disk drive
-hard disk drive
NEW NORMAL
-optical disc
DEPED’S LEARNING DELIVERY
-modem
MODALITIES
LCP- Learning Continuity Plan
SOFTWARE
Face to face (f2f)- 20 students
-also known as programs
Distance Learning
Online Distance Learning (ODL)-
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
synchronous
-facilitate
Modular Distance Learning (MDL)-
Operating System- manage
asynchronous
Language- converts the English-like
Home Schooling- computer
instruction
assisted/computer manage
Utility Program- organizing and maintaining
data
ONLINE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES
Word Processing- accept words typed into
Online- connected to the internet
a computer
Offline- disconnected
Spreadsheets- arrange rows and columns
Synchronous- at the same time
(excel)
Asynchronous- at different times
Webinars- seminars conducted in the -Information Processing Theory (IPT)
internet
G suites- Google workplace 2. BEHAVIORISM
-reinforcement
SHORTCUT KEYS
ALT- alter key 3. HUMANISM
URL- Uniform Resource Locator -Emotions and feelings
USB- Universal Serial Bus
HTML- Hyper Text Mark-up Language SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
CPU- Central Processing Unit
MAINSTREAMING
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT -variety/diverse
-teaching with difficulty

DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS OF

ADHD
CURRICULUM
-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What of Teaching- guides of direction
Heart of Teaching- guides of direction
DYSLEXIA
Articulated- smoothly connected, integration
-difficulty in reading and writing
Transmission- organized
Sum total of experience- learning
DYSGRAPHIA
experiences
-difficulty in writing
Intended Goals- competencies, learning
outcomes
LEVELS OF CURRICULUM
Evolving- dynamics
SOCIETAL LEVEL
Curriculum- the sum total of all learning
-stakeholders/experts (community centered)
content, experiences and resources

Parents
VIEWS
-support progress of child
TRADITIONAL PROGRESSIVIST
-PTA/PTC
Cognitive Learner-centered
-home visitations
Knowing and Indirect-approach
perceive Government
Intellectual capacity Schema- prior -budget (local and national)
knowledge -fiscal funding (budget in education)
Empty receptacles Facilitator teacher-
(students) guide Church
Dispenser of Holistic -spiritual life
knowledge development
All knowing NGO
(teacher) -red cross, UNICEF
Passive learners
Teacher-centered Trifocalization
-DepEd, CHED, TESDA
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS -curriculum expert
1. COGNITIVE/COGNITIVISM
-mind Grade Placement
-how the brain works -topic based on the level
 -curriculum
INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL -documents
-local educators/supervisors
-modification ASSESSED CURRICULUM
-it is tested and evaluated
INSTRUCTIONAL LEVEL -quizzes, test, activities, ptask
-teachers
-deliver SUPPORTED CURRICULUM
-materials that will aid the teacher
EXPERIENTAL LEVEL -powerpoint and other technological tools
-learners (outcome/product of curriculum
-experience the curriculum HIDDEN CURRICULUM
-unplanned
MAJOR TYPES AND PATTERNS OF -implicit
CURRICULUM -covert
1. Learner Centered
Activity- specialized activity for specialized LEARNED CURRICULUM
subject -everything that the students learned
Child centered- in line with multiple
intelligences TAUGHT CURRICULUM
Experience based- felt the needs and -everything that the teacher teach
interest of the students
Process Oriented- analization RECCOMENDED CURRICULUM
-National agency
2. Subject Centered -CHED, TESDA, DEPED (trifocalization)
Subject- compartamentalized (elementary)
Discipline- specific (college) SEAMEO INNOTECH
Correlated- connected or integrated -test and assess the curriculum
Fused- lost identity (Social Science)
Broadfield- relationship (Mapeh, TLE) TEACHER AS A CURRICULARIST
Spiral- simple to complex (K-12 Curriculum) Knower- learner/life long
Separate subject- dividing school day Initiator- you start or begin/first move
Writer- you take down notes
3. Problem Based Innovator- create something out of the box
-life situation Planner- you conceptualize at the beginning
-background information and experiences Implementer- delivers the curriculum
-relevant and authentic (real life experiences) Evaluator- judge the worth
-contextualized
-localized CURRICULUM THEORIES

Core design RALPH TYLER

-social function -school and administrators focus
-important skills
4 BASIC PRINCIPLES
OTHER TYPES OF CURRICULUM Purpose of the school
Extension of school philosophies
WRITTEN CURRICULUM Organization of content
-lesson plan Evaluation of experiences
 Integration
HILDA TABA Continuity
-learners and classroom focus Sequence
-Grassroots Approach
MAJOR CURRICULUM REFORMS
Content NESC- National Elementary School
Environment Curriculum (3 hours)
Experiences NSEC- New Secondary Education
Activities Curriculum (unitary disciplinary)
2022 BEC- Basic Education Curriculum
PROPONENTS UBD- Understanding By Design (backward
Franklin Bobbit- adult preparation in life design HOTS)
Werret Charters- subject matter K-12 Curriculum- Enhanced Basic Education
William Kilpatrick- learner centered (project Curriculum of 2013- EBEC
method) RA 10533 EBEC Act of 2013
Harold Rugg- holistic and whole -Benigno Aquino III
development -k+6+4+2 Model
Hollis Caswell- organized/set of -Senior High School (16-18 yrs old)
experiences -Junior High School (12-15 yrs old)
John Dewey- learning by doing -Elementary School (6-11 yrs old)
-Kindergarten (5 yrs old)
CURRICULUM PROCESS
Curriculum Planning- objectives PHASES OF K-12
Curriculum Organizing- content, subject 2013 RA 10533
matter Sy 2012-2013 Kindergarten
Curriculum Implementing- put the plan into Sy 2016-2017 Grade 11
action Sy 2017-2018 Grade 12
Curriculum Evaluation- judge the 2018 Graduates
effectiveness
Curriculum Alteration- modify and change CHARACTERISTICS
basic features but fundamentals are as is. 1. Stronger early childhood education
Curriculum Change- new, totally changed 2. Building skills through the use of second
languages and mother tongue
CRITERIA IN SELECTING CONTENT- AVIC 3. Child and community centered
AND SUSI 4. Learning is in spiral progression
Appropriateness- parallel to the learners (developmentally appropriate)
and subject matter and objectives. 5. Globalization, Indigenization and
Validity- authenticity of the information Localization
Integration- connected st
6. Inclusion of 21 century skills
Continuity- recur and repeated
Utility- usefulness BASIC EDUCATION
Scope- range of information ALS- Alternative Learning System
Interest- easy to learn/learnability (equivalency exam)
SPED- Special Education
ELEMENTS OF A CURRICULUM ECE- Early Childhood Education
Balance Elementary Education
Articulation Secondary Education
Scope
 2. Growth and Development
AQRF- Asean Qualifications Reference -are continuous processes
Framework -proceed from general to specific
PQF- Philippine Qualifications Framework -rates vary
MOOC- Massive Open Online Course
PPST- Philippine Professional Standards for Growth
Teachers -pertains to a physical change or an
increase in size (quantitative)
SULONG EDUKALIDAD -indicators (height, weight, bones size and
-D.O 31, S.2020 detention)
-Interim Guidelines for Assessment and -is rapid during (pre-natal, neo natal, infancy,
Grading in Light of the Basic Education adolescence)
Learning Continuity Plan -shown during (childhood)
-Learning activities sheet -is minimal during (adulthood)
-School learning action cell
-Most Essential Learning Competencies Development
(MELCS) -pertains to an increase in the complexity of
-Modules functions or skill progression.
-this refers to the behavioral aspect.
HUMAN GROWTH AND (Qualitative)

DEVELOPMENT
STAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT (PIBEL PAA O)
PRINCIPLES
1. Development
1. PRE-NATAL STAGE
-is influenced by heredity and environment
-from conception to birth

Heredity
Substages
-nature
A. Germinal
-is a process of transferring traits from one
-from fertilization to 2 weeks
generation to another.
-also known as period of zygote
-this is where cell division begins
Environment
Nidation occur in uterus (implantation)
-nurture
Sperm- smallest cell
-pertains to surrounding conditions that
Egg- largest cell
influence growth and development.
-proceeds from head to toe (cephalocaudal
2 Types of Sperm Cells
principle) and from the center of the body
a. Gynosperm
outward (proximodistal principle)
-the x carrying sperm cells
-depends on maturation and learning
-are more numerous
-love acidic environment
Maturation
-refers to developmental changes in the
b. Androsperm
body or behavior as a result of aging
-the y carrying sperm cells
process not from various life experiences.
-love alkaline environment
-development that goes with age
-proceeds from simple to complex
B. Embryonic
-from 2 weeks to 8 weeks
-from zygote to embryo
-the most critical period 7. ADOLESENCE
-period where most organ are formed and -from 14 years to 18 years
developed -a period of heightened emotionality
-Organogenesis (form actions of organs) -is a period of storm and stress

C. Fetal Satge 8. ADULTHOOD

-from 8 weeks to birth -from 18 years to 65 years
-Teratogens are substances that can cause -the need for love and intimacy should be
harm to the fetus. met.
-the need for generativity is through
2. INFANCY achievement.
-from birth to 2 weeks (first year of life)
-the shortest period 9. OLDER ADULTS/OLD AGE
-characterized by children who are highly -from 65 to death
helpless. -is characterize by slow physical, mental
and social activities.
3. BABYHOOD
-from 2 weeks to 2 years THEORIES OF GROWTH AND
-characterized by a decreasing dependency DEVELOPMENT

4. EARLY CHILDHOOD 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY “SIGMUND

-from 2 years to 6 years FREUD”
-the problem and troublesome age -it defines personality as the sum total of all
human dimensions.
5. LATE CHILDHOOD a. Id
-from 6 years to 12 years -is the “pleasure principle”
-growth is at slow but relatively even rate -“I love this” “I like this”
-characterized by increasing understanding
and accuracy of concepts. b. Ego
-the “reality principle”
6. PUBERTY STAGE/PRE-ADOLESCENT -the decision maker
STAGE -balances the conflicts between the Id and
-from 12 years to 14 years superego.
-is a unique and distinctive stage
-is an overlapping stage c. Superego
-is the “conscience principle”
Substages -mostly contradicts Id
A. Pre-pubescent
-secondary sex characteristics begin to 2. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY “SIGMUND
develop. FREUD”
Stages (OA PLG)
B. Pubescent a. Oral
-characterized by menarche (girls) nocturnal -0 to 18 months
emissions (boys) -center of pleasure: MOUTH
-if needs through mouth are not met they
C. Post-pubescent may continue to resurface later in life in
-sexual capacity starts to develop forms smoking and over eating (Oral
Fixation) c. Pre-school
-3 to 6 years
b. Anal -Initiative vs. Guilt
-18 months to 3 years -factor: Exploration (imaginative play)
-center of pleasure: ANUS
-voluntary defecation is the primary method d. School Age
to satisfy/gratify sexual needs. -6 to 12 years
-the best way to toilet train is when the -Industry vs. Inferiority
children can sit, walk or squat. Factor: Competition

c. Phallic e. Adolescence
-3 years to 6 years -12 to 18 years
-center of pleasure: GENITALS -Identity vs. Role Confusion
-the period of penis envy (girls) and -factor: Peers and Friends
gastration (boys)
-the period of pseudo masturbation f. Young Adulthood
-fondling -18 to 25 years
-the period of oedipus-electra complexes -Intimacy vs. Isolation
-factor: Family/Love
d. Latency
-6 years to 12 years g. Middle Adulthood
-the “dormant stage” (inactive) -25 to 65 years
-sexual drive is suppressed and is -Generativity vs. Stagnation
channeled to other socially- appropriate -self absorption
activities such as school works sports. -factor: Job

e. Genital h. Old Age (Late Adulthood)

-from 12 and above -65 to death
-there is biologic capacity for reproduction. -Ego Integrity vs. Despair
-where individuals get attracted to others of -factor: Reflection
opposite sex.
-reactivation of oedipus-electra complexes 4. MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
“LAWRENCE KOLHBERG”
3. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT “ERIK
HOMBURGER ERIKSON” 3 Levels
Stages 1. Pre-Conventional Level
a. Infancy -0 t0 9 years
-0 to 1 year -children do not understand the conventions
-Trust vs. Mistrust or norms of society
-factor: feeding
2 Stages
b. Toddlerhood a. Punishment-Obedience-Orientation
-1 to 3 years -those in authority have the superior power
-Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt and should be obeyed.
-factor: Independence through environment -punishment can be avoided by staying out
exploration of trouble.
-self regulation
b. Instrumental Relativist Orientation
-an act is right if it is instrumental to satisfy -outermost level in which most cultures
one’s own needs. interact
-a large system
2. Conventional Level
-9 to 20 years e. Chronosystem
-conventions or norms of society are -events affecting the lifespan.
understood and being conformed to.
6. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
2 Stages “JEAN PIAGET”
c. Good boy-Nice girl Orientation -views children as constructivist
-aka Interpersonal Concordance -active learners
-authority is respected
d. Law and Order Orientation Stages
-social order and maintain when fixed rules a. Sensori-motor Stage
are established and obeyed. -0 to 2 years
-based primarily on behaviors and
3. Post Conventional Level perceptions
-20 years and above -learning through senses
-most ideal stage -is characterized by object permanence
-moral principles underlying the conventions -Object Permanence is continue to exist
or norms of society are clearly understood. even if they already gone.

2 Stages b. Pre-operational Stage

e. Social Contract Orientation -2 to 7 years
-principles should be consistently applied -they can easily be fooled by appearances
-trust is the foundation of a strong -characterized by (animism) giving life to an
relationship object.

f. Universal Ethical Principle c. Concrete-operational Stage

-principle should be a way of life. -7 to 11 years
-children are ego-centric and pretentious
5. BIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEM THEORY -develop conservation principle
“URIE BRONFENBRENNER”
-environment plays a vital role in child d. Formal Operational Stage
development. -11 and above
Levels -they think logically, abstractly and
a. Microsystem scientifically
-the setting in which the child lives -they have moral idealism
-innermost level -best activity formulation of hypothesis

b. Mesosystem ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING

-connection between microsystem
-collection, interpretation and use of
c. Exosystem information to help teachers make better
rd
-3 level social system in which the child decisions.
does not have action role.
BASIC CONCEPTS
d. Macrosystem
Test- instrument, tool Ordinal- ranking
Measurement- quantification Interval- equal difference
Assessment- gathering, collecting, Ratio- zero has a true value
documenting
Evaluation- judgment ASSESSMENT
Formative- to inform/adjust teaching
TEST Summative- for grading purposes
-procedure
-instrument, tool ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING
1. Placement- entry performance of student
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEST 2. Diagnostic- identifies strength and
Achievement vs Psychological weaknesses
Test Test 3. Formative- monitors student progress
-measures the -measures the
result of mental abilities in ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING
instruction general 1. Summative- certifies mastery used for
Group Test vs Individual Test assigning numbers
-given to many at -given to one
one time person at one time Traditional- paper and pencil test
Norm-referenced vs Criterion- Alternative- perform task
-compare to referenced a. Perform based (product based/process
others -compare to based)
standard/criteria b. Porftfolio
Mastery vs Survey b.1 Show Portfolio- best
-specific objective -broader scope b.2 Working Portfolio- growth,
and scope -general improvement
Standardized vs Informal b.3 Assessment/Evaluation Portfolio
-expert made -teacher made b.4 Process Portfolio- all faces
-national -intended for Authentic- real life task
classroom
Subjective Test vs Objective Test TYPES OF RUBRIC
-personal biases -one possible Holistic- as a whole
or opinion could answer Analytic- separate, individual parts
affect the score
Speed Test vs Power Test EVALUATION
-time limit -increased level of -making judgments
-with the same difficulty Formative- before and during
level of difficulty -with ample time Summative- after
Selective Test vs Supply Test
-choices -no choices ASSESSMENT TOOLS
1. Attitude Scale- feeling
2. Questionnaire
MEASUREMENT a. Checklist type
-assigning numbers b. Semantic Differential
c. Likert Scale- strongly agree/disagree
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT 3. Simple Projective Technique
Nominal- labeling a. Word Association
b. Unfinished Story
c. Unfinished sentence Confucius- Kung Fu Tzu
-Golden Rule
Sociometric- interpersonal relationship
Confusianism
TYPES OF VALIDITY -cardinal virtues
1. Content- based on objectives -five constant or Wu Chang
2. Concurrent- present and past -In descending order of importance, the
3. Predictive- compare present and future virtues are;
4. Construct- follows the different principles Benevolence or ren
5. Face- physical appearance of the test Righteousness or yi
Property or li
SCORING BIASES AND ERRORS Wisdom or zhi
Leniency Error- being generous in giving Fidelity or xin
grades
Severity Error- strict in giving grades. Mencius
Central Tendency- neutral -love covers all, think with your heart
Halo Effect- generalization -man is good

DISHONEST WAYS OF MARKING Lao Tzu

1. Becoming a zealot- survival of the fittest -Taoism
2. Changing rules in the midgame- changing -Tao has not a home
criteria -WU WEI (let things come naturally)
3. Becoming a psychic grader- hula hula -life and nature
4. Anchoring everyone in a system of
impossible perfection INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
5. Employing the carrot and clubbing BUDDHISM
system -Sidarth Gautama Buddah
6. Default -the cause of pain and suffering is because
of selfish craving
FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION -suffering could be ended through the
eightfold path

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
Philosophy
1. The truth of suffering (DUKKHA)
-“philo” + “Sophia”
2. The truth of the origin of suffering
-love of wisdom
(SAMUDAYA)
-compass of life
3. The truth of the cessation of suffering
(NIRODHA)
Speculative- world view
4. The truth of the path to the cessation of
Perspective- nominative, reflective
suffering (MAGGA)
Analytical- logic, reasoning, experimenting

EIGHTFOLD PATH
ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHIES
1. Right Faith
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
2. Right Aspiration
-emphasizes balance
3. Right Speech
-(+) and (-) side of life
4. Right Actions
5. Right Living/Life
CHINESE PHILOSOPHERS
6. Right Effort
7. Right Thought Agnostics
8. Right Connections -does not believe in the existence of
knowledge
HINDUISM
-Mohandas Ghandi Skeptics
-Reincarnation -doubt in the existence of knowledge
-Yoga
Affirmative
ZEN BUDDHISM -believes in the existence of knowledge
-doing one thing at a time with purpose and
integrity TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE ACCORDING TO
-emphasis on simplicity OBSERVATION
Priori- before
SHINTOISM Posteriori- after
-polytheistic and revolves around the kami, Experimental- test first, scientific method
supernatural entities believed to inhabit all
things. HOW WE ACQUIRE KNOWLEDGE
-God is everywhere Empirical- use of senses to acquire
knowledge
MUSLIM/ISLAM PHILOSOPHY Reasoning- rational
Mohammad- Abu Invitation- instinct
Bakr- Umar Authoritative- taught/acquired knowledge
by experts
5 PILLARS OF ISLAM Revealed- religious, given by God.
Ramadan- fasting
Haji- need to go to the mecha once in their LOGIC
lifetime (pilgrimage) -study of reasoning
Shada- declaration of faith
Salat- prayer 5 times a day Deductive
Zakat- almsgiving 25% -general to specific
-teacher centered
Koran/Quran- Book -direct method
Hadith- life of Mohammad book -spoon feeding
Sharia- law
Sunna- standards of living to follow Onductive
-specific to general
METAPHYSICS -student centered
-beyond natural -Inductive

THEORIES OF REALITY Dialectic

Cosmology- universe -anti thesis, comparison of ideas
Theology- purpose of being -contrast
Onthology- meaning of existence
HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
EPISTEMOLOGY ANCIENT EDUCATION
-study of knowledge 1. PRIMITIVE EDUCATION
Aim: survival, security, preservation of
3 POSITIONS tradition
Students: children Methods: training participation, discipline,
Method: informal, vocational, practical motivation
Curriculum: hunting, fishing, songs, poems, Curriculum: military, moral training, music,
dances gymnastic and vocational
Agents: parents, tribal leaders, religious Agents: state/military teachers
leaders Influence: military education, patriotism,
Influence on Education: transmission of discipline
skills
ROMAN EDUCATION
2. SUMERIAN EDUCATION -Utilitarianism
Aim: training of scribes, book keepers, -education for national ideals
teachers -preparation for the different functions
Students: children -social transformation
Method: imitation, copying, tablet,
preparation EARLY CHRISTIAN EDUCATION
Curriculum: 3r’s, astronomy, art, vocational -Hebrew 120 BC to 70 AD
training, law Aim: moral, holiness, religion, preparation
Agents: home, school, temple/apprentice for destiny
school Students: male ages 6-15 (compulsory
Influence on Education: cuneiform writing elementary education) higher-lay prophets,
scribes
3. ORIENTAL EDUCATION Methods: memorization, AV aids, exposition,
-stability workshop
-retain/sustain the culture Curriculum: history, religion, foreign
language, PE agents, home, public schools,
Egypt- religious practices temple, scribe college.
Persia- military practices Influence: 10 commandments of the bible,
China- ancestral practices monotheism.
India- caste system
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
CASTE SYSTEM Aim: spiritual and moral
1. Brahmins- priest Students: age 10 (monastic schools) at 18
2. Kshatriyas- elites (order)
3. Vaishyas- average Methods: catechetical method, dictation,
4. Shudras- normal people memorization, meditation, contemplation,
5. Daltis- poor language
Curriculum: 7 Liberal Arts: Trivium (dialectic,
GREEK EDUCATION grammar, rhetoric) and Quadrivium
-Individual Development (geometry, arithmetic, music, astronomy)
Agents: monastic schools
Spartans- military training Influence: Opposed corruption, industrial
Athenians- mind and body, arts or skills, dignity of manual labor
aesthetics
SCHOLASTICISM
SPARTAN EDUCATION Aim: intellectual discipline, reasoned faith
-1600 BC to 300 BC Students: age 14 (university) bachelor
Aim: military and discipline continued studying (4-7 years) Licentia
Students: male ages 7-30 docendi – master
Methods: lecture, repetition, disputation, Students: boys, girls ages 7-12 in vernacular
exam, scholastic method, Aristotelian logic schools, young elite men in humanist
Curriculum: Theology, religious philosophy schools.
Agents: parish, monastic, cathedral, palace Methods: memorization, indoctrination,
school catechetical instruction in vernacular
Influence: university, intellectual learning schools, translation, analysis of classical
literature in humanist schools.
CHIVALRY Curriculum: 3R’s, catechism, religious
Aims: morality, horsemanship, gallantry, concepts and rituals, Latin/Greek Theology
responsibility, social grace, religiosity Agents: vernacular elementary school for
Students: birth age 7 (mother) 7-14 (castle) general public, classical schools for upper
14-21 (squire) 21 (inducted as a knight) class
Methods: observation, imitation, Influence: commitment to universal
apprenticeship education to provide literacy, origins of
Curriculum: boys (horse riding, good school system, dual track school system
manners) girls (religion, music, dancing,
chores) SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
Agents: home, castle, court, -how man deals with society
tournament/battle field Status- position designated to a person,
Influence: learning of social grace, etiquette based on wealth, based on achievements

GUILD SYSYTEM SOCIAL MOBILITY

Aims: vocational preparation (industrial life) -change from one position to another
Students: apprentice, journeyman, master -horizontal
craftman -vertical ranking
Methods: observation, imitation, practice -intergenerational (family)
Curriculum: 3R’s, vocational religion -intragenerational (self-success)
Agents: Burgher School (supported by cities)
SOCIAL NORMS
MODERN PERIOD Folkways
RENAISSANCE PERIOD -the learned behavior shared by a social
Aims: cultivate humanist expert in Greek group, that provides a traditional mode of
and Latin classics, prepare to serve dynastic conduct.
leaders.
Students: male children of aristocracy and Mores
upper class, ages 7-20 -moral attitudes
Methods: memorization, translation,
analysis of Greek and Roman classics Laws
literature, poetry and art -a binding custom or practice of a
Curriculum: Greek Classical Literature community
Agents: classical humanist educators, -a rule of conduct or action prescribed
school (lyceum, gymnasium, latin school)
Influence: literary knowledge, style in Socialization
classical -adapting to groups
-conforming to its norms values tradition
REFORMATION
Aims: commitment to a particular religious Ethnocentrism
denomination, general literacy -comparing your own culture to others
 -that culture takes time to catch up with
Xenocentrism technological innovations
-preferring a culture other than one’s own
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO
Social Inequality VALUES
-a condition in which members of a society Indolence
have different amounts of wealth, prestige, -inclination to laziness
and power.
Ningas cogon
ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATION -enthusiastically starting things but then
Language quickly losing enthusiasm soon after
-verbal
-non verbal Manana habit
-mamaya na
Norms
-established standards of behavior Hospitality
-the friendly and generous reception and
Values entertainment of guests, visitors or stranger
-desirable good
The fiesta syndrome
Sanctions -an obsession of fixation of Filipinos in
-punishment holdings several feasts
-review
PERSONAL VALUES
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Resilience
-changing/dynamic -the capacity to recover quickly from
-learned difficulties
-transferable
-relative Tolerance
-distinct -capacity to endure pain or hardship
-shared
Emotional Stability
WAYS TO TRANSFER CULTURE -is the capacity to maintain one’s emotional
ENCULTURATION balance under stressful circumstances
-individual learns the traditional content
Drive
ACCULTURATION -an innate, biologically determined urge to
-cultural modification attain a goal or satisfy a need

ASSIMILATION Fairness
-process of receiving new facts or of -the quality or state of being impartial
responding to new situations
Buoyancy
CULTURE SHOCK -the ability to recover quickly from
-a sense of confusion and uncertainty depression
sometimes with feelings of anxiety
Motivation
CULTURE LOG -a motivating force, stimulus, influence,
incentive -highest budgetary priority to education
Section 6
Intelligence -national language (Filipino)
-the ability to learn or understand, the ability
to apply knowledge to manipulate one’s B. STATUTORY BASIS
environment 1. Batas Pambansa
-“noblest profession”
Compassion -cordial relationship (teacher and parents)
-a sympathetic consciousness of other’s -preventive, supportive, corrective (discipline)
distress together with a desire to alleviate it
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING
Self Confidence
-confidence in oneself and in one’s power MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCIES
and abilities 1. MEAN
-average
Innovativeness -most reliable
-introduce something new or different -greatly affected by outliers

Reliability 2. MEDIAN
-dependable, suitable or fit, to be dependent, -middlemost
confidence based on experience -arranged
-most reliable with outliers
Cooperativeness
-willingness and ability to work well with 3. MODE
others -most frequent
-not unique
ETHICOLEGAL
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY
A. CONSTITUTIONAL -dispersion
1987 Philippine Constitution
-free public education 1. RANGE
-language of instruction -simplest/most crude
-religious instruction -least reliable
-academic freedom – HEI
-highest budgetary allocation – education 2. STANDARD DEVIATION
-how spread scores are from the mean
ARTICLE XIV -most reliable
Section 2.1
-complete, adequate and integrated 3. VARIANCE
Section 2.2 Low- clustered; near from the mean
-free public education High- scattered; hetero; far from the mean
Section 3.3
-express the writing by the parents or MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION
guardians 1. PERCENTILE
Section 5.2 -100
-all institutions of higher learning -P85 higher than 85% of the class
Section 5.5
2. DECILE FOR LEARNING
-10 -enhance learning
-D4 higher than 40% of the class -before and during

3. QUARTILE OF LEARNING
-4 -evaluate learning
-after
4. STANINES
-9 AS LEARNING
-(S1-S3) below average -self assessment
-(S7-S9) above average
DIAGNOSTIC
DIFFICULTY INDEX -before
-easeness -strengths and weaknesses
0-0.20 Very Difficult Reject
0.21-0.40 Difficult Revise FORMATIVE
0.41-0.60 Average Retain -during
0.61-0.80 Easy Revise -progress
0.81-1 Very Easy Reject -quiz

DISCRIMINATION INDEX SUMMATIVE

1. Positive- more from upper group -after
2. Negative- more from lower group -evaluate
3. Zero- cannot discriminate
BLOOM’S TAXONOMY “BENJAMIN BLOOM”
VALIDITY (KC ApAnSE)
-measure what intends to measure
1. KNOWLEDGE- remembering
RELIABILITY 2. COMPREHENSION- understanding
-consistency 3. APPLICATION- using, utilizing
-not all reliable tests are valid tests 4. ANALYSIS- breaking down
5. SYNTHESIS- putting together
CRITERION 6. EVALUATION- judging
-referenced testing
-standards REVISED VERSION “ANDERSON AND
-criteria KRATWOL”
-objectives (RU ApAnEC)

NORM-REFERENCED TESTING 1. Remebering

-others 2. Understanding
-batch mates 3. Applying
-class 4. Analyzing
5. Evaluating
TRADITIONAL ASSESMENT 6. Creating
-pen and paper
-holistic CONVERGENT THINKING
-narrow
-close ended
DIVERGENT THINKING QUALIFICATIONS
-wide 1. Filipino Citizen (natural born/naturalize)
-open ended 2. Good Moral Character
3. Bachelor’s in Education or any Bachelor’s
RUBRICS degree (Prof Ed at least 18 units)
-guide for scoring
-objective Ratings- at least 75%
Oath- required
1. Holistic- general, global, single Registration
2. Analytic- multiple bases, specific -license (3 years)
-birthdate
IVAN PAVLOV -privilege
-Classical/Respondent Conditioning Renewal- CPD (45 units before) IRR 15 units
-automatic Inactive Teachers- at least 5 years no
practice
BF SKINNER Refresher- DepEd 12 units (6 pedagogy and
-Operant Conditioning 6 content)
-modeling
PERIODIC MERIT EXAM
ALBERT BANDURA -LPT
-Social Learning Theory -optional
-modeling -5 years
-free
EDWARD THORNDIKE -2 exams (1 oral, 1 written)
-Connectionism -maximum of 2 takes
1. Exercise- repetition -promotion
2. Readiness- preparedness -scholarship
3. Effect- motivation -professional development

LEV VYGOTSKY RA 9293 - AMENDMENTS OF RA 7836

-Zone of Proximal Development Special/Temporary Permit
-potential a. expert
-more knowledgeable others b. gained international recognition
-scaffolding “bruner” (assistance/guidance)
PARA TEACHERS
Deductive Reasoning- general to specific -5 years
Inductive Reasoning- specific to general -DepEd w/ ARMM
-remote areas
Extrinsic Motivation- tangible; material -70 above
Intrinsic Motivation- aultruistic
RA 10533 – ENHANCED BASIC
RA 7836 - PHILIPPINE TEACHERS’ EDUCATION OF 2013
PROFESSIONALIZATION ON ACT OF 1994 -at par with international standards
-regulation of the teaching profession -main focus of K-12 (Gen Ed)
LET- pre requisite for employment, -main focus of SHS (TVL)
competencies, at par with other -Spiral Progressive is widening and
professionals deepening
-purpose (mastery) DEVELOPMENTAL READING
RA 10157 – KINDERGARTEN ACT
THE READING PROCESS
-at least 5 years old
1. WORD RECOGNITION
-Duterte
-recognition of words individually

BOARD FOR PROFESSIONAL TEACHERS

2. COMPREHENSION
-5 (3 members, 1 chair, 1 vice)
-fusion of meaning of words
-natural born Filipino citizen
-resident of Philippines
3. REACTION
-at least 35 years old
-evaluation of text’s quality or worth
-at least 10 years of teaching experience
-not convicted
4. INTEGRATION
-assimilation and application of new ideas
RA 4670 – MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC
with previous experiences
SCHOOL TEACHERS
-elementary and secondary public
THE LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
-teaching hours (6 hours) – mandated time
LITERAL
-plus 2 hours equal 25% of salary
-information/facts
-hardship allowance to hazardous areas
-“reading the lines”
(+25%)

INTERPRETATIVE
INDEFINITE LEAVE- an illness that requires
-author’s intent and message
1 year of treatment
-“reading between the lines
STUDY LEAVE- at least 7 years of service, 1
year leave, at least 60% of basic salary
CRITICAL
-judgment of validity/worth
ARTICLE XIV – PHILIPPINE
-“reading through the lines”
CONSTITUTION
State- EFA
APPLIED
-inclusive
-synthesis and reaction
-“reading beyond the lines”

RELIGION
MODELS OF READING STRATEGIES
-within school
BOTTOM-UP MODEL
-written consent from parents
-reading is a decoding process
-Phonic Approach
Academic Freedom- tertiary only
-focused on the text
Primary Language- Filipino and English
-from book to reader
Promote- mother tongue
Scholarship- higher learning skills
TOP-DOWN MODEL
-reading is psycholinguistic guessing game
BRUNER REPRESENTATION
-Whole Language Approach
1. Enactive- action
-focused on the reader
2. Iconic- image
-schema
3. Symbol- language
-from reader to text
INTERACTIVE MODEL
-both models are used READING SKILLS: EYE MOVEMENTS
-focused on interaction FIXATION
-Balance Approach to Reading -a point where your eyes rest when you read
(fix)
GRACE GOODELL’S READING SKILLS
LADDER INTERFIXATION
BASIC SIGHTS WORDS (DOLCH LIST) -movement from one stopping to another
-220 most frequently found words in books
that children read RETURN SWEEP
-cannot be sounded out because they do -eyes from one end to beginning of next line
not follow decoding rules, so they must be
learned as sight words REGRESSION
-backward, from right to left movement
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
-breaking down unknown words into SPAN OF RECOGNITION
prefixes and suffixes, then into syllable -number of words eyes can recognize in
every stop
CONTEXT CLUE
-helps readers understand unfamiliar words DURATION OF FIXATION
-offers insight, either directly or indirectly, -time you spent in one stop
into the words meaning
KINDS OF READING
TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUE SKIMMING
Synonyms -looking for gist, what the reading is about
-Bill felt remorse, or shame, for his harsh
words. SCANNING
-looking for specific information
Antonyms
-Marty is gregarious, not like his brother INTENSIVE
who is quiet and shy. -thorough reading (intensive)

Cause and Effects EXTENSIVE

-The intrepid warrior led the assault on the -pleasure reading
well-guarded fortress.
CREATIVE
Explanation -interpretation of text for the purpose of
-Something in the refrigerator has a putrid comprehension
odor; the smell was rotten when we opened
the door. EXPLORATORY
-how the whole selection is presented
Example
-There is a 30 percent chance of ANALYTICAL
precipitation, such as snow or sleet -identifying word relationships

Appositive CRITICAL
-At night you can see constellations, groups -evaluating information to make
of stars, in the sky. conclusions
 potential causes of a problem in order to
DEVELOPMENTAL identify its root causes.
-comprehensive reading program
SEMANTIC MAPS
EFFECTIVE READING COMPREHENSION -web of words
STRATEGIES -it displays the meaning- based connections
1. VOCABULARY PREVIEW between a word or phrase and a set of
-introduction of new and unfamiliar words related words or concepts.
prior to reading
VENN DIAGRAM
2. GUIDED READING -A Venn diagram is a diagram that shows all
-students apply strategies they know to new possible logical relations between a finite
texts with the teacher’s support collection of different sets.
-A Venn diagram consists of multiple
3. RECIPROCAL QUESTIONING overlapping closed curves, usually circles,
-students formulate their own questions each representing a set.
about the text
STORY MAP
4. SQ3R (Survey, Question, Recite, Read, -A story map is a strategy that uses a
Review) graphic organizer to help students learn the
-Francis Robinson, “Effective Study” elements of a book or story.
-more efficient and active approach learning
information from content-area materials PHASES OF READING DEVELOPMENT
1. READING READINESS PERIOD
5. PQ5R (Preview, Question, Read, Record, -the child is ready to learn how to read
Recite, Review, Reflect) (phonological awareness) (K)
-an effective student regulated approach to
studying the kind of material assigned every 2. BEGINNING READING
day – “textbooks” -recognize words, phrases, and sentences
(how are they connected) (G1-G2)
6. STRUCTURAL/GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
-effective visual learning strategies 3. RAPID GROWTH/EXPANDING POWER
-facilitate students’ learning by helping them -the child will have mastered techniques of
identify areas of focus within a broad topic reading. (skimming, scanning, summarizing)
-make connections and structure thinking
4. REFINEMENT PERIOD
TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZERS -great deal of serious and interpretative
K-W-L CHARTS reading
-It helps students organize information (independent, note-taking)
before, during, and after a unit or a lesson.
-can be used to engage students in a new STAGES OF READING DEVELOPMENT
topic, activate prior knowledge share unit 1. EMERGENT LITERACY
objectives, and monitor students’ learning. -“Emerging Readers”
-oral language skills
FISHBONE DIAGRAM -exposure to print
-also called a cause and effect diagram -letters of the alphabet
or Ishikawa diagram -mimic stories
-is a visualization tool for categorizing the
2. EARLY READING -at least 80 percent comprehension on
-“Novice Readers” simple recall questions about the story
-read sight words
-relationships between letters and sounds 3. FRUSTRATION READING LEVEL
-gradual speed reading (combination of -word errors are over 5 per 100 words of
sounds) text.
-comprehension questions are below 70
3. GROWING INDEPENDENCE percent accuracy.
-“Decoding/Transitional Readers”
-focused on meanings instead of words PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS
alone -refers to the ability to segment and
-become more fluent manipulate the sounds of oral language
-not the same as phonics, which involves
4. READING TO LEARN knowing how written letters relate to spoken
-“Comprehending/Fluent Readers” sounds
-independent - provides practice with rhyme, beginning
-more purposeful reading sounds, and syllables
-recognize themes
-gain more complex concepts REMEMBER
1. Phonological awareness is not just
5. ABSTRACT READING phonics.
-“Expert/Advanced Readers” 2. Phonological awareness is auditory and
-read from wide variety of sources does not involve words in print.
-synthesize ideas into essays 3. Phonological awareness is not a
-understand figurative language curriculum.

LEVELS OF READING TYPES OF PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS

PHONEME SEGMENTATION
Philippine Informal Reading Inventory -Students break a word into its separate
(PHIL-IRI) sounds, saying each sound as they tap or
-determines the level of reading of the count.
learners Example:
-a standardized tool developed in order to Teacher: How many sounds are in clap?
help teachers identify the level of reading of Student: /k/ /l/ /a/ /p/. Four sounds.
the learners
PHONEME IDENTITY
1. INDEPENDENT READING LEVEL -Students recognize the same sounds in
-essay reading different words.
-one or less word calling errors in 100 words Example:
of text Teacher: What sound is the same in man,
-acquired 100 percent accuracy on mop, and mill?
comprehension questions about the story. Student: The first sound, /m/, is the same.

2. INSTRUCTIONAL READING LEVEL PHONEME ADDITION

-best level for learning new vocabulary -Students make a new word by adding
-word error while reading orally is from 2 to phoneme to an existing word.
5 word calling errors per 100 words of text Example:
(95% accuracy or better) Teacher: What word do you have if you add
/s/ to the beginning of nail? -words are combined but meaning is often
Student: Snail. combination of the original words (some
letters are omitted)
PHONEME BLENDING -stay + vacation = staycation
-Students listen to a sequence of separately
spoken phonemes, and then combine the 3. CLIPPING
phonemes to form a word. -words are shortened (read as is)
Example: -examination – exam
Teacher: What word is
/p/ /i/ g/? 4. ACRONYM
Student: /p/ /i/ /g/ is pig. -initial letters of words are combined
(pronounced as words)
PHONEME SUBSTITUTION -PAGASA
-Students substitute one phoneme for
another to take a new word. 5. ABBREVIATION
Example: -shortened words but read as a whole
Teacher: The word is run. Change /n/ to /g/. -Doctor – Dr.
What's the new word?
Student: Rug. 6. AFFIXATION
-adding affixes to form new words
PHONEME ISOLATION (derivational/ inflectional)
-Students recognize individual sounds -un + believe + able = unbelievable
within a word.
Example: 7. REDUPLICATION
Teacher: What is the first sound in cap? -double the word/sound (total/partial)
Student: The first sound in cap is /k/. -zigzag, hocus-pocus

THE 3C’S OF VOCABULARY WORD ASSOCIATION

COLLOCATION 1. SIMILARITY
-words that are placed together in some -words with same meaning (synonyms)
order Example: beautiful – charming
-sweet potato, sweet corn, sweet dreams
2. CONTRAST
CLINE -words with opposite meaning
-scale of language items (extremes to Example: volatile – calm
extremes)
-freezing, cold, cool, mild, warm, hot, boiling 3. CAUSE AND EFFECT
-shows reason and result of events
CLUSTERS Example: signal words – (“because” and
-group of similar or related things (cover “so”)
term)
4. PART TO WHOLE
WORD FORMATION -a part stands for a whole (synecdoche)
1. COMPOUNDING Example: “Nice wheels!” (car)
-two words combined to form a new word
-class + room = classroom 5. CLASSIFICATION
-words that belong to same group/genus
2. BLENDING Example: mammals – ape, dog, whale
6. PREDICATION
-relationship between a noun and its verb, a
doer and its action, and the action and its
receiver
Example: teachers – facilitate; wrap – gift

7. SOUND
-homonyms, homophones, homographs

8. MODIFICATION
-relationship between the word and its
modifier
Example: An extravagant party (adjective)
Dismissed early (adverb)

9. COMPLETION
-relationship between words in compound
words
Example: rain + bow = rainbow

10. ASSOCIATION
-ideas are brought to mind when a word is
perceived
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for
Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing
Teachers
RA 7836 – Philippine Teachers
Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9293 – Amendments of RA 7836
RA 4670 – Magna Carta for Public School
Teachers
RA 10912 – CPD Law
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – TESDA Act of 1994
RA 9155 – Governance of Basic Education
Act of 2001
RA 10533 – Enhanced Basic Education of
2013 (K-12)
RA 10157 – Kindergarten Act
RA 1079 - An Act providing that Civil Service
Eligibility Shall be Permanent
RA 6655 – Free Public Secondary Education
Act of 1988
RA 10931 - Free Tertiary Education
RA 11713 - Teacher Education of Center
Excellence Act
RA 6728 – Act Providing Government
Assistance to Students and Teachers in
Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law
(Amendment of RA 9231)
RA 7743 – Establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of
1995
RA 7880 – Fair and Equitable Access to
Education Act
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Leave Act of 1996
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying Act of 2013
WILHELM WUNDT- father of psychology JEROME BRUNER- instrumental
CAROLUS LINNAEUS- father of taxonomy conceptualism
GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL- father of LAWRENCE KOHLBERG- moral
genetics development theory
CHARLES DARWIN- father of evolution JOHANN PESTALOZZI- learning by head,
RENE DESCARTES- father of philosophy hand and heart
FRIEDRICH FROEBEL- father of JACOB KOUNIN- classroom management
kindergarten EDGAR DALE- cone of experience
ROBERT HOOKE- father of cytology HOWARD GARDNER- multiple intelligences
SIGMUND FREUD- father of psychoanalysis MARX SCHELER- values hierarchy
MICHAEL FARADAY- father of electronics BENJAMIN BLOOM- bloom’s taxonomy
LOUIS PASTEUR- father of bacteriology FRANKLIN BOBBIT- adult preparation in life
HERODOTUS- father of history WERRET CHARTERS- subject matter
GEOFREY CHAUCER- father of English WILLIAM KILPATRICK- learner centered
poetry (project method)
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN- father of electricity HAROLD RUGG- holistic/whole
AUGUSTE COMTE- father of sociology development
ARISTOPHANES- father of comedy HOLLIS CASWELL- organized/set of
ADAM SMITH- father of economics experience
CHARLES BABBAGE- father of computer JOHN DEWEY- learning by doing
EDWARD WILSON- father of biodiversity LAO TZU- Taoism
JOHN B. WATSON- father of behaviorism CONFUCIUS- golden rule
NAPOLEON ABUEVA- father of modern MENCIUS- think with your heart
sculpture CARLOS V. FRANCISCO- visual arts
PYTHAGORAS- father of numbers CECIL LICAD- renowned pianist
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE- father of LIZA MACUJA- prima ballerina
English tragedy EDUARDO CASTRILLO- sculpture
EDGAR ALLAN POE- father of landmarks
horror/detective stories JUAN LUNA- painter of spolarium
GUY DE MAUPASSANT- french short story FABIAN DELA ROSA- amorsolo’s mentor
HOMER- mythical geographer GILOPEZ KABAYAO- classical violin
FRANCIS BACON- father of English essay
LINDLEY MURRAY- father of English
grammar
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE- greatest
English/sonnet writer
WOLFGANG KOHLER- insight learning
theory
IVAN PAVLOV- classical conditioning
BF SKINNER- operant conditioning
ALBERT BANDURA- social learning
EDWARD THORNDIKE- connectionism
JEAN PIAGET- cognitive development
theory
JOHN LOCKE- tabula rasa
LEV VYGOTSKY- zone of proximal
development
ERIK ERIKSON- psychosocial
PREVIOUS LET Q&A GITLING- bantas na ginagamit sa pagitan
ng panlaping ika at tambilang

DIFUSSION- the movement of material from

LIZA MACUJA- Ballet
a more crowded are
PAYNE-ALDRICH ACT- Partial free foreign
PHOTOSYNTHESIS- light energy to
trade
chemical energy
JAENA- first editor of La Solidaridad
HERMAPHRODITES- two sexes
CONSTITUTION- fundamental law of the
REGENERATION- starfish and lizards
Philippines
TROPHIC LEVELS- the successive levels of
ALIBATA- earliest form of writing
organisms consuming one another
EXTENDED- close family ties

7x2x2x2- Prime factors of 56

CPU- brain of the computer
40, 41, 42- sum of three consecutive
HYPERTEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE
integers 1,2,3
SOFTWARE- computer program
Php 6,120.00- total amount after adding 8%
SPREADSHEET- performs computation
interest of 3 months of Php 6,000.00
BLOG- journal writing using the internet and
12- least common multiple of 2, 3 and 4
useful for teachers who can publish lesson
25- prime numbers between 1 to 100
ideas to digital students
50 km per hour- Toyota kia car
MODEM- enables the computer to
120- 5 girls can be seated in a row of 5
communicate with other computers over
seats
the telephone
½- die is rolled – probability of getting a
NETWORK- activities connected by a
number divisible by 2
computer
20%- Percent of 75 is 15
E-MAIL- messages are easily transported
anywhere in the world
PROTEIN- gastric juice
GREGOR MENDEL- father of genetics
COSMOPOLITAN- sophisticated
WALRUS- arctic environment
WAS LEFT- empty board ____ on the table
NITROUS OXIDE- laughing gas
HELEN OF TROY- “the face that launched a
FERROMAGNETIC- magnetic material
thousand ships”
HYDROGEN- lightest element
LATEST- I watched the _____ news on
FATS- bile
television
HERBIVORES- eat plants only
MORAL- The hard work has its rewards
373 DEGREES- boiling point of water in
appears to be the _____ of the story
degrees kelvin (absolute)
YOUR; MINE- If you forgot ___ textbook, you
TROPICAL RAINFOREST- biome does the
can use _____, Michael?
Philippine belong
MARK TWAIN- Pen name of Samuel
Clemens
1987- nagsimula ang pagkakaroon ng
HAIKU- Japanese poem – 3 lines with 17
modernisasyong pambansa
syllables
KABANATA 1- panimula, kaligiran ng pag-
aaral at conceptual framework
BAR GRAPH- illustrates a particular data
ELIPSIS- tatlong tuldok na sunod sunod
series through rectangles
KUWIT- naghihiwalay sa mga salita
RECTANGLE- shape of a brick
PAMUKOD- pangatnig na namumukod
362,880- Permutation (9P9)
IMPROPTU- ang paksa ay binibigay bago
14.35/14.15- absolute mean
magsimula ang talumpati
P3,200- manufactured bed P4,000 less 20%
20- digit 7 appears between 1 t0 100 commonly used in animals
45,46- consecutive numbers whose sum is CERTAIN- USA decided to drop the atomic
91 bomb to Nagasaki
51- not a prime number (41, 11, 31, 51) SINGAPORE- largest paid teacher’s salary in
RECTANGLE- opposite sides are equal Southeast Asia
199- largest prime number less than 200 BODY LANGUAGE- eye wink, waving of
hands and nodding oh head are example
MICROFILAMENTS- cytokinesis, amoeboid SLEEP- natural altered state of awareness
movement and changes in cell shape BEFORE MEAL- the correct way of eating
GROUP O BLOOD INTO GROUP AB fruits
PERSONS- only safe blood transfusion ELECTRA COMPLEX- daughter competes to
GRASSHOPPER- heterotroph the attention of the father
NUCLEOLUS- prokaryotic cell lacks PERCEIVING- lowest form of learning
MAGNOLIDAE- kingdom plantae CHINA- country where teachers are most
NIACIN- vitamin respected
PLASMA- fourth form of matter
LUNGS- main organ for respiration NICK JOAQUIN- Quijano de Manila
CHLOROPHYLL- molecule that allows to METAPHOR- black sheep
capture energy from sunlight KALIDASA- Indian Shakesperean poet
ANTHROPODA- dengue FRANK- candor
ROMEO AND JULIET- two ill-starred lovers
GALIT- salubong ang kilay who came from warring families
DON RAFAEL- tauhan sa Noli Me Tangere OPHELIA DIMALANTA- love sonnet
na may pinakamalawak na lupain METAPHOR- phantom of delight
BARBERSHOP- tagalog ng barbershop ONOMATOPOEIA- tinkle, tinkle, tinkle
TALASTASAN- pagpapahayag ng mga ideya,
opinion at salaysay sa pamamagitan ng Php 300, 000- how much was borrowed if
mga sagisag the interest at 8% after 3 months is Php
KURIPOT- malalim ang bulsa 6,000?
WIKA- simbolong kumakatawan sa mga PERIMETER- sum of the sides of a polygon
bagay at pangungusap na nais ipahayag ng ½- fraction halfway between 3/7 and 4/7
tao sa kanyang kapwa 56- 2 eggs: 1 cup of flour: ____: 28 cups of
METATESIS- pagpapalit ng posisyon ng flour
ponema sa salita Php 12,400.00- total amount after adding
interest of 8% on Php 10,000.00 for three
WRIT OF AMPARO- the right to life, liberty years?
and security MODE- measure of central tendency – size
COMMUNITY TAX- tax required to be paid of t-shirts commonly used by teenagers
annually by all adults MEDIAN- not influenced by outliers
AUGUSTINIANS- religious missionaries first 102.5 DEGREES- 25 more than its
arrived in the Philippines supplement – larger angle
RICE TERRACES- man made wonder of the LINE GRAPH- shows the progress in
Philippines academic grades over four quarters
THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION PRIVACY-
writ of habeas IN VITRO FERTILIZATION- union of an
HINDUISM- oldest religion in Asia ovum and sperm inside a test tube
CILIA- small hair-like structure
MATURATION- lowest form of learning CHROMOSOMES- duplicated during the
process of mitosis BODABIL- not a play from Spanish era
CONAGE- element X (1s2 2s2 2p2) SPENCER- survival of the fittest
CARBOHYDRATES- polysaccharides, LUPANG HINIRANG- national anthem
triglycerides, polypeptides and nucleic acids TAX REFORM FOR ACCELERATION AND
TRUE OF METALLOIDS- have properties of INCLUSION- train law meaning
both metals and nonmetals HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AND
CLEAN AIR ACT- environmental law SENATE- the Philippine legislature has two
requires to install anti-pollution devices and chambers and is described as
bans the use of incinerators CHECK AND BALANCE- principle behind the
14- Silicon mass number of 28 – atomic power given in the legislature to impeach
number of 14 protons the president
40.0 KG OF GOLD- largest amount of gold JULIAN FELIPE- composer of Lupang
(Au= 197) Hinirang
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION- Kyoto
Protocol PRODIGY-OFFSPRING- two words lack
correlation
MATRIARCHAL- a woman is the ruler of the FORMERLY-HERETOFORE- two words lack
family correlation
FRAILOCRACIA- term of Marcelo H. Del METAPHOR- “she is a lovely rose”
Pilar to friars RESONATION- amplifying and enriching the
SEVERINO MONTANO- Arena theater voice
proponent SIMILE- “it droppeth as a gentle rain from
NATY CRAME ROGERS- Sala theater heaven”
proponent MANUEL ARGUILLA- “how my brother Leon
REDUCCION- pagbabagong anyo ng bayan brought home a wife?”
UMALOHOKAN- town crier ELEGY- poem of a grief
JONES LAW- bicameralism
CARBON DIOXIDE- end product of citric acid
EPISTOLARY- novels in letters cycles
TANKA- Japanese poem – 5 lines with 31 SEGMENTED: WORM- leeches:
syllables anticoagulation
EULOGY- message for the dead OXYGEN- waste product of photosynthesis
PANCREAS- insulin TISSUE- group of cells
VACUUM- light travels fastest ARCHIPELAGO- Philippines
ECOLOGICAL NICHE- ant colony AIR, WATER AND LAND- biosphere
ALEXANDER FLEMING- penicillin VILLI- finger like structure
FOOD WEB- feeding connection among EPIGLOTIS- flap like structure
organisms FLAGELLA- whip like structure
SAHARA- largest desert
CARBON DIOXIDE- released by plants at DECEMBER 19, 2017- RA 10963 was signed
night by President Duterte
CAPSID- protein shell of virus LIMASAWA- first mass
EVENING- tree releases carbon dioxide MUKDUM- Islamic religion
during MAY 23, 2017- declaration of martial law in
mindanao
FAVORITISM- negative effect of extended NIGARA FALLS- boundary between Canada
family and America
POLKA- not a folk dance from Mexico MINDANAO- land of promise
AFRICA- least developing continent WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS- right to seek
CAPITALISM- economic system based on public attorney
free enterprise
SCORNFUL- contemptuous
CONFIRM- corroborate AWKWARD LOOKING- baduy
EASILY DECEIVE- gullible EDITORIAL SECTION- opinion of the people
SOLILOQUY- speech made by a person who FORMAL GATHERING- black tie affair
reveals his thoughts COMPARATIVE- he is taller of two brothers
HYPOCHONDRIAC LIVING IN MORBID DESTINY- grand design
FEAR- fall of the House of Usher LIMITED- mother’s financial resources
THE ILIAD OF HOMER- epic poem – anger VERBOSE- loquacious
and wrath of Achilles against Agamemnon
FOLKTALES- literature reflects the people’s ATOM- smallest particle
belief and handed down from generation to OPTICAL EFFECT OR ILLUSION- mirage
generation by word of mouth MICROSPORIDIA- kingdom fungi
WEAK- feeble ENDOCRINE GLAND- controls emotions
POLYGOT- speak many languages MILK- example of colloid
ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHT- Arabian VEINS- blood vessels carry blood back to
setting the heart
EYES- myopia
AIR- light travels faster COMMENSALISM- relationship between an
SOLID- sounds travel faster organism and a host which neither is
GULF- a sea partly enclosed by land benefited nor harmed
ZONE- a surface between tropic of cancer SEISMOGRAPH- detect the magnitude of an
and arctic circle earthquake
METALLOIDS- display properties of both STOMATA- opening holes of the plant
metals and non-metals leaves
BRIGHT GREEN- flame test – presence of
boron ACTA DE TEJEROS- the act that rejected
HURRICANE- storm in Atlantic Ocean Aguinaldo as the president
LEECHES- anticoagulation NATURAL LAW- most basic foundation for
RECEIVES SUN RAYS CLOSER TO moral principles
VERTICAL POSITION- the Philippines is HEINOUS- rape
much hotter than Canada LEGISLATIVE- senate
COMMA-SHAPED BACTERIA- vibrio cholera ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- reason
INCOME TAX- tax imposed on all employed
LOPE DE VEGA- national theater in spain and practicing professionals
ST. AUGUSTINE- faith MALABON BAND- band played on June 12,
NEGRITOS- aboriginal settlers 1896
MINDORO- land of Gold or Ma-i OLIGARCHY- a rule of few
CONGRESS- has the power to declare the
existence of a state of war BIOTECHNOLOGY- use of organisms to
ELECTORAL TRIBUNAL- a losing senatorial produce things that people need
candidate may file a protest against the WALRUS- arctic island
winner COAL- energy source which is not
PAYING THE FALLA- exemption of forced sustainable
labor GAS- renewable resource that have not yet
CLARO M. RECTO- the great dissenter developed in the Philippines
OZONE LAYER- earth’s shield against the VENUS- earth’s twin planet
sun’s harmful radiation PROBIOTICS- non-pathogenic
BECAUSE THE EARTH ROTATES ON ITS microorganisms
AXIS- day and night every 24 hours MIDNIGHT SUN- sun shines all the time
ECOLOGY- study of the relationship both day and night
between plants, animals and other living OLYMPUS MONS IN MARS- highest
things in a habitat mountain in the solar system
GREENHOUSE EFFECT- excessive presence DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID- DNA
of CO2 in the air trapping heat near earth’s PHOTOSYNTHESIS- process used by plants
surface to convert the energy from sunlight into
GOLD- Au chemical energy
PARASITISM- one is harmed; the one is MOLLUSKS- red tide
benefited SURFACE TENSION- a toothpick can sit on
the surface of water due to.
FRANCISCO DAGOHOY- revolted due to
improper burial of his sibling -PRETTY RIANE SANTOS
PORTUGEUSE- Magellan
ARISTOCRACY- rule of the best
JULIUS CAESAR- might is right
ASIA- biggest continent (30.1% of the earth)
MEXICO- galleon trade
ARTICLE XIII SECTION 14 WOMEN-
maternity leave
INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES TOXIC
DISPOSED TO POORER COUNTRIES-
interconnectedness between social and
environmental injustice
MERITOCRACY- leadership by people of
talent
OPTIMISM- predominant characteristic of
eastern religion

RA 8749- environmental law requires to

install anti-pollution devices and bans the
use of incinerators
SAVANNA- biome with scattered trees
SKIN- largest organ of the body
PLANTS- flora
ANIMALS- fauna
RITALIN- drug used on someone who has
ADHD
BAMBOO- grass family
CELLULAR RESPIRATION- plants release
CO2 in the process
HELIOCENTRIC- the sun is the center of the
solar system
ACIDIC- pH below 7