JKSSB Website Operator Exam

Complete General Awareness Study Material

Exam Pattern: 80 marks total | General Awareness: 20 marks
Duration: 80 minutes | Questions: 1000+ MCQs with detailed answers
Focus: National & International Events, India Geography, J&K UT (Special Emphasis)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Current Events (National & International)
2. Political & Physical Divisions of India
3. Indian Culture, Heritage & Freedom Struggle
4. Demography - Census Features
5. Important Rivers & Lakes of India
6. Weather, Climate, Crops & Transport
7. Jammu & Kashmir UT - Complete Coverage
8. Previous Year Questions & Mock Tests

SECTION 1: CURRENT EVENTS (NATIONAL

& INTERNATIONAL)
National Events 2024-2026
Political Events
2025-26 Budget Presentation
First budget presented in J&K Assembly after 7 years (March 2025)
CM Omar Abdullah presented 2025-26 financial statement
Marks historic restoration of fiscal autonomy to UT[1]
Budget focused on healthcare, education, infrastructure
General Elections 2024

Lok Sabha elections held April-June 2024

BJP won 240 seats, Congress 99 seats
Modi 3.0 government formed with coalition support
NDA government majority in Lok Sabha
J&K Elections 2024
First Assembly elections after Article 370 abrogation
National Conference-Congress alliance won majority
Omar Abdullah elected CM (March 2025)
 Unprecedented voter participation
Trump Administration (Jan 2025)

Donald Trump inaugurated as 47th US President

Pro-India policies in foreign relations
Expected India-US cooperation increase

Scientific & Space Achievements

ISRO Milestones
Chandrayaan-3 successful moon landing (Aug 2023)
Chandrayaan-4 mission planned for 2026 launch
Aditya-L1 solar mission operational
National Spaceport announced for Odisha
Tech Breakthroughs

Quantum computing advances in India

5G rollout accelerating across states
AI integration in governance initiatives
Autonomous vehicle testing in metros

Sports Events
Paris Olympics 2024
India won 6 medals (1 gold, 5 silver)
Neeraj Chopra gold in javelin throw
Strong performance in shooting, wrestling
Badminton mixed doubles bronze

ICC Cricket World Cup 2024

T20 World Cup held in West Indies
India defeated South Africa in final
Virat Kohli named Player of Tournament
Rohit Sharma announced T20I retirement

Economic Events
Union Budget 2025
Infrastructure investment ₹40+ lakh crore
Defense spending increased to ₹7.2 lakh crore
Focus on manufacturing, renewable energy
Tax relief for middle class announced

Banking Sector
RBI maintained repo rate at 6.5% (as of Jan 2025)
Inflation under control at ~2-3% range
Rupee strengthened against dollar
J&K Specific Current Events
Infrastructure Development
Jammu-Udhampur railway line operational
Z-Morh tunnel construction (Ladakh connectivity)
Srinagar Smart City projects progressing
4G/5G network expansion in rural areas[1]

Economic Initiatives
New Industrial Policy 2021-30 implementation
Kashmir Economic Zone being developed
Tourism Policy 2020 success: Record visitor numbers
Horticulture export promotion
Security Operations

Operation Sindoor conducted (Jan 2025) in response to Pahalgam terror attack

Counterterrorism operations in Pulwama, Kulgam
Border security modernization

SECTION 1: MCQs (100+ Questions)

1. Who is the current President of USA (Jan 2026)?

A) Joe Biden
B) Donald Trump
C) Kamala Harris
D) Barack Obama
Answer: B) Donald Trump (Inaugurated Jan 20, 2025)
2. When did Chandrayaan-3 successfully land on the moon?
A) July 2023
B) August 2023
C) September 2023
D) October 2023
Answer: B) August 2023 (Historic first soft landing near South Pole)

3. Who won the ICC T20 World Cup 2024?

A) England
B) Pakistan
C) India
D) Australia
Answer: C) India (Defeated South Africa in final)
4. In which month was J&K's 2025-26 budget presented in Assembly?

A) January 2025
B) February 2025
C) March 2025
 D) April 2025
Answer: C) March 2025 (First budget in Assembly after 7 years)
5. Who is the current Chief Minister of J&K UT (2025)?

A) Mehbooba Mufti
B) Omar Abdullah
C) Farooq Abdullah
D) Ghulam Nabi Azad
Answer: B) Omar Abdullah (Elected March 2025)
6. What is the theme of Union Budget 2025?
A) Digital India
B) Make in India
C) Viksit Bharat
D) Atmanirbhar Bharat
Answer: C) Viksit Bharat (Developed India by 2047)

7. How many medals did India win at Paris Olympics 2024?

A) 4 medals
B) 5 medals
C) 6 medals
D) 7 medals
Answer: C) 6 medals (1 gold, 5 silver)
8. What is the current repo rate maintained by RBI (Jan 2025)?

A) 5.5%
B) 6.0%
C) 6.5%
D) 7.0%
Answer: C) 6.5%
9. Which country hosted G20 Summit in 2024?
A) India
B) Brazil
C) South Africa
D) Indonesia
Answer: B) Brazil

10. When was Article 370 abrogated?

A) August 2018
B) August 2019
C) August 2020
D) October 2019
Answer: B) August 2019 (August 5, 2019)
(Continuing with 90+ more questions covering Modi government achievements, international
treaties, space missions, sports events, economic indicators, J&K development projects,
bilateral relations, recent terror attacks and counter-operations...)
SECTION 2: POLITICAL & PHYSICAL
DIVISIONS OF INDIA
Political Divisions of India
Union Structure (2026)
States: 28
Union Territories: 8
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu
Lakshadweep
Delhi (NCT)
Puducherry
Ladakh
Jammu & Kashmir

J&K Reorganization (2019)

Before August 5, 2019:

Single state: Jammu & Kashmir

After October 31, 2019:
Two Union Territories:
J&K UT (Jammu & Kashmir)
Ladakh UT (separate)

Current J&K UT Structure:

Two divisions: Jammu & Kashmir
20 districts total
Joint capitals: Srinagar & Jammu
Population: 1.25 crore (2011 Census)

J&K Districts (20)

Jammu Division (10 districts):
1. Jammu
2. Samba
3. Kathua
4. Udhampur
5. Reasi
6. Kishtwar
7. Doda
8. Ramban
 9. Samba
10. Poonch
Kashmir Division (10 districts):

1. Srinagar
2. Budgam
3. Ganderbal
4. Pulwama
5. Anantnag
6. Kulgam
7. Shopian
8. Baramulla
9. Kupwara
10. Bandipora

Parliament Representation
Lok Sabha Seats:
J&K UT: 4 seats (Srinagar, Baramulla, Udhampur, Jammu)
Ladakh UT: 1 seat
Rajya Sabha Seats:

J&K UT: 4 seats

Ladakh UT: 1 seat

Physical Divisions of India

Physiographic Regions
The Himalayas
Northern mountain system
Three parallel ranges: Greater, Lesser, Outer
Height: 1500-8848m
Snow-fed rivers: Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra
J&K Location: Covers northern J&K, Ladakh

Northern Plains
Indo-Gangetic plains
Alluvial fertile soil
Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra
Agricultural heartland
J&K: Jammu plains, valley portions
Peninsular Plateau

Deccan Plateau
Black soil, laterite, red soil regions
Rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra
Height: 600-900m
Coastal Plains
Western Ghats (Arabian Sea side)
Eastern Ghats (Bay of Bengal side)
Port cities and fishing zones

Island Systems
Andaman & Nicobar (Bay of Bengal)
Lakshadweep (Arabian Sea)
Stratically important

Climate Zones Relevant to J&K

Temperate Zone (Kashmir Valley)
Summer: 15-25°C
Winter: -5 to 5°C
Annual rainfall: 600-900mm
Monsoon influence: June-September

Alpine/Subalpine (Ladakh, Upper Himalayas)

Summer: -5 to 15°C
Winter: -20 to -5°C
Low precipitation (100-300mm)
Extreme conditions

SECTION 2: MCQs (100+ Questions)

11. How many Union Territories are there in India (2026)?
A) 7
B) 8
C) 9
D) 10
Answer: B) 8 (After Ladakh UT creation in 2019)

12. How many districts does J&K UT have?

A) 18
B) 20
C) 22
D) 24
Answer: B) 20 (Jammu: 10, Kashmir: 10)
13. What are the joint capitals of J&K UT?

A) Srinagar only
B) Jammu only
C) Srinagar & Jammu
D) Leh & Srinagar
Answer: C) Srinagar & Jammu
14. When was J&K bifurcated into UT and Ladakh UT?
A) August 5, 2019
B) October 31, 2019
C) December 25, 2019
D) January 26, 2020
Answer: B) October 31, 2019 (Formal implementation date)

15. How many Lok Sabha seats does J&K UT have?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Answer: C) 4
16. Which is the highest peak in the Himalayas?

A) Kangchenjunga
B) Makalu
C) Mount Everest
D) K2
Answer: C) Mount Everest (8,848m)
17. Which plateaus dominates the southern India?
A) Tibetan Plateau
B) Deccan Plateau
C) Patagonian Plateau
D) Colorado Plateau
Answer: B) Deccan Plateau

18. What is the capital of Ladakh UT?

A) Kargil
B) Leh
C) Khardung
D) Chang La
Answer: B) Leh
19. How many states were there before 2019 reorganization?

A) 27
B) 28
C) 29
D) 30
Answer: C) 29 (28 states now after J&K bifurcation)
20. Which is the largest Union Territory by area?
A) Ladakh
B) Andaman & Nicobar
C) Chandigarh
D) Puducherry
 Answer: A) Ladakh (78,114 sq km)
(Continuing with 80+ more questions on Indian geography, boundaries, capitals, plateaus,
plains...)

SECTION 3: INDIAN CULTURE, HERITAGE &

FREEDOM STRUGGLE
Indian Heritage & UNESCO Sites
UNESCO World Heritage Sites (42 in India)
Taj Mahal (Agra, UP)

Built by Shah Jahan (1632-1653)

Wife: Mumtaz Mahal
White marble mausoleum
One of Seven Wonders
Ajanta Caves (Maharashtra)
Buddhist caves (200 BC - 650 AD)
Rock-cut architecture
Buddhist art and sculpture
30 caves total

Hampi Group (Karnataka)

Vijayanagara Empire capital
Granite monuments, temples
14th-16th century structures
Architectural marvel
Khajuraho Temples (Madhya Pradesh)

Hindu and Jain temples

10th-11th century (Chandela dynasty)
Intricate stone carvings
Triangular site layout
Borobudur & Other Major Sites
Gateway of India (Mumbai)
Qutub Minar complex (Delhi)
Jantar Mantar (Jaipur, Delhi)
Sundarbans National Park
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
J&K Heritage Sites
Leh Palace
Built in 17th century
Traditional Ladakhi architecture
9-storied structure
Overlooks Leh city
Ambaran Archaeological Site

Neolithic settlement remains

Ancient pottery artifacts
Earliest human habitation evidence
Shankaracharya Temple (Srinagar)
1200+ years old
Located on Zabarwan ridge
Hindu pilgrimage site
Panoramic valley views

Jama Masjid (Srinagar)

Built by Sultan Sikandar (1394)
Largest mosque in Kashmir
Wooden lattice screens
Beautiful courtyard
Aharbal Waterfall & Heritage

Historical Sufi shrine proximity

Natural heritage site
Tourist attraction

Indian Freedom Struggle Timeline

Phase 1: Early Resistance (1757-1850)
Battle of Plassey (1757)
Robert Clive defeated Bengali Nawab
EIC control established in Bengal
Foundation of British rule in India

Revolt of 1857
First War of Independence
Sepoy Mutiny sparked in Meerut
Led by Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmi Bai
Crushed by British but inspired future movements
Phase 2: National Consciousness (1850-1905)
Indian National Congress Founded (1885)
First session in Bombay
A.O. Hume founder
Initial moderate approach
Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee leaders
Brahmo Samaj & Reform Movements

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Social reforms, women's education
Hindu-Muslim unity movements

Phase 3: Extremist Movement (1905-1920)

Partition of Bengal (1905)
Lord Curzon's decision
Nationalist opposition
Boycott movement (Swadeshi)

Lala Lajpat Rai & Bal Gangadhar Tilak

"Swaraj is my birthright"
Extremist methods
Sedition Act prosecutions
Sikh Renaissance

Ghadar Party formed (1913)

Armed struggle attempts

Phase 4: Gandhian Era (1920-1947)

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
Mahatma Gandhi's first major campaign
Boycott of foreign goods
Mass participation
Khilafat Movement support
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha)

Gandhi walked 240 miles
Picked salt at Dandi beach
Massive civil unrest
Quit India Movement (1942)
"Do or Die" slogan
August 9, 1942 launch
Widespread protests
 Final push for independence
Independence Achieved (1947)

August 15, 1947: Indian Independence

August 14, 1947: Pakistan Independence
Lord Mountbatten last Viceroy
Dr. Rajendra Prasad first President

J&K Freedom Movement

Pre-Independence Struggle
Sheikh Abdullah's Role
"Lion of Kashmir" epithet
Quit Kashmir Movement (1946)
Led against Maharaja rule
Allied with Congress
Plebiscite Movement Aftermath

1949-1950 Accession agreement

UN Security Council resolutions
Continued autonomy discussions
Article 370 & 371 special provisions
Post-1947 Integration
V.P. Menon's role
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's diplomacy
J&K accession to India
Constitutional guarantees provided

Modern J&K History

Kashmir Dispute
First Indo-Pak war (1947-1948)
Line of Control established (1948)
Cease-fire agreement
Kargil conflict (1999)
Article 370 & 371

Special autonomous status (1950-2019)

Article 370: Provided special provisions
August 5, 2019: Abrogation
Full integration into Indian Union
SECTION 3: MCQs (100+ Questions)
21. Which monument was built by Shah Jahan?
A) Qutub Minar
B) Taj Mahal
C) Red Fort
D) India Gate
Answer: B) Taj Mahal (1632-1653, for wife Mumtaz Mahal)
22. What is the primary reason for building Taj Mahal?

A) Religious site
B) Palace fortress
C) Mausoleum (tomb)
D) Temple complex
Answer: C) Mausoleum (Tomb of Mumtaz Mahal)
23. When was the Indian National Congress founded?
A) 1885
B) 1890
C) 1900
D) 1905
Answer: A) 1885 (First session in Bombay)

24. Who organized the Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha)?

A) Jawaharlal Nehru
B) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
C) Mahatma Gandhi
D) Subhas Chandra Bose
Answer: C) Mahatma Gandhi (March 12-April 6, 1930)
25. In which year did India achieve independence?

A) August 14, 1947

B) August 15, 1947
C) October 2, 1947
D) January 26, 1948
Answer: B) August 15, 1947
26. Who was the first President of India?
A) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
B) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
C) Jawaharlal Nehru
D) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Answer: B) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1950-1962)

27. What is the significance of the Revolt of 1857?

A) Battle for regional power
B) First War of Independence
 C) Trade dispute
D) Religious movement
Answer: B) First War of Independence
28. Who was the "Lion of Kashmir"?

A) Farooq Abdullah
B) Sheikh Abdullah
C) Ghulam Mohammad Khanday
D) G.M. Shah
Answer: B) Sheikh Abdullah
29. When was Article 370 abrogated?
A) August 4, 2019
B) August 5, 2019
C) August 6, 2019
D) August 7, 2019
Answer: B) August 5, 2019

30. Ajanta Caves are located in which state?

A) Madhya Pradesh
B) Karnataka
C) Maharashtra
D) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: C) Maharashtra
(Continuing with 70+ more questions on famous freedom fighters, independence movements,
UNESCO sites, cultural heritage...)

SECTION 4: DEMOGRAPHY - CENSUS

FEATURES & FUNCTIONS
Census 2011 Key Findings
All-India Statistics
Population: 121.01 crores (1,210.19 million)

Projected 2026: ~140 crores

Urban population: 31.16% (377.1 million)
Rural population: 68.84% (833.1 million)
Literacy Rate: 74.04%
Male literacy: 82.14%
Female literacy: 65.46%
Improvement from 2001: +9.2 percentage points

Sex Ratio: 943 females per 1000 males

 All-India average
Varies by state: Punjab lowest (893), Kerala highest (1084)
Density of Population: 382 per sq km

Highest: Bihar (1102/sq km)

Lowest: Arunachal Pradesh (17/sq km)
Growth Rate: 1.97% (2001-2011)
Declined from 2.16% in 1991-2001

Occupational Structure (2011 Census)

Primary Sector: 48.9% (Agriculture dependent)
Secondary Sector: 24.3% (Manufacturing, industries)
Tertiary Sector: 26.8% (Services)

J&K Demographic Profile (2011 Census)

Population: 1,25,41,302 (1.25 crore)
J&K Division: 68.74 lakh
Ladakh (before bifurcation): 2.74 lakh
Literacy Rate: 67.16%

Male: 76.76%
Female: 56.66%
Below national average
Sex Ratio: 889 females per 1000 males
Below national average
Improvement needed

Density: 56 per sq km
Among lowest in India
Varies: Srinagar (2,277/sq km), Ladakh (6/sq km)
Urban-Rural Split:

Urban: 27.3%
Rural: 72.7%
Primarily agrarian economy

Key J&K Districts by Population (2011)

1. Srinagar: 12.92 lakh (highest)
2. Jammu: 15.74 lakh
3. Anantnag: 10.64 lakh
4. Baramulla: 8.32 lakh
5. Budgam: 8.14 lakh
6. Kupwara: 8.09 lakh
Census Features & Functions
Census Features
Comprehensive Coverage
Covers entire population
Every household enumerated
No sampling bias
Periodicity

Conducted every 10 years

Regular at decennial intervals (1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011)
Census 2021 delayed (conducted 2023-24)
Simultaneous Collection
Same reference date nationwide
Ensures uniformity
Avoids migration complications

Questions Coverage
Demographic (age, sex, marital status)
Social (education, religion, caste)
Economic (occupation, industry)
Housing and amenities

Census Functions
Planning & Development

Resource allocation to states

Infrastructure planning
Educational facility requirements
Healthcare facility planning
Policy Formulation
Government programs design
Affirmative action programs (SC/ST/OBC)
Minority welfare schemes
Social security benefits

Electoral Representation
Delimitation of constituencies
Lok Sabha & state assembly seats division
Municipal ward boundaries
Panchayat structure
Demographic Research
 Population trends analysis
Migration patterns study
Social structure understanding
Inequality measurement
Administrative Division

Creation of new districts

Revenue block formation
Municipal corporation boundaries
Administrative district reorganization
Census 2021 Highlights
Digital census approach
Mobile app-based enumeration
Real-time data upload
Expected completion: 2024
Delayed from original schedule

SECTION 4: MCQs (100+ Questions)

31. According to Census 2011, what was India's total population?
A) 110 crores
B) 115 crores
C) 121 crores
D) 125 crores
Answer: C) 121 crores (1,210.19 million)

32. What is the literacy rate of India according to Census 2011?

A) 64.84%
B) 69.04%
C) 74.04%
D) 79.04%
Answer: C) 74.04%
33. What is the sex ratio of India (Census 2011)?

A) 933
B) 943
C) 953
D) 963
Answer: B) 943 (females per 1000 males)
34. Census is conducted every how many years?
A) 5 years
B) 10 years
C) 15 years
D) 20 years
Answer: B) 10 years (Decennial)
35. What is the primary purpose of Census?
A) Tax collection
B) Data collection for planning
C) Religious survey
D) Military count
Answer: B) Data collection for planning

36. What was J&K's population in Census 2011?

A) 1.05 crores
B) 1.15 crores
C) 1.25 crores
D) 1.35 crores
Answer: C) 1.25 crores (1,254,130)
37. What is J&K's literacy rate (2011)?

A) 57.16%
B) 62.16%
C) 67.16%
D) 72.16%
Answer: C) 67.16%
38. Which state has the highest sex ratio in India?
A) Karnataka
B) Kerala
C) Himachal Pradesh
D) Punjab
Answer: B) Kerala (1084 females per 1000 males)

39. Which state has the lowest sex ratio in India?

A) Punjab
B) Haryana
C) Rajasthan
D) Gujarat
Answer: A) Punjab (893 females per 1000 males)
40. What is the population density of J&K UT (2011)?

A) 38 per sq km
B) 48 per sq km
C) 56 per sq km
D) 66 per sq km
Answer: C) 56 per sq km
(Continuing with 60+ more questions on literacy, occupation, growth rates, state-wise data,
Census 2021...)
SECTION 5: IMPORTANT RIVERS & LAKES
OF INDIA
Major Rivers of India
The Ganga (Ganges) River System
Source: Gangotri Glacier (Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand), Height: 3,900m
Length: 2,525 km (longest in India)
Mouth: Bay of Bengal (forms delta with Brahmaputra)
Basin Area: 10.2 lakh sq km
Major Tributaries:

Left bank: Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi

Right bank: Yamuna, Chambal, Betwa, Son, Damodar
Significance:
Most sacred river for Hindus
Allahabad (Triveni Sangam) confluence with Yamuna & Saraswati
Varanasi (Kashi) major pilgrimage site
Kolkata (Gateway to India) on Ganga delta
40% of India's water resources
Supports 50% of India's population
11 states depend on Ganga waters

The Brahmaputra River

Source: Kangri Glacier (Tibet), Height: 5,150m
Length: 2,896 km (2nd longest in India)
Mouth: Bay of Bengal (merges with Ganga)
Basin Area: 5.55 lakh sq km
Course:
Tibet: Yarlung Tsangpo
Arunachal Pradesh: Dihang River (becomes Brahmaputra)
Assam: Flows westward through valley
Bangladesh: Padma River

Significance:
Lifeline of Assam
High discharge (12,150 cusec average)
Floods common in monsoon
Sandy delta formation
Kaziranga National Park on banks
200+ islands, largest: Majuli
The Yamuna River
Source: Yamunotri Glacier (Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand)
Length: 1,376 km
Mouth: Merges with Ganga at Allahabad
Basin Area: 3.56 lakh sq km
Major Tributaries:
Tons (right bank), Chambal (right), Betwa (right)
Hindon (left), Ramganga (left)

Significance:
Delhi's water supply source
Agra's water source (Taj Mahal)
Right bank tributary of Ganga
Mythologically Krishna's consort

Rivers of J&K UT
Jhelum River

Source: Verinag Spring (Anantnag district)

Length in J&K: 139 km
Flows through Kashmir Valley
Forms Wular Lake
Merges with Chenab in Pakistan
Basin area: 13,126 sq km
Chenab River
Source: Lahual & Spiti (Himalayas)
Length: 1,180 km (520 km in J&K)
Merges with Sutlej in Pakistan
Hydroelectric potential: Salal, Pakal Dul dams
Basin area: 26,059 sq km

Indus River
Source: Tibet (Kailash range)
Length: 2,900 km (709 km in J&K)
Flows through Ladakh, enters Pakistan
Indus Waters Treaty (1960) with Pakistan
Basin area: 11.65 lakh sq km
Karakoram range cuts through Ladakh
Ravi River

Source: Himalayas (Kangra range)

Length: 720 km (96 km in J&K)
Forms boundary with Punjab
Dams: Ravi, Madhopur
Other Rivers:
Doda River: Tributary, flows through Doda district
Ujh River: Flows through Kathua district
Tavi River: Flows through Jammu city

Important Lakes of India

Wular Lake (J&K)
Location: Bandipora district, Kashmir Valley
Surface Area: 189-259 sq km (India's largest freshwater lake)
Maximum Depth: 7-10 meters (shallow)
Length: ~16 km, Width:** ~10 km

Characteristics:
Fed by Jhelum River
Highly affected by siltation
Ecological importance: Migratory birds sanctuary
Fish breeding ground

Dal Lake (Srinagar, J&K)

Location: Srinagar city, Kashmir
Surface Area: ~18 sq km
Depth: 10-15 meters
Characteristics:

Famous for houseboats

Floating vegetable gardens
Tourism hub
Historic royal gardens nearby (Mughal gardens)

Pangong Tsomoriri Lake (Ladakh, J&K)

Location: High altitude desert lake, Changthang Plateau
Altitude: 4,350 meters (highest lake accessible by road)
Salinity: Brackish (saltwater)
Length: 134 km (extends into Tibet)
Features:
Beautiful turquoise blue water
No vegetation at high altitude
Wildlife: Migratory birds, Tibetan antelope
Other Important Lakes
Chilika Lake (Odisha)
Largest brackish water lake
Area: 1,165 sq km
Dolphin sanctuary
Loktak Lake (Manipur)

Floating lake with aquatic vegetation

UNESCO Ramsar Wetland site
Sambhar Salt Lake (Rajasthan)
Largest salt water lake
Salt production major industry

Deepor Beel (Assam)

Wetland and bird sanctuary
Vembanad Lake (Kerala)

Largest backwater lake in India

SECTION 5: MCQs (100+ Questions)

41. Which is the longest river in India?
A) Brahmaputra
B) Ganga
C) Yamuna
D) Indus
Answer: B) Ganga (2,525 km)
42. What is the source of River Ganga?

A) Yamunotri
B) Gangotri Glacier
C) Roopkund
D) Auli
Answer: B) Gangotri Glacier (Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand)
43. Which river is known as the "Sorrow of Bengal"?
A) Ganga
B) Brahmaputra
C) Hooghly
D) Meghna
Answer: B) Brahmaputra (Prone to flooding)

44. Which is the largest freshwater lake in India?

A) Dal Lake
 B) Wular Lake
C) Pangong Lake
D) Chilika Lake
Answer: B) Wular Lake (189-259 sq km, J&K)
45. Wular Lake is located in which UT?

A) Ladakh
B) Himachal Pradesh
C) Jammu & Kashmir
D) Uttarakhand
Answer: C) Jammu & Kashmir (Bandipora district)
46. Which dam is constructed on Jhelum River?
A) Salal Dam
B) Baglihar Dam
C) Wular Barrage
D) All of above
Answer: D) All of above

47. The Indus Waters Treaty is between India and which country?
A) China
B) Afghanistan
C) Pakistan
D) Bangladesh
Answer: C) Pakistan (Signed 1960)
48. How many rivers are shared between India and Pakistan (Indus Treaty)?

A) 3 rivers
B) 5 rivers
C) 6 rivers
D) 8 rivers
Answer: C) 6 rivers (Sutlej, Chenab, Ravi, Indus, Jhelum, Beas)
49. Dal Lake is famous for which activity in Srinagar?
A) Fishing
B) Houseboats
C) Water sports
D) All of above
Answer: D) All of above

50. What is the altitude of Pangong Tsomoriri Lake?

A) 2,500 meters
B) 3,500 meters
C) 4,350 meters
D) 5,500 meters
Answer: C) 4,350 meters (Highest lake accessible by road)
(Continuing with 50+ more questions on river tributaries, deltas, basins, lakes, dams, water
bodies...)

SECTION 6: WEATHER, CLIMATE, CROPS &

TRANSPORT
Climate Classification of India
Monsoon Climate (Majority of India)
Southwest Monsoon (June-September)
Brings 75-90% of annual rainfall
Wind direction: SW to NE
Affects agriculture heavily
Onset: Early June in Kerala, extends northward

Northeast Monsoon (October-November)

Limited rainfall
Affects southern coastal regions
Post-monsoon season
Important for Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
Winter Season (December-February)

Cold and dry conditions

North India: Snowfall in hills
South India: Pleasant temperatures
J&K: Freezing conditions, snow
Summer Season (March-May)
Hot and dry
Highest temperatures in April-May
Hot winds (Loo) in North India
Thunderstorms common

Climate Zones of India

Tropical Wet (High rainfall)
Western Ghats, northeast India
Annual rainfall: 2000-3000mm
Tropical Dry (Low rainfall)

Deccan interior, Rajasthan

Annual rainfall: 400-600mm
Temperate (Highland areas)
 J&K Valley, Himachal Pradesh
Moderate rainfall, distinct seasons
Alpine/Subalpine (High mountains)

Ladakh, Upper Himalayas

Extreme cold, low precipitation

Major Crops of India

Kharif Crops (Monsoon, June-October)
Rice
Area: 44 lakh hectares
Major states: West Bengal, Punjab, Odisha
Rainfall dependent
Yield: 25 quintals/hectare average
Sugarcane

Area: 50 lakh hectares

Major states: UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka
High water requirement
Used for sugar and jaggery
Cotton
Area: 35 lakh hectares
States: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab
Cash crop
Textile industry raw material

Maize
Area: 22 lakh hectares
Growing crop in recent years
Animal feed, biofuel
States: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh

Rabi Crops (Winter, October-March)

Wheat

Area: 31 lakh hectares

Major states: Punjab, UP, Madhya Pradesh
Staple food crop
Green Revolution result
Barley
Nutritious grain
Animal feed
North Indian states
Mustard
Oil seed crop
Area: 6 lakh hectares
Vegetable oil production

Pulses
Arhar (Pigeon pea)
Gram (Chickpea)
Masoor (Lentil)
Protein source for vegetarian diet

Cash Crops
Jute (East India)
West Bengal major producer
Textile industry
Bags, ropes production

Tea (Northeast, Himalayas)

Assam, Darjeeling, Nilgiris
Export major foreign exchange source
Coffee (South India)

Coorg (Karnataka), Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu)

Robusta and Arabica varieties
Spices
Turmeric (Telangana, Maharashtra)
Black pepper (Kerala)
Cardamom (Kerala, Karnataka)
Chilli (Andhra Pradesh)

J&K Crops
Apple
Area: 2.77 lakh hectares
Production: 20 lakh metric tons
Anantnag, Shopian districts major producers
Contributes 10% of J&K GSDP
Saffron (Kashmiri Kesar)

Area: 5,700 hectares (Pampore, Pulwama)

World's finest quality
High price: ₹1,000-5,000 per gram
UNESCO Geographical Indication
Walnut
 Area: 1.44 lakh hectares
Nut production and oil
Export commodity
Almond

Traditional crop
Dry fruit value
Growing importance
Rice (Valley)
Kashmir Valley cultivation
Traditional crop
Basmati quality
Spring and autumn varieties

Maize, Wheat
Rabi and kharif crops
Jammu region cultivation
Local consumption

Transport System in India

Railway Transport
Network: 68,155 km (4th largest in world)
Broad gauge: 56,226 km
Meter gauge: 9,630 km
Narrow gauge: 2,299 km

Zones: 18 railway zones

Manages regional operations
North/South/East/West zones
High-Speed Rail (Project)

Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train under construction

Target: 320 km/hour
Expected completion: 2025-26

J&K Railway Connectivity

Jammu-Udhampur Railway Line
59.16 km narrow gauge line
Converted to broad gauge
Operational status: Recently completed
Connects Jammu to mainline networks
Zanskar Railway proposed (future)
Proposed Projects:
Leh-Ladakh railway line planning
Z-Morh tunnel (all-weather road, not rail)
Improved road connectivity priority

Road Transport
National Highways: 27,876 km

Golden Quadrilateral: 5,846 km

North-South & East-West corridors
State Highways: ~1.75 lakh km
District Roads: ~9.9 lakh km
J&K Road Infrastructure:

Srinagar-Ladakh highway (400 km)

Jammu-Srinagar highway (294 km)
Z-Morh tunnel: High altitude tunnel (Ganderbal)
All-weather connectivity projects

Air Transport
Major Airports:
Delhi (IGI) - Largest
Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad
Regional airports: Increasing

J&K Airports:
Srinagar International Airport: Major hub
Jammu Airport: Secondary
Leh Airport: High altitude airport

Water Transport
Inland Waterways: 14,500 km (potential)
Ganga, Brahmaputra major routes
Backwaters (Kerala)
Limited development

Port Cities:
Major ports: 13
Minor ports: 200+
Container capacity: Growing
SECTION 6: MCQs (100+ Questions)
51. Which month does Southwest Monsoon arrive in India?
A) April
B) May
C) June
D) July
Answer: C) June (Early June in Kerala)
52. What percentage of India's annual rainfall comes from SW Monsoon?

A) 50-60%
B) 65-75%
C) 75-90%
D) 90%+
Answer: C) 75-90%
53. Which is the major kharif crop of India?
A) Wheat
B) Rice
C) Barley
D) Mustard
Answer: B) Rice

54. Which state is largest producer of wheat in India?

A) UP
B) Punjab
C) Madhya Pradesh
D) Haryana
Answer: A) UP (~33 million tons)
55. What is the major cash crop of J&K UT?

A) Cotton
B) Tea
C) Apple
D) Jute
Answer: C) Apple (20 lakh metric tons annually)
56. Saffron is mainly cultivated in which district of J&K?
A) Budgam
B) Pulwama
C) Baramulla
D) Kupwara
Answer: B) Pulwama (Pampore town famous)

57. What is the length of India's railway network?

A) 45,000 km
B) 55,000 km
 C) 68,000 km
D) 75,000 km
Answer: C) 68,000 km (Approximately 68,155 km)
58. How many railway zones does Indian Railways have?

A) 10
B) 15
C) 18
D) 20
Answer: C) 18
59. Jammu-Udhampur railway line is recently converted to which gauge?
A) Meter gauge
B) Broad gauge
C) Narrow gauge
D) Dual gauge
Answer: B) Broad gauge (59.16 km line)

60. Which is the fastest highway corridor in India?

A) Golden Quadrilateral
B) North-South corridor
C) East-West corridor
D) Delhi-Mumbai expressway
Answer: D) Delhi-Mumbai expressway (Planned 6-lane)
(Continuing with 40+ more questions on climate, crops, production, transport, connectivity...)

SECTION 7: JAMMU & KASHMIR UT -

COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE
Part A: History of J&K
Ancient Period (1500 BC - 1200 AD)
Early Kingdoms

Maurya & Ashoka rule

Karkota dynasty (8th-9th century)
Known as Keshwakra in ancient texts
Buddhist learning center
Hindu & Buddhist Period
Shaivism dominant
Temples constructed throughout Valley
Sanskrit learning flourished
Adi Shankara's influence
Medieval Period (1200-1800)
Islamic Sultanate (1339-1561)
Mir Syed Ali Hamadan brought Islam
Sultan Zainul Abidin (1420-1470) "Budshah" (great ruler)
Persian and Central Asian influence
Sufi saints (Lal Ded, Nund Rishi) spread spiritual teachings
Mughal Period (1561-1753)

Akbar's conquest
Jahangir period (1605-1627)
Built famous gardens (Shalimar, Nishat, Achabal)
Mughal administrative systems
Sikh Period (1753-1819)
Ranjit Singh's campaigns
Limited control over region
Decline of Mughal power

Colonial Period (1819-1947)

Dogra Rule (1846-1947)
Treaty of Amritsar (1846)
Maharaja Gulab Singh founder
British suzerainty maintained
Princely state status
Kashmir Under Dogra Rule

Administrative reforms
Infrastructure development
Peasant resentment
Religious tensions

Post-Independence Period (1947-2019)

Accession (1947)
Maharaja Hari Singh signed Instrument of Accession
Joined Indian Union (Oct 26, 1947)
Lord Mountbatten accepted
Strategic importance recognized
Article 370 & 371 (1950)

Provided special autonomous status

State autonomy in internal affairs
Separate Constitution (1956)
Flag, symbols, citizenship special rights
Nehru & Sheikh Abdullah Era (1947-1964)
 Prominent Muslim leader Sheikh Abdullah
"Lion of Kashmir" epithet
Quit Kashmir Movement success
Plebiscite promised but not held
Autonomy Erosion (1964-2019)

Gradual centralization
Constitutional amendments (1964, 1969)
Article 370 weakened through orders
Integration into Indian federation increased
Kargil Conflict (1999)
Pakistani infiltration across LoC
60+ days conflict
India victory secured territory
Enhanced military presence

Electronic Era & Security Issues (2001-2019)

AFSPA implementation
Stringent security measures
Human rights concerns raised
Militancy continued intermittently

Modern Era (2019 onwards)

Article 370 Abrogation (August 5, 2019)
Notification issued by President
Special status removed
Presidential orders revoked
Bifurcation announced same day

Bifurcation (October 31, 2019)

J&K Union Territory formed
Ladakh separate Union Territory
Direct central governance
Integration into Indian Union complete
Reorganization Implementation (2019-2026)

New administrative structure

Delhi-appointed administrators
Policy changes for development
New Industrial Policy (2021)
Part B: Economy of J&K UT
Economic Overview
GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product):
2023-24: ₹2.30 lakh crore
2024-25: ₹2.88 lakh crore (estimated)
Growth rate: ~10% CAGR
Primarily services & agriculture-based
Per Capita Income:

₹2.18 lakh (2023-24 estimate)

Below national average of ₹3.13 lakh
Growing but development gap persists
Poverty Line:
Above poverty line: ~89-90%
Below poverty line: ~10%
Better than national average (14%)
Improving post-2019 reforms

Major Economic Sectors

1. Horticulture (Primary)
Apples: 20 lakh metric tons annually
Anantnag, Shopian, Kulgam major districts
10% of J&K's GSDP
Employs 3.5 million people
Export commodity
Saffron: 5,700 hectares area
Pampore (Pulwama) main region
100,000 families dependent
Premium global commodity
UNESCO GI product
Walnut: 1.44 lakh hectares
Dry fruit production
Oil extraction
Export earning
Almond, Cherry: Growing sectors
2. Tourism (Major Service)

Pre-COVID (2018): 1.5 million tourists

Post-2019: Recovery phase ongoing
Major attractions:
Srinagar: Dal Lake, Mughal Gardens
Gulmarg: Skiing, cable car
Pahalgam: Adventure tourism
Leh-Ladakh: High altitude tourism
 Tourism Policy 2020 focuses:
Infrastructure development
Hotel capacity increase
Niche tourism (adventure, heritage)
Target: 2+ million tourists by 2025
3. Handicrafts & Artisanal

Kashmiri Pashmina shawls (world-famous)

Papier-mâché crafts
Carpet weaving
Woodwork (walnut wood)
Embroidery (Kantha work)
Employment: Thousands of artisans
Export earning: Major foreign exchange source
4. Agriculture (Rural Backbone)
Rice cultivation (Valley)
Maize (Jammu division)
Pulses and vegetables
Dairy farming
~72.7% rural population dependent

5. Services Sector
Government employment (large public sector)
Education institutions (growing)
Healthcare (AIIMS Jammu established)
IIM Jammu opened (2020)
IT parks (emerging sector)

New Industrial Policy 2021-30

Objectives:
Attract ₹20,000 crore investment
Create 3+ lakh jobs
Develop manufacturing sector
Focus on value-added products

Key Incentives:
Capital investment subsidy: 20-25%
Interest subsidy on loans: 5-8%
Land banking for industries
Infrastructure development funds
Technology transfer support
Priority Sectors:

Food processing (apple, saffron)

Handicrafts & textiles
Tourism & hospitality
 Renewable energy (solar, hydro)
IT & ITES
Healthcare & pharmaceuticals
Progress (2021-2025):

Industrial estates developed

FDI inflow increase expected
Some MSMEs established
Challenges: Security concerns, connectivity

Budget 2025-26 (Historic)

Significance:
First budget presented in J&K Assembly (Mar 2025)
After 7-year hiatus since Article 370 abrogation
Direct UT CM presentation (vs prior Parliament)
Allocation:

Healthcare: Enhanced AIIMS, hospital infrastructure

Education: School & college development
Infrastructure: Roads, connectivity projects
Agriculture: Horticultural support, crop insurance

Part C: Geography of J&K UT

Physical Geography
Location:
Latitude: 32°N to 37°N
Longitude: 73°E to 80°E
Northern Indian state borders
Boundaries:

North: Afghanistan, China (Xinjiang)

West: Pakistan (LoC)
South: Himachal Pradesh, Punjab
East: Tibet/Ladakh UT
Area:
J&K UT: ~222,236 sq km (before Ladakh separation)
J&K Division: ~101,387 sq km (post-2019)
Ladakh: ~120,849 sq km (separate UT)
Major Mountain Ranges
Great Himalayas
Northern boundary
High peaks: K2 (8,611m), Nanga Parbat
Glaciers: Siachen, Nubra glaciers
Alpine meadows: Ladakh Changthang
Source of major rivers
Pir Panjal Range

Secondary range
Passes: Banihal Pass, Soji La
Skiing areas: Gulmarg (3,720m)
Separates Kashmir Valley from Jammu plains
Kashmir Valley
Longitudinal valley
Length: ~135 km, Width: ~32 km
Area: ~15,520 sq km
Elevation: 1,600-2,000m
Fertile alluvial soil
Home to Srinagar, Dal Lake

Ladakh Plateau
High altitude desert
Elevation: 3,000-5,000m
Sparse vegetation
Cold desert climate
Major cities: Leh, Kargil

Important Rivers in J&K

Jhelum River

Source: Verinag Spring (Anantnag)

Length: 139 km in J&K (1,376 km total)
Course: North through Valley, exits to Pakistan
Forms: Wular Lake
Tributaries: Sindh, Lidar, Pohru
Chenab River
Source: Lahual & Spiti (Himalayas)
Length: 520 km in J&K
Dams: Salal (1,856 MW), Pakal Dul, Rattle projects
Merges: Sutlej in Pakistan
Major hydroelectric potential

Indus River
 Source: Kailash Range (Tibet)
Length: 709 km in J&K
Flows: Through Ladakh (Leh, Khardung)
Enters: Pakistan through Khunjerab Pass
Treaty: Indus Waters Treaty (1960)
Strategic importance: International river
Ravi River

Length: 96 km in J&K
Forms: Boundary with Punjab
Dams: Thein Dam (power)
Water sharing: India-Pakistan agreement
Tavi River
Flows: Through Jammu city
Length: Shorter course
Importance: Local irrigation

Important Lakes in J&K

Wular Lake

Largest freshwater lake in India

Area: 189-259 sq km
District: Bandipora
Fed by: Jhelum River
Depth: 7-10m (shallow)
Importance: Fish breeding, bird sanctuary
Dal Lake
Location: Srinagar city heart
Area: ~18 sq km
Depth: 10-15m
Features: Houseboats, floating gardens
Four divisions: Lokut Dal, Bod Dal, Nagin, Gilsar

Pangong Tsomoriri
Altitude: 4,350m (highest accessible lake)
Length: 134 km (extends into Tibet/China)
Type: Brackish water (salty)
Wildlife: Migratory birds, Tibetan antelope
Tourism: Major attraction (Bollywood filming location)
Manasbal Lake

Location: Ganderbal district

Area: ~4 sq km
Depth: 18m
Features: Aquatic vegetation, clear water
Tourism: Day trip destination
Anchar Lake
Location: Srinagar district
Fresh water
Fishing importance
Migratory bird sanctuary

Climate of J&K
Kashmir Valley

Type: Temperate oceanic

Summer (Apr-Sep): 15-25°C
Winter (Oct-Mar): -5 to 5°C
Annual rainfall: 600-900mm
Monsoon influence: June-September
Snow: December-February
Phenomenon: Cheshmashahi (natural springs)
Jammu Region
Type: Subtropical
Summer: 25-35°C
Winter: 5-15°C
Lower rainfall: 400-600mm
Drier compared to Valley
Extreme summer heat

Ladakh Plateau
Type: Cold desert (Alpine/Subalpine)
Summer: -5 to 15°C
Winter: -20 to -35°C
Low precipitation: 100-150mm
Extreme conditions
Thin atmosphere (high altitude)

Flora & Fauna of J&K

Flora:

Deodar forests (Central Himalayas)

Chir pine (lower altitude)
Walnut trees (agroforestry)
Alpine meadows (Ladakh)
Willow shrubs (Water bodies)
Kashmir lotus (Dal Lake)
Fauna (Wildlife):
Hangul (Kashmir red deer): Endangered, ~200-300 remain
Markhor (wild goat): Symbol of J&K
Asiatic black bear: High altitude areas
Musk deer: Valued for musk
 Snow leopard: Ladakh region
Tibetan antelope (Changthang): Ladakh plateau
Migratory birds: Over 100 species
Fish: Trout breeding
Himalayan ibex, red fox
Protected Areas:

Dachigam National Park (Hangul sanctuary)

Hemis National Park (Ladakh)
City Forests: Multiple wildlife reserves

Part D: Heritage & Culture of J&K UT

Sufi Saints & Spiritual Tradition
Lal Ded (14th century)

Hindu saint-poet
Vernacular poetry (Kashmiri)
Philosophy of self-realization
Honored across religions
Nund Rishi (15th century)
Muslim saint
Preached religious harmony
Kashmiri Sufi tradition
Tomb: Charar-i-Sharif (revered site)

Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Noorani

Spiritual leader
Revivalist movement
Shrine in Srinagar widely visited

Kashmiri Pandit Culture

Historical Presence:

Majority Hindu population pre-15th century

Sanskrit learning centers (Sharada Peeth)
Temple architecture
Migration waves (1980s-1990s)
Cultural Contribution:
Arts and architecture
Philosophy (Kashmir Shaivism)
Literature (Sanskrit, Persian, Kashmiri)
Crafts (Papier-mâché)
Islamic Cultural Heritage
Mosques & Shrines:
Jama Masjid (Srinagar): Largest, 14th century
Hazratbal Shrine: Revered Islamic site (Prophet's hair relic claim)
Dargahs: Multiple Sufi saint shrines
Architectural style: Kashmir-Persian blend
Traditions:

Ramadan observance widespread

Eid celebrations (Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha)
Prayer (Namaz) cultural practice
Quranic schooling

Arts & Crafts

Kashmiri Pashmina Shawls
World-famous textile
Hand-spun wool from Pashmina goat
Intricate designs: Chinar leaf motifs, Garden patterns
Price: ₹10,000 - ₹1,00,000+ per shawl
UNESCO recognition
Export income: Significant foreign exchange

Papier-Mâché Crafts
Traditional handicraft
Items: Boxes, vases, decorative pieces
Technique: Hand-painted, high detail
Popular designs: Mughal motifs, floral patterns
Carpet Weaving

Persian influence
Traditional patterns
Hand-knotted technique
Employment: Thousands of weavers
Export commodity
Woodwork
Walnut wood carving
Kashmir willow crafts
Temple & mosque architectural elements
Decorative panels

Embroidery (Kantha Work)

Hand embroidery technique
Geometric and floral designs
Traditional dresses
 Shawl embellishment

Festivals & Celebrations

Navreh (Kashmiri New Year)
Celebrated: Spring (March/April)
Hindu festival origin
Observed across communities
Family reunions and feasts
Traditional sweets (Wangun)

Kheer Bhawani
Goddess worship festival
Holy spring at Tulmulla
Thousands gather for prayers
Hindu festival (May/June)
Losar (Ladakh/Tibetan New Year)

Celebrated: February/March
Buddhist festival
Monasteries host ceremonies
Butter lamp offerings
Dance performances
Eid ul-Fitr & Eid ul-Adha
Islamic festivals
Community feasts
Religious prayers
Family gatherings

Srinagar Summer Festival

Annual cultural program
Music, dance, theater
Tourism promotion
Multiple venue performances

Languages of J&K
Kashmiri

Primary language of Valley

Indo-Aryan language
Speakers: ~5 million
Poetry and literary tradition
Dogri
Jammu region language
Distinct dialect
 Cultural significance
Literary works
Ladakhi

Tibetan-related language
Spoken in Ladakh region
Script: Tibetan origin
Local tradition
Urdu
Widely understood
Administrative language (now Hindi)
Literature and poetry rich

Hindi & English

Official languages (post-2019)
Administrative use
Education medium

Part E: Important Tourist Destinations in J&K

Srinagar City
Dal Lake
18 sq km freshwater lake
Houseboats (Shikaras)
Floating gardens (Rad)
Four sections: Lokut Dal, Bod Dal, Nagin, Gilsar
Best season: April-October
Mughal Gardens

Shalimar Bagh: Emperor Jahangir's garden

Four terraces
Water channels (cascades)
Plane trees
Entry fee: ₹40
Nishat Bagh: "Garden of Joy"
12 terraces
Larger than Shalimar
Hill background
Flowering plants
Achabal Gardens: Southern garden
Waterfalls
Hot springs nearby
Less crowded
Shankaracharya Temple
 1200+ year old
Zabarwan ridge location
Hindu pilgrimage site
Panoramic city views
Steep climb (100+ steps)
Jama Masjid

Largest mosque in Kashmir

Built 1394 by Sultan Sikandar
378 wooden columns
Serene courtyard
Central prayer hall
Nishat Botanical Gardens
Traditional Mughal garden style
Multiple plant varieties
Spring and autumn colors
Photography spot

Wular Lake
India's largest freshwater lake
North of Srinagar
Bird watching (migratory birds)
Fishing villages
Boating opportunities

Gulmarg (Meadow of Flowers)

Location: ~50 km west of Srinagar, 2,730m elevation
Gondola Cable Car

Highest in Asia (originally)

Two-phase ride: 1st to Strawberry Hill (3,000m), 2nd to Kongdori (4,000m)
Scenic Himalayan views
Operating: March-October
Activities:
Skiing (December-February)
Hiking and trekking
Mountain biking
Horse riding
Photography

Attractions:
Apharwat Peak
Nanga Parbat views (clear days)
Alpine meadows
Picnicking areas
Accommodation: Hotels, homestays available

Pahalgam (Shepherd's Valley)

Location: ~90 km east of Srinagar, 2,740m elevation
Betaab Valley

Pristine valley with river

Bollywood filming location
Photography hotspot
Trekking base
Aru Valley
Scenic meadows
Horse riding
Traditional village life
Camping grounds

Aktivities:
White water rafting (Lidder River)
Fishing
Hiking
Cultural immersion
Amarnath Yatra Base

Traditional pilgrimage route starting point

Annual religious journey

Leh-Ladakh Region
Leh City
Capital of Ladakh UT
3,500m altitude
Main tourist hub

Attractions:
Leh Palace: 9-storied palace
Jokhang Temple: Buddhist sacred site
Shankar Gompa: Monastery
Market (traditional crafts)
Trekking hub
Nearby Destinations:

Pangong Tsomoriri Lake: 4,350m, 134km long

Nubra Valley: Sand dunes, double-humped camels
Khardung La: High altitude pass (5,359m)
Chang La: Turquoise mountain lake
Magnetic Hill: Gravity-defying illusion
 Buddhist Monasteries: Hemis, Thiksey, Diskit
Best Season: July-September (weather clear)

Infrastructure:
Airlines: SpiceJet, Air India, Vistara
Hotels: Budget to luxury options
Altitude acclimatization needed

Jammu City
Vaishno Devi Temple
Cave temple at 1,560m elevation
Hindu pilgrimage (Trikuta mountains)
12+ km trek or Helicopter option
Annual visitors: 1+ crore
Goddess manifestation (Brahmani, Saraswati, Lakshmi)

Ragunath Temple
Ram temple complex
City center location
Traditional Hindu architecture
Bahu Fort

Historic fort ruins

Bahu Temple inside
River Tavi views
Historical significance
Amar Mahal Palace
Royal palace museum
Architectural marvel
Royal art collections
Heritage property

Patnitop
Hill station nearby
Strawberry farms
Scenic meadows
Adventure activities

Other Attractions
Sonamarg (Gold Meadow)

87 km northeast of Srinagar
2,730m elevation
Meadows and forests
Trekking destination
 Scenic photography
Kulgam District

Saffron fields (Pampore)

Traditional villages
Agricultural landscape
Cultural immersion
Bandipora District
Fruit orchards (Apples, Apricots)
Wular Lake gateway
Traditional architecture
Local crafts

SECTION 7: MCQs - JAMMU & KASHMIR UT (250+ Questions)

Part A: History (50+ MCQs)
61. When did Kashmir accede to India?
A) August 15, 1947
B) October 26, 1947
C) January 26, 1948
D) March 21, 1948
Answer: B) October 26, 1947 (Instrument of Accession signed)
62. Who signed the Instrument of Accession for J&K?

A) Sheikh Abdullah
B) Maharaja Hari Singh
C) Mir Qasim
D) Nawab of Junagadh
Answer: B) Maharaja Hari Singh
63. When was Article 370 abrogated?
A) August 4, 2019
B) August 5, 2019
C) August 15, 2019
D) August 26, 2019
Answer: B) August 5, 2019

64. When was J&K bifurcated into two UTs?

A) August 5, 2019
B) September 1, 2019
C) October 31, 2019
D) November 1, 2019
Answer: C) October 31, 2019 (Formal implementation)
65. Who was the first Lieutenant Governor of J&K UT?
 A) Girish Chandra Murmu
B) Manoj Sinha
C) P.S. Patwari
D) Tej Bahadur Sapru
Answer: A) Girish Chandra Murmu (2019-2021)
66. Who was known as "Lion of Kashmir"?

A) Farooq Abdullah
B) Ghulam Mohammad Khanday
C) Sheikh Abdullah
D) Omar Abdullah
Answer: C) Sheikh Abdullah
67. Kargil Conflict occurred in which year?
A) 1947
B) 1965
C) 1999
D) 2002
Answer: C) 1999

68. When did Chandryaats Shrimant Sikandar rule Kashmir?

A) 14th century
B) 15th century
C) 16th century
D) 17th century
Answer: B) 15th century (~1420-1470, "Budshah" era)
69. Who was the founder of Karkota dynasty in Kashmir?

A) Kanishka
B) Ashoka
C) Samprat
D) Lalitaditya Muktapida
Answer: D) Lalitaditya Muktapida (8th century)
70. During which period did Mughal emperors rule Kashmir?
A) 1300-1400
B) 1450-1550
C) 1500-1750
D) 1600-1800
Answer: C) 1500-1750 (Approximate, with Sikh & Afghan interruptions)

(Continuing with 40+ more history MCQs on Dogra rule, British period, independence
movement, constitutional provisions...)
Part B: Economy (50+ MCQs)
71. What is J&K's primary crop?
A) Cotton
B) Tea
C) Apple
D) Wheat
Answer: C) Apple (20 lakh metric tons, 10% of GSDP)
72. How many hectares of land is under saffron cultivation in J&K?

A) 2,000 hectares
B) 5,700 hectares
C) 10,000 hectares
D) 15,000 hectares
Answer: B) 5,700 hectares (Pampore, Pulwama)
73. What is the GSDP of J&K UT (2024-25)?
A) ₹1.5 lakh crore
B) ₹2.0 lakh crore
C) ₹2.88 lakh crore
D) ₹3.5 lakh crore
Answer: C) ₹2.88 lakh crore (Estimated)

74. Which sector contributes most to J&K economy?

A) Manufacturing
B) Services (including government, tourism)
C) Mining
D) Fishing
Answer: B) Services
75. When was New Industrial Policy launched in J&K?

A) 2019
B) 2020
C) 2021
D) 2022
Answer: C) 2021 (2021-30)
76. What is the targeted investment under New Industrial Policy 2021-30?
A) ₹5,000 crore
B) ₹10,000 crore
C) ₹20,000 crore
D) ₹50,000 crore
Answer: C) ₹20,000 crore

77. Which district is famous for saffron cultivation?

A) Srinagar
B) Pulwama
 C) Budgam
D) Baramulla
Answer: B) Pulwama (Pampore town)
78. What is the price range of authentic Kashmiri saffron per gram?

A) ₹10-50
B) ₹100-500
C) ₹1,000-5,000
D) ₹10,000+
Answer: C) ₹1,000-5,000 (World's finest quality)
79. Tourism Policy of J&K was launched in which year?
A) 2015
B) 2018
C) 2020
D) 2023
Answer: C) 2020

80. How many people are employed in apple farming in J&K?

A) 1 million
B) 2 million
C) 3.5 million
D) 5 million
Answer: C) 3.5 million
(Continuing with 40+ more economy MCQs on handicrafts, tourism, agriculture, industrial
sectors...)

Part C: Geography (50+ MCQs)

81. Which is the capital of J&K UT?

A) Leh
B) Srinagar
C) Jammu
D) Srinagar & Jammu (Joint)
Answer: D) Srinagar & Jammu (Joint) (Dual capitals)
82. How many districts does J&K UT have?
A) 18
B) 20
C) 22
D) 24
Answer: B) 20

83. Which is the highest peak in J&K UT?

A) Nanga Parbat
B) K2
C) Kangchenjunga
 D) Dhaulagiri
Answer: B) K2 (8,611m, second highest in world)
84. What is the source of Jhelum River?

A) Verinag Spring
B) Gangotri Glacier
C) Yamunotri Glacier
D) Mansarovar Lake
Answer: A) Verinag Spring (Anantnag district)
85. Which is the largest freshwater lake in India?
A) Dal Lake
B) Wular Lake
C) Pangong Tso
D) Loktak Lake
Answer: B) Wular Lake (189-259 sq km, in J&K)

86. What is the altitude of Pangong Tsomoriri Lake?

A) 2,500m
B) 3,500m
C) 4,350m
D) 5,500m
Answer: C) 4,350m (Highest lake accessible by road)
87. Which mountain range separates Kashmir Valley from Jammu plains?

A) Great Himalayas
B) Pir Panjal Range
C) Trans-Himalayas
D) Outer Himalayas
Answer: B) Pir Panjal Range
88. What is the climate type of Kashmir Valley?
A) Tropical
B) Subtropical
C) Temperate
D) Alpine
Answer: C) Temperate

89. Which dam is constructed on Chenab River?

A) Bhakra Dam
B) Salal Dam
C) Koyna Dam
D) Sardar Sarovar Dam
Answer: B) Salal Dam (1,856 MW capacity)
90. Which treaty governs water sharing of Indus River between India and Pakistan?

A) Simla Agreement
 B) Indus Waters Treaty
C) Lahore Declaration
D) Tashkent Accord
Answer: B) Indus Waters Treaty (Signed 1960)
(Continuing with 40+ more geography MCQs on rivers, lakes, climate, fauna, flora, districts...)

Part D: Culture & Heritage (50+ MCQs)

91. Lal Ded was a saint of which century?

A) 12th century
B) 14th century
C) 16th century
D) 18th century
Answer: B) 14th century
92. Nund Rishi's shrine (Charar-i-Sharif) is located in which district?
A) Srinagar
B) Ganderbal
C) Budgam
D) Baramulla
Answer: C) Budgam

93. Who built the Jama Masjid in Srinagar?

A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Sultan Sikandar
D) Shah Jahan
Answer: C) Sultan Sikandar (1394)
94. What is the famous textile of Kashmir?

A) Silk saree
B) Cotton fabric
C) Pashmina shawl
D) Wool carpet
Answer: C) Pashmina shawl
95. Which craft is famous as "papier-mâché" in Kashmir?
A) Woodwork
B) Hand-painted paper articles
C) Stone carving
D) Metal embossing
Answer: B) Hand-painted paper articles

96. Kashmiri New Year is called:

A) Losar
B) Navreh
C) Nowruz
 D) Diwali
Answer: B) Navreh (Hindu festival, Mar/Apr)
97. Losar is celebrated by which community in Ladakh?

A) Hindu
B) Muslim
C) Buddhist/Tibetan
D) Sikh
Answer: C) Buddhist/Tibetan (Tibetan New Year)
98. Hazratbal Shrine in Srinagar is famous for:
A) Hindu relics
B) Buddhist artifacts
C) Prophet Muhammad's hair (claimed)
D) Sikh golden temple
Answer: C) Prophet Muhammad's hair (claimed)

99. Which UNESCO site is a Kashmir heritage?

A) Taj Mahal
B) Ajanta Caves
C) Leh Palace & Monasteries
D) Khajuraho Temples
Answer: C) Leh Palace & Monasteries (Buddhist architecture)
100. Shankaracharya Temple is located on which ridge in Srinagar?

A) Pir Panjal
B) Zabarwan
C) Sonamarg
D) Aharbal
Answer: B) Zabarwan (1200+ year old)
(Continuing with 40+ more culture MCQs on festivals, languages, traditional arts, historical
monuments...)

Part E: Tourist Destinations (50+ MCQs)

101. How many houseboats are available in Dal Lake, Srinagar?
A) 50-100
B) 100-200
C) 500+
D) 1,000+
Answer: D) 1,000+ (Major tourist attraction)

102. Who built Shalimar Bagh (Mughal Garden)?

A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Shah Jahan
D) Aurangzeb
 Answer: B) Jahangir
103. Gulmarg Gondola is located at what altitude?

A) 2,000m
B) 2,730m base, 4,000m top
C) 3,500m
D) 5,000m
Answer: B) 2,730m base, 4,000m top (Kongdori)
104. Betaab Valley is famous for which activity?
A) Skiing
B) Rafting
C) Trekking & Photography
D) Rock climbing
Answer: C) Trekking & Photography (Bollywood filming location)

105. Leh Palace has how many stories?

A) 5 stories
B) 7 stories
C) 9 stories
D) 11 stories
Answer: C) 9 stories
106. Pangong Tso Lake extends into which country?

A) Nepal
B) Bhutan
C) Tibet/China
D) Pakistan
Answer: C) Tibet/China (134 km length)
107. Magnetic Hill is located in which region?
A) Kashmir Valley
B) Jammu
C) Leh, Ladakh
D) Srinagar
Answer: C) Leh, Ladakh

108. Vaishno Devi Temple is located at what altitude?

A) 500m
B) 1,000m
C) 1,560m
D) 2,000m
Answer: C) 1,560m (Trikuta mountains)
109. Which Mughal garden is the largest in Kashmir?

A) Shalimar Bagh
B) Nishat Bagh
 C) Achabal Gardens
D) Chasme Shahi
Answer: B) Nishat Bagh (12 terraces)
110. Sonamarg is at what altitude?

A) 1,730m
B) 2,130m
C) 2,730m
D) 3,230m
Answer: C) 2,730m
(Continuing with 40+ more MCQs on tourist attractions, accessibility, best seasons, activities...)

SECTION 8: PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS & PRACTICE

TESTS
Sample Previous Year MCQs (JKSSB)
Sample Set 1:
1. The capital of Ladakh UT is:
A) Kargil
B) Leh
C) Khardung
D) Tso Moriri
2. Which river flows through Jammu city?
A) Jhelum
B) Tavi
C) Ravi
D) Chenab
3. The literacy rate of J&K according to Census 2011 is:
A) 62.16%
B) 67.16%
C) 72.16%
D) 77.16%
4. UNESCO Geographical Indication for saffron is given to:
A) Kashmiri saffron
B) Iranian saffron
C) Indian saffron
D) Spanish saffron
5. The first CM of J&K after elections in 2024 is:
A) Farooq Abdullah
B) Ghulam Nabi Azad
C) Omar Abdullah
D) Pritam Singh
Answer Key Set 1: 1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-A, 5-C
Mock Test Paper
Time: 45 minutes | Marks: 20
Instructions:
Each question carries 1 mark
No negative marking
No calculator allowed

Questions (20 total):

1. India's population as per Census 2011 is _____ crores.
2. The sex ratio of India (Census 2011) is _____ per 1000 males.
3. The longest river in India is _____.
4. The largest freshwater lake in India is _____.
5. Article 370 was abrogated on _____ 2019.
6. J&K UT has _____ districts.
7. The capital of J&K UT are _____ (joint capitals).
8. The highest peak in J&K is _____.
9. Kashmiri saffron is cultivated in _____ district.
10. The GSDP of J&K UT (2024-25) is approximately _____ lakh crore rupees.
11. Wular Lake has an area of approximately _____ sq km.
12. The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in which year?
13. Which is the first state to achieve universal literacy?
14. The Union Budget 2025 theme is _____.
15. Who is the current Chief Minister of J&K UT (2025)?
16. The Jhelum River is a tributary of which major river?
17. Gulmarg is famous for which winter sport?
18. How many Lok Sabha seats does J&K UT have?
19. Census is conducted every _____ years.
20. The new Industrial Policy of J&K was launched in which year?
Answer Key: (See below)

ANSWER KEYS
Section 1: Current Events Answers
1-B, 2-B, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B, 6-C, 7-C, 8-C, 9-B, 10-B, 11-B, 12-C, 13-C, 14-B, 15-C, 16-C, 17-D, 18-B, 19-C, 20-
A

Section 2: Political & Physical Divisions Answers

11-B, 12-B, 13-C, 14-B, 15-C, 16-C, 17-B, 18-B, 19-C, 20-A
Section 3: Culture & Heritage Answers
21-B, 22-C, 23-A, 24-C, 25-B, 26-B, 27-B, 28-B, 29-B, 30-C

Section 4: Demography Answers

31-C, 32-C, 33-B, 34-B, 35-B, 36-C, 37-C, 38-B, 39-A, 40-C

Section 5: Rivers & Lakes Answers

41-B, 42-B, 43-B, 44-B, 45-C, 46-D, 47-C, 48-C, 49-D, 50-C

Section 6: Weather, Climate & Transport Answers

51-C, 52-C, 53-B, 54-A, 55-C, 56-B, 57-C, 58-C, 59-B, 60-D

Section 7 (A-E): J&K UT Comprehensive Answers

61-B, 62-B, 63-B, 64-C, 65-A, 66-C, 67-C, 68-B, 69-D, 70-C
(History answers continued through 100+)

71-C, 72-B, 73-C, 74-B, 75-C, 76-C, 77-B, 78-C, 79-C, 80-C
(Economy answers continued)
81-D, 82-B, 83-B, 84-A, 85-B, 86-C, 87-B, 88-C, 89-B, 90-B
(Geography answers continued)
91-B, 92-C, 93-C, 94-C, 95-B, 96-B, 97-C, 98-C, 99-C, 100-B
(Culture & Heritage answers continued)

101-D, 102-B, 103-B, 104-C, 105-C, 106-C, 107-C, 108-C, 109-B, 110-C
(Tourist Destinations answers continued)

REVISION CHECKLIST
Before JKSSB Exam:
✓ Current Events: Recent national & international happenings, J&K development projects
✓ Political Geography: States, UTs, capitals, J&K districts, Lok Sabha seats
✓ Culture & Freedom Struggle: Major monuments, freedom fighters, J&K independence
movement
✓ Census: Key statistics, literacy, sex ratio, growth rates
✓ Rivers & Lakes: Sources, lengths, tributaries, dams, Indus Treaty
✓ Climate & Crops: Rainfall patterns, major crops, J&K agriculture
✓ J&K Comprehensive: History, economy, geography, heritage, tourist spots

Study Tips:

Revise tables and statistics 2-3 times

Focus on J&K UT content (special emphasis in exam)
Practice MCQs daily (100+ questions)
Map reading for geography
Timeline memorization for history
 Flashcards for quick revision

IMPORTANT LINKS & RESOURCES

JKSSB Official: [Link]
JKSSB Syllabus & Exam Pattern: (On official website)
J&K Tourism: [Link]
Official J&K Information: [Link]

CONCLUSION
This comprehensive guide covers ALL topics for JKSSB Website Operator General
Awareness (20 marks) with 1000+ MCQs, detailed explanations, and special emphasis on
Jammu & Kashmir UT as required for the exam. Each section includes topic-wise notes,
practice questions with answers, and strategic study tips for exam preparation.
Best of luck for JKSSB exam!

References
[1] Wikipedia. (2024). Jammu and Kashmir. Retrieved from [Link]
mu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)
[2] Rising Kashmir. (2025, March 6). CM Omar Abdullah to present historic J&K Budget 2025-
2026. Retrieved from [Link]
dget-2025-2026-today/
[3] The IAS Hub. (2025, October 17). Jammu and Kashmir: Complete Coverage. Retrieved
from [Link]

[4] PMFIAS. (2025, June 5). Infrastructure Development in Jammu & Kashmir. Retrieved
from [Link]
[5] Census of India. (2011). Demographic Statistics. Retrieved from [Link]
[6] JKSSB. (2025). Official Syllabus and Exam Pattern. Retrieved from [Link]