Matrix Algebra

1 with Applicationgy
UW Bothell School of Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics
STMATH 208A (Matrix Algebra with Applications) Summer 2025
Instructor: Dr. Thomas Humphries (he/him) SLN# 13508
Email: thumphri@uw.edu Course Time: MTWTh 11:15 – 1:45
Office Hours: MW 10:00 – 11:00 Course location: UW2 305
Office Hours location: DISC 352K Credits: 5

Course Description: Introduces linear algebra, including systems of linear equations, Gaussian
elimination, matrices and matrix algebra, vector spaces, subspaces of Euclidean space, linear
independence, bases and dimension, orthogonality, eigenvectors, and eigenvalues. Applications include
data fitting and the method of least squares. Prerequisite: a minimum grade of 2.0 in either STMATH
125 or MATH 125.

Course Learning Goals: At the end of this course, students will be able to:
• Solve linear systems by applying the row-reduction algorithm to the augmented matrix of the
linear system.
• Perform operations on vectors including addition, scalar multiplication, inner product, and
length.
• Perform operations on matrices including addition, multiplication (matrix and scalar), and
inversion.
• Determine rank and invertibility for matrices.
• Compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors and diagonalize matrices.
• Determine linear (in)dependence and span, find bases for subspaces, and determine dimension
of Euclidean spaces.
• Model and solve applied-problems via linear systems.
• Solve data-fitting problem via least-squares (time permitting).

Course Text: Linear Algebra and its Applications, sixth Edition, by Lay, Lay and MacDonald. You must
have access to the book and to MyMathLab, which will be used for online homework.

Communication Preferences: Office hours are Mondays and Wednesdays from 10:00 am – 11:00 am in
DISC-352K. If you are unable to make these times then I may also be available at other times during
regular working hours, but please e-mail me ahead of time to make an appointment.

Please take advantage of office hours! These are your best resource if you are struggling with the
course material, or even just need a hint on a problem that is giving you trouble. I am always open to
talk with students and to help get you pointed in the right direction. You can also feel free to just show
up and see what questions other students have.

All e-mail related to the course should be sent from your university e-mail address. Please include your
name and student number in any new e-mail correspondence. From Monday to Friday I do my best to
reply to e-mails within 24 hours. On weekends I cannot guarantee a prompt reply.

Quantitative Skills Center (QSC): The QSC offers free tutoring to students in any course or program that
requires quantitative reasoning. It is located in UW2-030 and is open five days a week. Online tutoring is
also available. For more information please see their website at https://www.uwb.edu/academic-
support-programs/qsc/tutor/schedule/math
Grading Criteria: Online Homework (15%), Problem Sets (35%) and two tests (50% total). Your percent
grade (out of 100) will be converted to GPA (out of 4.0) using the following formula:
Your percent grade (out of 100) will be converted to the four-point scale using the following formula:
• 4.0 if your percent grade is higher than 95.
• 0.7 + 0.1(p - 62) if your percent grade (p) is between 62 and 95%. For example, a grade of 75% is
a 2.0, 80% is a 2.5, 85% is a 3.0, etc.
• 0 if your percent grade is below 62.

Online homework:
• Online homework will be done through MyMathLab (MML), which must be accessed through
the Access Pearson link on Canvas. Follow the instructions here to get set up:
https://help.pearsoncmg.com/integration/cg/student/content/get_started.htm
• Online homework will be due by 11:59 pm on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Assignments will show
up in your calendar on Canvas when they are available.

Problem Sets
• Submission will be done electronically through Canvas. Late submissions (with no grade penalty)
are permitted within 24 hours of the due date. If you are unable to make the late deadline for
personal reasons or illness, then you must get in touch with me as soon as possible to make
arrangements. Assignments must be uploaded as a single pdf file (not individual images, etc.)
• Please make an effort to present your work clearly. Points may be deducted for poor
presentation, including work that is difficult for the grader to follow, pages that are out of order,
and/or messy writing.
• Assignments may be completed individually, or in groups of up to three students. Please note
the names of all students on your submission if you do work together. All students in a group
are required to submit their own copy of the assignment through Canvas to receive credit.
• If you work in a group: make sure you are collaborating and thinking through each problem on
the assignment; don’t just divide the work up amongst yourselves.
• While students are permitted to work with up to two others in the class on assignments, certain
types of collaboration or aid are prohibited. This includes:
o Sharing solutions widely amongst classmates (e.g. through a Discord server).
o Obtaining solutions from private tutors or students not enrolled in the class (e.g.
students who have already taken the course). Working with the teaching assistants in
the QSC is permitted, however.
o Obtaining solutions to problems from sources such as websites (e.g. chegg.com or
other sources), AI Tools (ChatGPT, etc.), or solution keys from previous quarters.
Violation of this policy will result in a mandatory meeting with the course instructor, a grade of
zero on the work in question, and an academic misconduct report filed with Student Affairs. For
more information, see the Student Conduct Guide.

Tests:
• There will be two tests, one during the third week of classes, and one on the last day of class.
The second test is not cumulative. They are worth a total of 50% of the final grade.

Access and Accommodations: Your experience in this class is important to me. It is the policy and
practice of the University of Washington to create inclusive and accessible learning environments
consistent with federal and state law. If you have already established accommodations with Disability
Resources for Students (DRS), please activate your accommodations via myDRS so we can discuss how
they will be implemented in this course.

If you have not yet established services through DRS, but have a health condition or permanent
disability that requires accommodations (conditions include but not limited to; mental health, attention-
related, learning, vision, hearing, physical or health impacts), contact DRS directly to set up an Access
Plan. DRS facilitates the interactive process that establishes reasonable accommodations. Contact DRS
at uwbdrs@uw.edu.

Religious accommodations:
Washington state law requires that UW develop a policy for accommodation of student absences or
significant hardship due to reasons of faith or conscience, or for organized religious activities. The UW’s
policy, including more information about how to request an accommodation, is available at Religious
Accommodations Policy (https://registrar.washington.edu/staffandfaculty/religious-accommodations-
policy/). Accommodations must be requested within the first two weeks of the quarter.

Mental Health Resources at UWB:

The Counseling Center provides mental health counseling services to students who are registered for
classes at UWB or Cascadia College in the current quarter. This includes options for in-person, phone or
Zoom video-counseling. For more information, see https://www.uwb.edu/studentaffairs/counseling.
Please also feel free to contact me by e-mail if you are struggling; I am always happy to do what I can to
help.

List of other classroom policies:

A list of common classroom policies for the School of STEM, including Academic Honesty, Access and
Accommodations, and Student Support Services, is provided at
https://www.uwb.edu/stem/undergraduate/resources/policies-and-procedures
You are expected to be familiar with all of these policies! Please take the time to read through them.
 Course Schedule

Day Material Notes

Week 1 Mon Jun 23 §1.1 Systems of linear equations
Tues Jun 24 §1.2 Row reduction and echelon form
Wed Jun 25 §1.3 – 1.4 Matrix and vector equations
Thurs Jun 26 §1.5 Solution sets to linear systems MML #1 Due
Week 2 Mon Jun 30 §1.7 linear independence Problem Set #1 Due
Tues Jul 1 §1.8 – 1.9 Linear transformations MML #2 Due
Wed Jul 2 §2.1 – 2.2 Matrix operations and inverses
Thurs Jul 3 No class (long weekend) MML #3 Due
Week 3 Mon Jul 7 §2.3, 3.1 More inverses; determinants Problem Set #2 Due
Tues Jul 8 §3.2 Determinants and their properties MML#4 Due
Wed Jul 9 First Test
Thurs Jul 10 §2.8 Subspaces of Rn MML #5 Due
Week 4 Mon Jul 14 §2.9 Dimension and rank of a matrix PS#3 Due
Tues Jul 15 §5.1 – 5.2 Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues MML #6 Due
Wed Jul 16 §5.2 – 5.3 Diagonalization, applications
Thurs Jul 17 §6.1 – 6.2 Orthogonality MML #7 Due
Week 5 Mon Jul 21 §6.3 – 6.4 Gram-Schmidt process PS#4 Due
Tues Jul 22 §6.5 Least squares PS#5+MML #8 Due
Wed Jul 23 Second test
 Week 1 (1 .
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Intra to linear
systems of
equations
Linear Systems With
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velties & matrices

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how reductive ,
augmented matrices , basic pan operations
Solution Sets
Week 1 Problem Set STMATH 208 Summer 2025

1. [June 23] Solve the following systems of equations:

(a) 2x + 4y = 4
5x + 7y = 11

(b) 2x + y z= 7
2x + y + 2z = 3
6x + 3y 8z = 11

2. [June 24] For each of the following systems of linear equations:

(i) Reduce the system to row echelon form, and state whether it has zero, one, or infinitely many
solutions.
(ii) If the system is consistent, solve the system. Be sure to clearly identify any free variables (if
applicable), and to express the basic variables as functions of the free variables only.
(a) 3x + 4y 5z = 7
x + 2y 3z = 5
2x 3y + 4z = 6
(b) 3w 2y + z = 5
w + x + 3y = 2
w + 2x + 4y + z = 4
(c) v + 2w + 4x + y z = 1
2v + 4w + 8x + 3y 4z= 2
v + 3w + 7x +3z= 2

3. [June 24] Consider the image below, which depicts a rectangle made up of smaller squares. Squares
of the same color are the same size. The small white square has a side length of 1.

(a) Write down a 4 ⇥ 4 system of linear equations for the side lengths of the red, green, blue, and grey
squares. Hint: each side of the small white square can be expressed as a di↵erence of multiples
of two of the other types of square. For example, the bottom side of the white square is equal to
three times the side of the red square minus the side of the grey square.
(b) Solve the system to find the side lengths of the four colored squares.
(c) Compute the area of the large rectangle.
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2 3 2 3
6 3
6 27 6 17
v1 = 6 7 6 7
4 3 5 , v2 = 4 3 5 .
1 5

Determine if each of the following vectors b lies in Span{v1 , v2 }. If b is in the span of the two vectors,
write it explicitly as a linear combination of v1 and v2 .
2 3 2 3 2 3
6 1 3
6 2 7 6 47 6 17
a) b = 6
4 65
7 b) b=6 4 35
7 c) b = 6
4 45
7

10 2 8
2 3
1 3 1
5. [June 25] Let A = 4 4 9 25 .
0 3 6
Show that Ax = b does not have a solution for every b 2 R3 , and describe the set of all vectors b for
which it does have a solution.

6. [June 26] Solve the following underdetermined system of equations, and express the solution in vector
general form. In your solution, identify which part is the particular solution, and which is the solution
to the homogeneous equation.

x1 + 3x2 3x3 + 2x4 3x5 = 4

3x1 + 9x2 10x3 + 10x4 14x5 = 2
2x1 + 6x2 10x3 + 21x4 25x5 = 53
 3

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Student: Baraa Mohaisen Instructor: Thomas Humphries Print
Assignment: MML #1 Paper size Letter ▼
Date: 07/08/25 Course: STMATH 208 A Su 25: Matrix Algebra With Applications

1. Solve the system by using elementary row operations on the equations. Follow the systematic elimination procedure.

7x1 + 14x2 = 42
3x1 + 8x2 = 14

Find the solution to the system of equations.

x1 ,x2 = (10, − 2)
(Simplify your answer. Type an ordered pair.)

2. Consider the accompanying matrix as the augmented matrix of a linear system. State in words the next two elementary row operations that should be performed in the process of solving the 1 −5 4 0 −2
system.
0 3 −6 0 4
0 0 1 2 −2
0 0 2 2 2

What should be the first elementary row operation performed? Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

A. Scale row 1 by .
(Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)
B. Interchange row 3 and row 2.
C. Replace row 2 by its sum with times row 4.
(Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)
D. Replace row 4 by its sum with −2 times row 3.
(Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)

What should be the second elementary row operation performed? Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

A. Interchange row 1 and row 2.

B. 1
Scale row 4 by .
−2
(Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)
C. Replace row 3 by its sum with times row 2.
(Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)
D. Replace row 1 by its sum with times row 4.
(Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)

3. The augmented matrix of a linear system has been reduced by row operations to the form shown. Continue the appropriate row operations and describe the solution set of the original system. 1 −4 9 0
0 1 6 0
0 0 4 0

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer boxes to complete your choice.

A. The solution set contains one solution, 0 , 0 , 0 .

(Type integers or simplified fractions.)
B. The solution set has infinitely many elements.
C. The solution set is empty.

4. The augmented matrix of a linear system has been reduced by row operations to the form shown. Continue the appropriate row operations and describe the solution set of the original system. 1 −3 0 0 −5
0 1 −1 0 −4
0 0 1 −2 4
0 0 0 1 2

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer boxes to complete your choice.

A. The solution set is empty.

B. The solution has infinitely many elements.
C. The solution set contains one solution: 7 , 4 , 8 , 2 .
(Type integers or simplified fractions.)

5. Solve the system.

x1 − 6x3 = 23
4x1 + 2x2 − 11x3 = 59
x2 + 3x3 = − 6

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer boxes to complete your choice.

A. The unique solution of the system is x1 ,x2 ,x3 = 5 , 3 , −3 .

(Type integers or simplified fractions.)
B. The system has infinitely many solutions.
C. The system has no solution.

6. Determine if the given system is consistent. Do not completely solve the system.

2x1 − 6x4 = − 18
5x2 + 5x3 = 0
x3 + 6x4 = 7
− 5x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 + x4 = 2

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The system is inconsistent.

B. The system is consistent.
C. It is impossible to determine whether the system is consistent.

7. Do the three lines 2x1 − 4x2 = 16, 4x1 + 6x2 = − 52, and − 2x1 − 10x2 = 68 have a common point of intersection? Explain.

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The three lines do not have a common point of intersection.

B. The three lines have at least one common point of intersection.
C. There is not enough information to determine whether the three lines have a common point of intersection.

8. Do the three planes x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 = 4, x2 − 2x3 = 1, and x1 + 3x2 = 0 have at least one common point of intersection? Explain.

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The three planes do not have a common point of intersection.

B. The three planes have at least one common point of intersection.
C. There is not enough information to determine whether the three planes have a common point of intersection.

9. Row reduce the matrix to reduced echelon form. Identify the pivot positions in the final matrix and in the original matrix, and list the pivot columns.

1 2 3 4
4 5 6 7
7 8 9 10

Row reduce the matrix to reduced echelon form and identify the pivot positions in the final matrix. The pivot positions are indicated by bold values. Choose the correct answer below.

A. B. C. D.

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 −1 −2 1 2 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 2 3 0 0 1 4
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Identify the pivot positions in the original matrix. The pivot positions are indicated by bold values. Choose the correct answer below.

A. B. C. D.

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7
7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10 7 8 9 10

List the pivot columns. Select all that apply.

A. Column 1
B. Column 3
C. Column 4
D. Column 2

10. Find the general solution of the system whose augmented matrix is given below.

1 3 3 8
2 6 1 −4

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box(es) to complete your choice.

A. B.
x1 = x1 =

x2 = x2 is free

x3 = x3 is free

C. D. The system has no solution.

x1 = − 4 − 3x2

x2 is free

x3 = 4

11. Find the general solution of the system whose augmented matrix is given below.

3 −2 5 0
6 − 4 10 0
12 − 8 20 0

Choose the correct answer below.

A. B. C. D.

x1 = − 3x2 x1 = 3 The system has no solutions.

2 5
x1 = x2 − x3
3 3
x2 = 2x3 x2 = − 2
x2 is free
x3 is free x3 = 5
x3 is free
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# 2.natio es

SmulltanusLy
x= - -
x =
St
X
(os(X] =

eXX + y = 14y x Find y

E
=

=
-

-
Linear equation Sigtsm of linear
2x2
a very specific #ind af

I
equations
-

y = xh
equation -
*+ y = 1
-
-
variables are NOT

& multiplied , divided , squared ,

tris togethe The Slope of the Plans is

, x] consistent

regardless of where you are an the

A hinzo equation of Ema
Pluse ,
walled "Flat"
Variables is azXz = b &

&
a , Xi + the same time
In Plantise it takes
AzXz + azxz = b
M
-
> vaisibles : a X + distant points
two e
,
~
to between

(
get

On said Blane
This is our mas focus for this
This is just
21wES
the
Example Problems
equation of a Straight

line 1) 3x + + =
3

&
3
py
.
= -

3x
And thing more than four

"hiper"Inthreehis a
X y =
visibles z
-

is a
(
X -

147 =
2

Plane
x
-

13
-
3x)= 2
Austing

&
Concept but 2) 3y = 3
-

.
x -

fundamentals X + 3X 3 =
Perserves 4y
2
-

are - 2x + = 1

j
5
ex
=

X 3 + 24

-
=

bang but

& 1250
-
2(3 + 2i( + 44 = 11 = 3 -

395
i

⑬
1
4y +54
=
6

↳
- -

↳ +y
2 =
-
6 = 1 - T DNE

3(1 -
2x -

2
-

3) -
74 + 7 + 74 = S
47 24 + 32 =
3)In
&
2x -

S
-- + 192 =
2 - 34 6X -
74
X= 2 1
-

4y + 153 = 7
2)x -

1 2(x] + &y
2
-
= 2
- 1 . 5 + Is

1
X = -
3

2(24
-
12 + 44 = 3

2
0 S
= .

- 4 y + 2 + 4y = 2

2(x) &y + 152 =

7
All Real
-

2) y = -
1 2 = 3 emm

1 2y -
32 44 7 132 =
7
=
-

i=
-

6y + 122 = S
X
=
2
21 13
↳ +y
2 =
 Matrices in context Solving linear Systems
Consider the augmenta matrix
Notation for this Iquation
21 ge
we can solve for
I
-

2x2 + coefficients using

* Xy = 0 our
-

E 2
-

8 8
elementry Now
2x1 -
84g =
8 78 operations
S o S
-

SX , -

Sxy = 18 which are

Cain
a

↓
I
-
21

8
two solutions)
02
-

S o S
-

12 + S Walk through it
asimented
a
Matrix

I
-
21 ge
(with
↓ solutions)
I
-
21 ge
Now 1 /53 + Pows
E 2
-

8 8
E 2
-

8 8 & 10-10 10

(
10

13 a
S & - S 10 las
S & - S

21 ge
with these I
-

wash
We usually
o
multiply for :
>
-
02
-

8
↳y
↓ E 18 Id
-

Two matrices are Now equivalent

if they san be transformed in ta 21 ge
I (Now) to
-

Mor 10
add
-

gaan other 1 14 -
2
E Now3
-

2
I a 10-110
I

2020
32 3 ge
-8 & I
-

↑ 2 = 842 g multiple now 3

bya E 1
-
1 &

30
E 038
-

I
-
21 ge

Because we can divide bi two

E 1
-
14
Add & Cow3) to row I

to get from me to m, E 01 - 1

look to mesman two questions I 3 I ge

-

We
now Add-19(aw3) g
I E
linear E
when pressesing a
system to Sou I then 1 (row2]
E o I -

I 88 G
This is the final form of our
g
E 18 Matrix
E O I -
1 Xz = 0 Xz -
X, = .
=
,

A quick Paint about consistent in

linzap systems

2 3 3 I

=
-

81 -
4 8

4 00A IS
-
813 I
So no
Solution

exsists
This Simplifies

I
& System Such that

o= IS

meaning it intersects when 15 : o Which

r

is Inconsistent with the real number SYSt3m

 13 : Row Reduction & Echion Forms

Defining terminology Rou reduction Algorithm

to define our algithium We

will start with they augmented

Matrix

8 3 -
664 -
S

>8 589
-

3 -

The fallowing are examples

Pirat
↳ 3
-
913- 96 IS

Pirat
- IS
5 -
9 12 - 96

>8 589
-

We reverses Hus 3 -

uniqueness is defined as
Matl iX
8 3 -
664 -
S
> all
- Matrix Now is squililest

J
to onlyOne reduced Echelon

IS
Matrix 3
-
413 - 96
divide Row bi
143 S
/ -1
in
-

8 2
A
-

linear
-

.
equation has then add to low 3
* 3 -
564 -
S
one Solution

variables repeat
If we have more
carer ad

as
than Equations [CO1 rows

then have a
13
1
we sand

& /ut inn This due is simple · LS +

be ign
3 -
364 -
S
dividy carr bis a
Pivots
Now Ehire ↓
.
Is
3
-
9 12-96

8 -
2 -
143 -
5

There
a 0014
1 ·

solutions to linear systems

Extra points
-
If a matrix has a
Assume the Matrix in reduced
Echigian unique solution then every
form
90I has a pivot
-

If therewre infinite solutions then the amount

With the equation Of fre var is defima as Frow-#Non Por

(2)
3 shewenuations tran mou wherena
4 -

X2 +
Xz = (usually Inconsistant] by Solution
a

# that visible
it means that the -
If 1350 more unknowns than equations] was

Value of X1 & Xe are defined

cannot huse solution
a unique
by the ValueOR XI
 1. 3 : Vector equations

What is a Vector (In context of matrices)

Vectors in3- qu
They are ordered values with magnitude &

direction Vectors in 1 dimensions are

With the order of the

0
-
denoted as 15
represented
w
so a Vector
2 as un

values 3
being 0 in
significant as
3 dimensions & would be

& These Vectors originate from evision (8 0)

,

Properties u
-

As you would
assure ↓
? =
()
Linear Combinations (AI Snit)
0 .

0 =
[8] assume You have beators V, & Ve

the the resulting reavor 597 of the Sum

of v ,& Vz
is Selz
y= 2
,
V, +

Where 31d an are scalar constants called

weights

consider this example

3
I

b
Gr
= -

2 42 = &
S
3
- -

Where

↑ 41 + X292b , X1 & X2 are rights

Solve for X18 No
We san convert this into

ageruna>
my (an
an augmented matrix
first in
Sist Then

*1 + 2x1 = 7 ↑ 3 7

5 &
12/517 + /2
=
-
3x + Sx >
-

+ bxz = 3 >6 3

!
-
-

Sx ,
-
-

↑ 2 7 -
1 12 7
82 % 9
Z
04 18 of

3
sf
-

3
>8
-

( 2)/s + 11 -
-

S Check using
18 3 Xi = 3
* ( S7 + X2(6) = 3
-
-

= 2
w p 2 *1
~ Charles Out
-
Sb
-
3
 1. 4 : The matrix zezation Ax = b

Definition of Ax b=
Denoting equations in Ax =
b

We can denote a system of linear

equations in Ax = 6 Fam ,
whereb is the

Solution A is the coefficients & X is a

↑ where 1 = # variables

In essence was are consolidating our

Consider
to convert this infa
-T
Ax = b isolate
weights into X1 + Xz
= 4 We
& multiplying by 2xz
=

one
matrix Sxz + 1 comports
m
-

3xz =

X
b R * is just our X
example With b= solutions
Where the =

↓ 1, Vals

h
h Size of b

A
-13-1 8 -

53
b is the ana A is our coefficients

↓ 2 -

1 But together we gf

=
46 + 32s + 7 0 -
S3

E
& R
+
-is
.
5 =>
& x + 2xz
=

Xz
= 4 ↑
ge 2/
-

Sxz +
3x3 = 1

This is a value
3 1
= own
Solutions of Ax = b

Its important to Note that

A is a matrix of MX1 & h
That is if all the following are
is of hi so X must have the
Met
Same amount of jaws as A has

col & A has m rous I the

some asA 201] ~ i is pressed in the Plane A

We are looking for

consider 1 if of A
So for a Ax = b System to by consistent
all 201

1 3 b1 Span all Of 12 b must lis in sat

a
of A it a vector
S
-

component of A (Infinite solutions (

add areatraty
Some
by
US
So
vs no

1
-
41 we

Variables bm if +3 then
- 270 bz but
I + 3bi

I
ask 3
how reducing now we
1 S + 3 bi
gives Must
What
2 because 0-
1
-
41b
V be to wr
↑o Consistant
- ↓ jaw 3 the cell -270 by
g I & by + bi

1 S
-

3 bl
was the sisten -$6 -

by + b 1
+ 3b
could be consistent
up 2
b) + b2 thenwy
Solve
-

is it can fal X3
& 00 bitzba-bs so it cannot be and get a
unique solution
brt3b2-bg = 8
&
,
br two Sistem can account day as
ConsistentFar all Valus Of be * Halues
 1. S : SolutionSets to linear systems

Ax =
b Systems
can Solution Juniqusy Homogeneous Linear Systems
have one

-
-

No Solutions A linear system is homogeneous

(expressed
-

-
Infinite solutions has a lestar Equation ] If all the sonsiants are 8

1 This is related to homogeneous Equations ( So only variables a Play Such

that Ax =
b = 0

Properties
Determining man trivial solutions -
At 1st One Solution SX =
a)
consider
- called the trivial Solution

10
- A & Whe Xz is a

solution XO but
5
A
-

where
A= 01 & flue unirible
Ax = 0 is called the contrivial
f
-f G *i
=X Salutive
* 20 -

This is tows when there is

where
*3 = fina at least One fixe hairible

X= * & b0 So our usator

Tanation is Parametric Vestor form

A Consider Matrix
a with nantrical

·I
a
10
-

= Solution

X =
10
- -
*1 2

(I
=

[ +] () +
8 I E 2
= X3
= f13z
+ 008 f

To write this is Parametric Vester from me Septicati

vector ↳ constants from the campfisents

modulating
S
1 line So

&
X=
-

X
 Weal 2 (1 .
7 -
2 .
2)

1 8 linel transformations
Nevisit
.

-
lotating ,
reflectives

go gree wate it multiplicat in

Week 2 Worksheet STMATH 208 Summer 2025

2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 3 1
1. [June 30] Let v1 = 405, v2 = 425, v3 = 425, and v4 = 435.
1 3 1 4
Determine whether the following sets of vectors are linearly dependent or linearly independent. Include
a brief explanation of your answer.
(a) {v2 , v3 }
(b) {v1 , v2 , v3 }
(c) {v1 , v2 , v4 }
(d) {v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 }
2. [July 1] Let T : R2 ! R2 be the linear transformation that reflects a vector over the line y = x and
then rotates it by 30 counterclockwise.

(a) Draw a picture showing the e↵ect of T on the standard basis vectors e1 and e2 , and use this to
compute the 2 ⇥ 2 matrix A that corresponds to T .
(b) Use the formulas seen in class to write down the 2 ⇥ 2 matrix B corresponding to rotation by 30
counterclockwise, and the matrix C corresponding to reflection over y = x.
(c) Verify that B(Cx) = Ax.

3. [July 1] Let A be the 2 ⇥ 2 matrix that rotates a vector counterclockwise by 45 , and let B be the
2 ⇥ 2 matrix that rotates a vector counterclockwise by 90 .

(a) Write down the matrices A and B, and show that A(Ax) = Bx. Geometrically, why does this
make sense?
(b) Show that A(Bx) = B(Ax). Why does it make sense that the order of composition does not
matter? What linear transformation does the composition correspond to?
 
1 2 1 1 1 1
4. [July 2] Let A = ,D= .
2 3 1 3 1 2
Compute the following matrix products. If the product is not defined, write “DNE” (does not exist).

(a) AD
(b) DA
(c) DDT
(d) DT D
5. [July 2]

8 5
Let A = .
7 5
1
(a) Compute A .

9
(b) Use your answer to part a) to solve Ax = .
11
 Baraa Mohaisen 716/3S ADS #2 ⑰
& go back to

al
e= =
[b] ,
32 =
[i]
a)
138 Ri 323 + Ri []
=
A
-

I =

238 1
V

*
TA) =
& ISA)
C -,
=
[20%Siu
210 N21
88 E
- ↑

&2 =
Q + 12
238

31 f El
B [JA)
=

[X(ivSaXSD
1-
reflect " Espotat
-

88 E
B = 3122 =
[i]
One famation is only

028

[i-S
Satisfied X, XzI&
(B) =
When

f
31 80 linearly Independent

b) 6) Rotation by za reflation by %= -X

13 0
↓
13
-n 1/2
* /
2
= -

0320 B =
113 -3/2
S=
- g
1310
↓ 13 0
&
Ri = RI-R3
0320 []
[004] Y
1
Ax = 13((x)
r 1 -
G
004 8
-n 1/2 rotation
13 Bi
B
=

0320 A = 13s
113 -3/2

=
[
1
110f
I 1 8
-
-

Bs
032 g
bash Sub
1
-8 Nefirst
-

0048

↳
- g
8 / zeld Coefficants

So oursisten is

liner 1362] = Ax For X= [i] in M

independent
(=
[ii]

-
13((
/*
2) A fr
= =
1 1 1 0 Mi = R1 -
23 a

· 230[0 -
1
-
35
Two pivots
1390m
&Che Pier
&2 = 22 8
- 2 -
38
-
23
8238 Visible Sa
[dou]
LS
dependent
8
- 2 -
38 1348 linearly
add8
M3 = 23 + 11 5
f
1318 - 113/
2 38
8
02230
- -

23 = R2
40d g
1 3118
B2f> R/
11/ z
1

(linary dependent
8
11/ b the fact my
8
- 2 -
38
bake 4 cat I Only
ard8
3 rous June determined]
9 109198 % Sinces%
= [ii] AB 2x2 2x1 So good
-

we
A = /
cos(1s")
%
Sing &S /

B= 109(4 ) Sin (4) first K1] + 362 191 + 3522 191 + >(1)
[ii]
Now
-
% - , ,

= ,
cos(P0 /
%
Sinstal -
121 + 2(27

ALAY] = A = ([ : ]) = 13 Seaded Now 3(1 + 1-33(1) / 21-12 + <- 37/3) ,

2913 +

( 3)S1
-

/ 25 1 -
+ 1
-
3)(3)
This makesSense
&pins
A trice
because Al = 3533
Sires us B - 1 -
x - 1 -

b) DA 3x1 & 2x2 24 So

AlBX) = AB so we are proving DNE

B(Ax) = BA ABI BA
DDT 2x + &*2 So good
:]
= ii][i si i)
=
AB :

first Now

BA = ([ : ][ii]) = (i = i] (1 x1 + ( 1x 12
- -

+ S(X1 + 1 -

1x -
1)
((x13 + ( - 3) + 1x1 + 1 1xz)
-

S they are equals , here it inches Sense

Second Nour
that
order doesn't because ale (x)
muttel we (x1 + 2x -
1 + (x1 + 2x -
1 ,
+ 34z + 117

rotating in the Sang direction 2x3

3
& -

DDT =
-
3 i5

BD (x2 & 2x & good

first Now

(x1 + My , (x - 1 +(xz , (x) + 1) ,

(x 1 + 12

at]
-

9)
"

92321]
=

[ii]
Second Now
-
1x1 + 3x1 , -
1x -
1 + 3x3 , - 1x1 + 34/

-
(x -
1 + 3xz

b) x = Ab [21027]

= [i][ii]
Ikien Nan
x
some as new dre

-S [ -)
n= fam ta low

-
1x1 + 2x1,
-
(x -
1 + 2xy
,
-
(x/ + 2x)
-
IX -
1 + 2x2

5) 7 1S] 2 23 I

22

17 1s
6. [July 2] We saw in class the matrices corresponding to the following linear transformations in R2 :

1 2
Projection onto the line y = 2x: P = 15
2 4

3 4
Reflection over the line y = 2x: R = 15
4 3

(a) Compute P 2 and simplify as much as possible. Compare it to the original matrix P . What do
you notice? Why does this make sense in terms of the projection operation?
(b) Compute RP and simplify as much as possible. Compare it to the matrices P and R. What do
you notice? Why does this make sense in terms of the two operations?
(c) Repeat part (b), but with P R instead. Why does this make sense? (Careful! It is not quite the
same reason as for RP – think about the order of the compositions).
(d) Compute R 1 using the formula seen in class. Simplify the answer as much as possible, and
compare it to the matrix R. What do you notice? Why does this make sense in terms of the
reflection operation?
(e) Show that P is singular (does not have an inverse). Why does this make sense in terms of the
projection operation?
al p= [] [28] = [i] = e

Because protestingfrie dog nothing new

5) RP = p

* ] =[]
=[i][
=
e

reflection flips this Perpendiana but

Projection negayes this

4) pr = P

PB = :
Projecting negates reflection

5) R
S
-1
=
1 Basause act =
= r

Reflecting this is our identify

S]
etde (j) = (1
4) =a
de+ p =
-
+

Projection anglades the perpendicator dilection

S it cast be inverted
 1. 7 : linear Independence

Linear dependence independence

us
practicallyApplied
Consider as homogenous line system
we can use the concept of liner dependence
withbee trivial solution
to rewrite Ax = b equations as

(b = 0)
* n, + Xz92 + X +m = 0

Ever though the

EXamPly
Rom
The point here is if
there is a
& Medewar 12
-
1 System is inconsistent
01 -S
&

non trivial Solution 14

X=0 Corrects this
12 - I 8 gi
↑ bisause we have
80 13 8
580
-

nu Flee variables

Ehble is Only B

trivial solution

Sets of one of two Vectors

This busisily build down to a

A Set containing only one Vuatar (v)
System being linearly independent if is if is
linearlythat
independent v not a zae

All sorificants are o for Ax = 0 Vector is because X. V= A is Only

for a trivial solution] & What this means is Satisfied When XO If V= O then
that fres Scala
are Not
* can by anything hance nontrivial
multiplies ad
↑ System is linearly dependent if a
eachatone
Or linearly dependent
coefficient lead No
& house this
+ 01 I eva can still

Ax =0 for a nontrivial solution]

have diffrent When dealing with two restors
directions So would

Create a
A 141e
Sets of two or more vectors

consider a) Where v .
=
Eve , Basrese Ahay
are multiplies of write
Each other we can

fundamentali - Whe buting ano reates volation

a as Uz-2v , = 0 This is i

in Ax = b whin b =0 a System is trivial linzialy dependent solution

dependent if Well
& if all colums

have a piviot otherwise it is independent However considering b) where U,& Ve are

clearly not multiples of each other

but if we sun satid fi X vi + X2Ve =0

there mas be on bantrivial solution

Haw ever because they are not multiplies We

Samor Statisfy this condition

M
& we get this because in thissantext

all surepiants must be Q

 ↓. 8 : Entoo to linear transformations
Definition
Notation
A linear transformation is a manipulation Scaling : 5(CUT = <Tsu)
wish
Our
of liner : system , if we translating : [(u + v) =
TCU] + TCV]
to apply multiple then that is called
where a is a scale I
composition of transformations
↳ & V are veetos in M
-

linear transformations can by thought

#) denotes a liner transformation
OR AS
is
-
Scaling : Multiplying Matrix A by Wher 12 applied to a

Vector X ( NO
direction] to guf Matrix A
Veste b
Takes the from of Ax = b
-

Translating : a Vecto translation is

Shifting by a fastol his cradition

Usage
We need to applyTio our
consider & This for the test W / V & now beetes

[su) ,
x= n , n
=
[i] = [%]
[(r] X= V , v = [s] [i]
[]
, ,

(-2+-]
J(un) = [C] + TS) = =

Wbbin our solutions are in M3

5) No weren We salud for it was

& unique Solution

9) [(x) =
X -
3x2 x= u = [i] d]
3 x1 +SXz 1 -

33 12 = SR1 + 3Rz

[i]
[(u) 33'
S
+x =
-
-13 1 -

33

11 14 E 2f
D1 = +
13
b)
[ []
17 5
[x =
b = =
If
-

0 - 9
By = 22 + 1423
~> 14 E 2f
1 33
os
-

&1 = RI + &3 17 Y
i
S
-

⑧ 9
R2 = 31z +
1z -S
-17 14 E 2f
&3 = 1/-2p . 5) +As

04891
back Sub &a our X Vals are
⑧
↑
t [] in Solution is inconsistent
-

=
Xz
in
14 E 2f
So No
S
0 -129
Xi + 7xz
= -

~
-

3 S
-
x1 = - S + .

*1 = 1 S .
 transformation
↓. 4 : The Matrix of a line ,

Lina1 transformation equations Geometric transformations &I

Because line , transformative are

inhgointly lossless we san backfinate

our weights

condidue

We know

e 1
=
[n](*) = T(x) =
[i]
-= [i][] = T( ,) =
[i]
So
el 22

8 XI

*
8
& I *2

Because * 21 + X232 = X
& Revis - This
* ilua] =
S5Cn2 San(yDt
&
the
x , [(217 + x T(21) = TM) Feage ih2
in

~
L
So
3 Sx , 3xz

x
-
-

-
# 8 X2
8 xz 7x1
-

2X1

from that
wy quat

This is just the

leverse of the
transformation
identity
Student: Baraa Mohaisen Instructor: Thomas Humphries Print
Assignment: MML #2 Paper size Letter ▼
Date: 07/03/25 Course: STMATH 208 A Su 25: Matrix Algebra With Applications

1. Write a vector equation that is equivalent to the given system of equations.

x2 + 3x3 = 0
3x1 + 9x2 − x3 = 0
− x1 + 5x2 − 7x3 = 0

Choose the correct answer below.

A. B.

0 1 0 3 0 3 1 0
x1 3 + x2 9 + x3 0 = −1 x1 3 + x2 −1 + x3 9 = 0
−1 5 0 −7 −1 −7 5 0

C. D.

1 0 3 0 0 1 3 0
x1 9 + x2 3 + x3 −1 = 0 x1 3 + x2 9 + x3 −1 = 0
5 −1 −7 0 −1 5 −7 0

2. Determine if b is a linear combination of the vectors formed from the columns of the matrix A.

1 −6 3 3
A= 0 6 3 , b= −6
−4 24 − 12 −3

Choose the correct answer below.

A. Vector b is a linear combination of the vectors formed from the columns of the matrix A. The pivots in the corresponding echelon matrix are in the first entry in the first column, the second entry in the second column, and
the third entry in the third column.
B. Vector b is a linear combination of the vectors formed from the columns of the matrix A. The pivots in the corresponding echelon matrix are in the first entry in the first column, the second entry in the second column, and
the third entry in the fourth column.
C. Vector b is a linear combination of the vectors formed from the columns of the matrix A. The pivots in the corresponding echelon matrix are in the first entry in the first column and the third entry in the second column, and
the third entry in the third column.
D. Vector b is not a linear combination of the vectors formed from the columns of the matrix A.

3. List five vectors in Span v1 , v2 . Do not make a sketch.

9 −7
v1 = 1 , v2 = 1
−7 0

List five vectors in Span v1 , v2 .

0 9 −7 2 25
0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1
0 −7 0 −7 − 14
(Use the matrix template in the math palette. Use a comma to separate vectors as needed. Type an integer or a simplified fraction for each vector element. Type each answer only once.)

4. Compute the product using (a) the definition where Ax is the linear combination of the columns of A using the corresponding entries in x as weights, and (b) the row-vector rule for −8 8 7
computing Ax. If a product is undefined, explain why.
7 2 −7
0 9 2

(a) Compute the product using the definition where Ax is the linear combination of the columns of A using the corresponding entries in x as weights. If the product is undefined, explain why. Select the correct choice below and,
if necessary, fill in any answer boxes to complete your choice.

A. Ax =

B. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the number of rows in matrix A does not match the number of entries in the vector x.
C. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the number of columns in matrix A does not match the number of entries in the vector x.

(b) Compute the product using the row-vector rule for computing Ax. If the product is undefined, explain why. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in any answer boxes to complete your choice.

A. Ax =

B. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the row-vector rule states that the number of columns in matrix A must match the number of entries in the vector x.
C. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the row-vector rule states that the number of rows in matrix A must match the number of entries in the vector x.

5. Compute the product using the methods below. If a product is undefined, explain why. 1
a. The definition where Ax is the linear combination of the columns of A using the corresponding entries in x as weights. 6 4 −2
b. The row-vector rule for computing Ax. 2
4 4 2
1

a. Set up the linear combination of the columns of A using the corresponding entries in x as weights. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer boxes to complete your choice.

A.
6 4 −2
x1 a1 + x2 a2 + ⋯ + xn an = (x1 )a1 + (x2 )a2 + (x3 )a3 = 1 + 2 + 1
4 4 2
(Type the terms of your expression in the same order as they appear in the original expression.)
B. x1 a1 + x2 a2 + ⋯ + xn an = (x1 )a1 + (x2 )a2 = +
(Type the terms of your expression in the same order as they appear in the original expression.)
C. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the number of columns in matrix A does not match the number of entries in the vector x.
D. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the number of rows in matrix A does not match the number of entries in the vector x.

b. Set up the product Ax using the row-vector rule. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in any answer boxes to complete your choice.

A.
6 • 1 + 4 • 2 + ( − 2) • 1
(Do not simplify.)
know the law Vestoruse
4•1+4•2+2•1

B.

(Do not simplify.)

C. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the row-vector rule states that the number of columns in matrix A must match the number of entries in the vector x.
D. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined because the row-vector rule states that the number of rows in matrix A must match the number of entries in the vector x.

Evaluate the expressions found in the previous steps. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in any answer boxes to complete your choice.

A.
12
Ax = (Simplify your answer.)
14

B. The matrix-vector Ax is not defined.

6. 1 2 −3 − 12
Given A and b to the right, write the augmented matrix for the linear system that corresponds to the matrix equation Ax = b. Then solve
A= −2 −5 2 , b= 8
the system and write the solution as a vector.
3 2 4 − 13

Write the augmented matrix for the linear system that corresponds to the matrix equation Ax = b.

1 2 − 3 − 12
−2 −5 2 8
3 2 4 − 13

Solve the system and write the solution as a vector.

x1
− 11
x= x2 = 4

x3 3

7.
−1 −2 b1
Let A = and b = . Show that the equation Ax = b does not have a solution for some choices of b, and describe the set of all b for which Ax = b does have a solution.
3 6 b2

How can it be shown that the equation Ax = b does not have a solution for some choices of b?

A. Row reduce the matrix A to demonstrate that A does not have a pivot position in every row.
B. Find a vector b for which the solution to Ax = b is the identity vector. difflence bestrm, tusso Ena
C. Row reduce the matrix A to demonstrate that A has a pivot position in every row.
D. Row reduce the augmented matrix to demonstrate that has a pivot position in every row.
A b A b

&
E. Find a vector x for which Ax = b is the identity vector.

Describe the set of all b for which Ax = b does have a solution.

The set of all b for which Ax = b does have a solution is the set of solutions to the equation 0 = 3 b1 + b2 .
(Type an integer or a decimal.)

8. b1
1 −3 −2
Let A = −4 4 0 and b = b2 . Show that the equation Ax = b does not have a solution for all possible b, and describe the set of all b for which Ax = b does have a solution.
3 −1 2 b3

How can it be shown that the equation Ax = b does not have a solution for all possible b? Choose the correct answer below.

A. Find a vector b for which the solution to Ax = b is the zero vector.

B. Row reduce the matrix A to demonstrate that A does not have a pivot position in every row.
C. Find a vector x for which Ax = b is the zero vector.
D. Row reduce the matrix A to demonstrate that A has a pivot position in every row.
E. Row reduce the augmented matrix to demonstrate that has a pivot position in every row.
A b A b

Describe the set of all b for which Ax = b does have a solution.

0= b1 + b2 + b3
(Type an expression using b1 , b2 , and b3 as the variables and 1 as the coefficient of b3 .)

9. How many rows of A contain a pivot position? Does the equation Ax = b have a solution for each b in ℝ4 ?

2 4 −5 10
−2 −2 2 0
A=
0 −2 3 − 10
2 0 1 − 12

How many rows of A contain a pivot position?

A has 3 rows which contain a pivot position.

Does the equation Ax = b have a solution for each b in ℝ4 ?

understand the biluince of a pivoit
A. No, because A does not have a pivot position in every row.
B. Yes, because the columns of A do not span ℝ4 .

C. No, because each b in ℝ4 is a linear combination of the columns of A.

D. Yes, because the reduced echelon form of A does not have a row of the form with b nonzero.
0 ... 0 b

10. Write the solution set of the given homogeneous system in parametric vector form.

4x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 = 0 x1

− 8x1 − 8x2 − 16x3 = 0
where the solution set is x = x2 &
− 7x2 − 7x3 = 0 x3

−1
x = x3 −1
1
(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

11. Describe all solutions of Ax = 0 in parametric vector form, where A is row equivalent to the given matrix.

1 3 −2 5
0 1 −5 3 &
− 13 4
5 −3
x = x3 + x4
1 0
0 1
(Type an integer or fraction for each matrix element.)

12. Describe the solutions of the first system of equations below in parametric vector form. Provide a geometric comparison with the solution set of the second system of equations below.

4x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 = 16 4x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 = 0

− 12x1 − 12x2 − 24x3 = − 48 − 12x1 − 12x2 − 24x3 = 0 know want this is
− 7x2 − 7x3 = 14 − 7x2 − 7x3 = 0

x1

Describe the solution set, x = x2 , of the first system of equations in parametric vector form. Select the correct choice below and fill in the answer box(es) within your choice.

x3
(Type an integer or fraction for each matrix element.)

A. x =

B. x = x2

6 −1
C. x = −2 + x3 −1
0 1

D. x = x2 + x3

Which option best compares the two systems?

A. The solution set of the first system is a plane parallel to the plane that is the solution set of the second system.
B. The solution set of the first system is a line parallel to the line that is the solution set of the second system.
C. The solution set of the first system is a line perpendicular to the line that is the solution set of the second system.
D. The solution set of the first system is a plane parallel to the line that is the solution set of the second system.
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Student: Baraa Mohaisen Instructor: Thomas Humphries Print
Assignment: MML #3 Paper size Letter ▼
Date: 07/08/25 Course: STMATH 208 A Su 25: Matrix Algebra With Applications

1. Determine if the columns of the matrix form a linearly independent set. Justify your answer.

1 −3 4
−3 9 4

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The columns of the matrix do not form a linearly independent set because the set contains more vectors than there are entries in each vector.
B. The columns of the matrix do form a linearly independent set because there are more entries in each vector than there are vectors in the set.
C. The columns of the matrix do form a linearly independent set because the set contains more vectors than there are entries in each vector.
D. The columns of the matrix do not form a linearly independent set because there are more entries in each vector than there are vectors in the set.

2. Find the value(s) of h for which the vectors are linearly dependent. Justify your answer.

3 −6 −2
−3 , 3 , 2
−6 11 h

The value(s) of h which makes the vectors linearly dependent is(are) 4 because this will cause x3 to be a free variable.
(Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

3. Find the value(s) of h for which the vectors are linearly dependent.

1 −2 3
3 , −5 , h
−2 4 −6

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

A. The vectors are linearly dependent if h = because the related matrix will have a free variable. (Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)

B. The vectors are linearly dependent for all values of h because the related matrix always has a free variable.
C. The vectors are linearly independent for all values of h because the related matrix never has a free variable.

4. Determine by inspection whether the vectors are linearly independent. Justify your answer.

8 −2
12 , −3
4 1

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The set is linearly independent because neither vector is a multiple of the other vector. Two of the entries in the first vector are − 4 times the corresponding entry in the second vector. But this multiple does not work for the
third entries.
B. The set is linearly dependent because the first vector is a multiple of the other vector. The entries in the first vector are − 4 times the corresponding entry in the second vector.
C. The set is linearly dependent because neither vector is a multiple of the other vector. Two of the entries in the first vector are − 4 times the corresponding entry in the second vector. But this multiple does not work for the
third entries.
D. The set is linearly independent because the first vector is a multiple of the other vector. The entries in the first vector are − 4 times the corresponding entry in the second vector.

5. 1 1 3
Given A = −7 2 − 3 , observe that the first column plus twice the second column equals the third column. Find a nontrivial solution of Ax = 0 without performing row operations. [Hint: Write Ax = 0 as a vector equation.]
−4 −2 −8

1
x= 2
−1

6. 1 −6 −7 −2
If T is defined by T(x) = Ax, find a vector x whose image under T is b, and determine whether x is unique. Let A = and b = .
−3 11 7 −1

Find a single vector x whose image under T is b.

4
x= 1
0

Is the vector x found in the previous step unique?

A. Yes, because there is a free variable in the system of equations.

B. No, because there are no free variables in the system of equations.
C. Yes, because there are no free variables in the system of equations.
D. No, because there is a free variable in the system of equations.

7. 3 6 3 −1
Let T: ℝ2 →ℝ2 be a linear transformation that maps u = into and maps v = into . Use the fact that T is linear to find the images under T of 2u, 3v, and 2u + 3v.
4 1 3 3

12
The image of 2u is .
2

−3
The image of 3v is .
9

9
The image of 2u + 3v is .
11

8. Assume that T is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of T.

4π
T: ℝ2 →ℝ2 , rotates points (about the origin) through − radians.
3

1 − 3
−
2 2
A=
3 1
−
2 2

(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element. Type exact answers, using radicals as needed.)

9. Assume that T is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of T.

T: ℝ2 →ℝ2 is a vertical shear transformation that maps e1 into e1 − 12e2 but leaves the vector e2 unchanged.

1 0
A=
− 12 1
(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

10. Assume that T is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of T.

π
T: ℝ2 →ℝ2 first rotates points through − radians and then reflects points through the horizontal x1 -axis.
4

2 2
2 2
A=
2 2
−
2 2
(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element. Type exact answers, using radicals as needed.)

11. Assume that T is a linear transformation. Find the standard matrix of T.

T: ℝ2 →ℝ2 first reflects points through the line x2 = x1 and then reflects points through the line x2 = − x1 .

−1 0
A=
0 −1
(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

12. Let T: ℝ2 →ℝ2 be the linear transformation such that T(e1 ) and x2

&
T(e2 ) are the vectors shown in the figure. Using the figure, sketch T e1 T e2
the vector T(2,1).

x1

Choose the correct graph below.

A. B. C. D.
x2 x2 x2 x2
T(2,1) T(2,1)
T(2,1)
T(2,1)
T e1 T e2 T e1 T e2
T e1 T e2 T e1 T e2

x1 x1 x1 x1

YOU ANSWERED: A.

13. Determine if the specified linear transformation is (a) one-to-one and (b) onto. Justify your answer.

T x1 ,x2 ,x3 ,x4 = (x3 + x4 ,x2 + x3 ,0,x3 + x4 )

a. Is the linear transformation one-to-one?

A. T is not one-to-one because the standard matrix A has a free variable.

B. T is not one-to-one because the columns of the standard matrix A are linearly independent.
C. T is one-to-one because T(x) = 0 has only the trivial solution.
D. T is one-to-one because the column vectors are not scalar multiples of each other.

b. Is the linear transformation onto?

4
A. T is onto because the columns of the standard matrix A span ℝ .
4
B. T is not onto because the columns of the standard matrix A span ℝ .

C. T is onto because the standard matrix A does not have a pivot position for every row.
D. T is not onto because the third row of the standard matrix A is all zeros.

14. 3 0 −2 8 −6 2 2 3 4 6 −4
Compute each matrix sum or product if it is defined. If an expression is undefined, explain why. Let A = , B= , C= , D= , and E = .
3 −4 3 1 −5 −3 −3 2 −2 3 2

A + 2B, 2C − 3E, DB, EB

Compute the matrix sum A + 2B. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A.
19 − 12 2
A + 2B =
5 − 14 − 3
(Simplify your answer.)
B. The expression A + 2B is undefined because A is not a square matrix.
C. The expression A + 2B is undefined because B is not a square matrix.
D. The expression A + 2B is undefined because A and 2B have different sizes.

Compute the matrix sum 2C − 3E. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. 2C − 3E =
(Simplify your answer.)
B. The expression 2C − 3E is undefined because 2C and 3E have different sizes.
C. The expression 2C − 3E is undefined because the number of rows in C is not equal to the number of columns in E.
D. The expression 2C − 3E is undefined because E is not a square matrix.

Compute the matrix product DB. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A.
38 − 54 − 10
DB =
− 13 − 3 − 13
(Simplify your answer.)
B. The expression DB is undefined because the number of rows in D is not equal to the number of columns in B.
C. The expression DB is undefined because the number of columns in D is not equal to the number of columns in B.
D. The expression DB is undefined because the number of columns in D is not equal to the number of rows in B.

Compute the matrix product EB. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. EB =
(Simplify your answer.)
B. The expression EB is undefined because the number of columns in E is not equal to the number of rows in B.
C. The expression EB is undefined because the number of columns in E is not equal to the number of columns in B.
D. The expression EB is undefined because the number of rows in E is not equal to the number of columns in B.

15. 4 −2 4
Compute A − 5I3 and (5I3 )A, where A = −5 4 −7 .
−3 2 1

−1 −2 4
A − 5I3 = −5 −1 −7
−3 2 −4

20 − 10 20
(5I3 )A = − 25 20 − 35
− 15 10 5
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 University of Washington Bothell
School of STEM
Name: Student ID:

STMATH 208 (Matrix Algebra with Applications) – Final Exam A

Thursday, June 6, 2024

Instructions:
1. Time limit: 120 minutes.
2. Please write down your name and student ID number on this page before you start
writing.
3. Make sure that your test consists of SEVEN pages, including this one.
4. One page of notes is permitted. You may use a simple scientific calculator as long as it
does not have any programming or communication capability.
5. Show the work needed to arrive at your solution. If you run out of space, please continue
your work on the back of the page facing the one on which you are writing.
6. Write your final solution in the provided box, when applicable.
7. In case it is helpful:

Counterclockwise Orthogonal projection Inverse of a

rotation by ✓ onto the line a 2 ⇥ 2 matrix
  2 
cos ✓ sin ✓ 1 a1 a1 a2 1 1 d b
A= A= 2 A =
sin ✓ cos ✓ a1 + a22 a1 a2 a22 ad bc c a

Question Mark
1 /20
2 /18
3 /16
4 /24
5 /22
Total /100
Final Exam STMATH 208 June 6, 2024

1. [20 points] Solve the system, or show that it is inconsistent. If there are infinitely
many solutions, express the solution in general form.
(a) 2x + 4y = 8
5x + y = 13

x=
y=

(b) 2x + y + 2z = 2
x + 2y + 3z = 1
3x + 2y + z = 3

x=
y=
z=

(c) 2x + y + 2z = 2
x + 2y + 3z = 1
3x + 0y + z = 3 (note that only this equation has changed)

x=
y=
z=
 Final Exam STMATH 208 June 6, 2024

2 3 2 3
1 2 4 1 7
4
2. [18 points] Let A = 2 5 9 45 , b = 165
4
1 5 7 7 13
(a) Solve the system Ax = b, and express the solution in vector general form.

x=

(b) Give two di↵erent nontrivial solutions to the homogenous system, Ax = 0.

(c) Suppose p is any vector in R3 . Is Ax = p guaranteed to have a solution? Explain

why or why not.
 Final Exam STMATH 208 June 6, 2024

3. [16 points] Determine if the following sets of vectors are linearly dependent or linearly
independent. If they are linearly dependent, give a nontrivial way of taking a linear
combination to get zero; if they are linearly independent, explain how you can tell.
  
1 2 1
(a) v1 = , v2 = , v3 = .
2 1 1

2 3 2 3 2 3
1 3 3
(b) v1 = 4 3 5, v2 = 4 35, v3 = 4 3 5.
3 1 7

2 3 2 3 2 3
1 3 3
4 5
(c) v1 = 3 , v2 = 4 3 , v3 = 3 5. (Note that only v1 has changed)
5 4
3 1 7
 Final Exam STMATH 208 June 6, 2024

4. [24 points] Let T : R2 ! R2 be the linear transformation that rotates a vector by 135
counterclockwise, and then projects it orthogonally onto the line y = x.
(a) Find the matrix A corresponding to the linear transformation. You can do this ei-
ther by determining the action of the transformation on e1 and e2 , or by considering
it as a composition of the rotation with the orthogonal projection.


3
(b) Find T (x) where x = . Plot x, and T (x) on the axes below, and show how x
1

&.
arrives at T (x) by the process of rotation and then projection.

add to Cheat Sure,

(c) Is T onto R2 ? Explain why or why not. (You can explain in terms of the matrix A,
or just by describing the transformation itself).

(d) Is T a one-to-one transformation? Explain why or why not. (You can explain in
terms of the matrix A, or just by describing the transformation itself).
 Final Exam STMATH 208 June 6, 2024

2 3 2 3
 1 2 1 2
2 4
5. [22 points] Let A = , B = 43 45, C = 41 35. Compute the following
5 1
5 6 1 4
matrices, or write DNE if they do not exist.

(a) BA

[i][3] = 3
(ii)
=

(b) BC
A to Creat She

Ging (i] Going [i]

=

DNE B #Raw # L So1

(c) B T C

(d) B 2

BNE

1
(e) A
Week 3 (2 . 3 .
3 .
0 ,
3 1
.

. 3 .

2)
Week 3 Worksheet STMATH 208 Summer 2025

2 3
2 3 4
1. [July 7] Consider the matrix A = 44 3 25.
1 1 2
1
(a) Compute A .
1
(b) Verify your answer to part A by showing that AA = I. For full credit, you must show how each
element of the product is computed.
32
1
(c) Use your answer to part (a) to solve the system Ax = 4 15.
2
2 3
7
(d) Use your answer to part (a) to solve the system AT x = 475.
8

2. [July 7] Determine whether the following matrices are invertible. You can use any method you want,
but you must explain your answer. You do not need to actually compute any inverses.
2 3
2 3 4
(a) A = 43 4 25
4 2 3
2 3
1 1 1
(b) B = 41 3 25
9 7 8
2 3
1 3 5 1
62 3 4 57
(c) C = 6
40
7
3 2 15
0 3 5 8

3. [July 8] Compute the determinants of the following matrices. You can use cofactor expansion or the
row reduction method.
2 3
2 2 1
(a) A = 41 2 25
2 1 2
2 3
1 1 2 1
6 0 1 4 17
(b) B = 6
4 2 1 3 05
7

2 2 1 2

4. [July 10] For each of the following subsets of R3 , either prove that the set is a subspace, or provide a
counterexample to show that it is not a subspace.

(a) The set of vectors such that x3 = x21 + x22 .

(b) The set of vectors such that x3 = x1 + x2 .
(c) The set of vectors such that x1 x2 x3 0.
 Barga Mchaisen 7/13/25

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Student: Baraa Mohaisen Instructor: Thomas Humphries Print
Assignment: MML #4 Paper size Letter ▼
Date: 07/13/25 Course: STMATH 208 A Su 25: Matrix Algebra With Applications

1. Find the inverse of the matrix.

3 −4
5 −6

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

A.
−3 2
The inverse matrix is 5 3 .
−
2 2
(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)
B. The matrix is not invertible.

2. Use the given inverse of the coefficient matrix to solve the following system.

7x1 + 2x2 = 8 1 1
A− 1 = 7
− 6x1 − 2x2 = 3 −3 −
2

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer boxes to complete your choice.

A. 69
x1 = 11 and x2 = − (Simplify your answers.)
2

B. There is no solution.

3. Determine whether the statement below is true or false. Justify the answer.

a b
If A = and ad = bc, then A is not invertible.
c d

Choose the correct answer below.

1 d −b
A. The statement is true. If ad = bc then ad − bc = 0, and is undefined.
ad − bc −c a

B. The statement is false. If ad = bc, then A is invertible.

a b
C. The statement is true. The matrix A = is invertible if and only if a ≠ b and b ≠ d.
c d

D. The statement is false. If A is invertible, then ad = bc.

4. Determine whether the statement below is true or false. Justify the answer.

If A is an invertible n × n matrix, then the equation Ax = b is consistent for each b in ℝn .

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The statement is false. The matrix A is invertible if and only if A is row equivalent to the identity matrix, and not every matrix A satisfying Ax = b is row equivalent to the identity matrix.
B. The statement is false. The matrix A satisfies Ax = b if and only if A is row equivalent to the identity matrix, and not every matrix that is row equivalent to the identity matrix is invertible.
C. The statement is true. Since A is invertible, A− 1 b = x for all x in ℝn . Multiply both sides by A and the result is Ax = b.

D. The statement is true. Since A is invertible, A− 1 b exists for all b in ℝn . Define x = A− 1 b. Then Ax = b.

5. Determine whether the statement below is true or false. Justify the answer.

If A can be row reduced to the identity matrix, then A must be invertible.

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The statement is true. Since A can be row reduced to the identity matrix, A is row equivalent to the identity matrix. Since every matrix that is row equivalent to the identity is invertible, A is invertible.
B. The statement is true. Since A can be row reduced to the identity matrix, I is the inverse of A. Therefore, A is invertible.

C. The statement is false. Not every matrix that is row equivalent to the identity matrix is invertible.
D. The statement is false. Since the identity matrix is not invertible, A is not invertible either.

6. − 2 − 3 − 21
−1
Let A = 2 5 39 . Find the third column of A without computing the other two columns.
1 2 16

How can the third column of A− 1 be found without computing the other columns?

A
A. Row reduce the augmented matrix , where e3 is the third row of I3 .
e3

B. Row reduce the augmented matrix [A I3 ].

C. Row reduce the augmented matrix [A e3 ], where e3 is the third column of I3 .

−1
D. Solve the equation Ae3 = b for e3 , where e3 is the third column of I3 and b is the third column of A .

3
The third column of A− 1 is −9 .
1
(Type an integer or decimal for each matrix element.)

7. Determine if the matrix below is invertible. Use as few calculations as possible. Justify your answer.

2 1
−8 −4

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The matrix is invertible because its columns are multiples of each other. The columns of the matrix form a linearly dependent set.
B. The matrix is not invertible because its determinant is zero.
C. The matrix is invertible because its determinant is not zero.
D. The matrix is not invertible because the matrix has 2 pivot positions.

8. Determine if the matrix below is invertible. Use as few calculations as possible. Justify your answer.

4 0 0
−2 −4 0
8 6 −5

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The matrix is invertible. The given matrix has three pivot positions.
B. The matrix is not invertible. If the given matrix is A, the equation Ax = b has no solution for some b in ℝ3 .

C. The matrix is not invertible. The given matrix has two pivot positions.
D. The matrix is invertible. If the given matrix is A, there is a 3 × 3 matrix C such that CI = A.

9. Determine if the matrix below is invertible. Use as few calculations as possible. Justify your answer.

4 0 −5
2 0 3
−3 0 5

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The matrix is invertible. The given matrix has 2 pivot positions.

B. The matrix is not invertible. If the given matrix is A, the columns of A do not form a linearly independent set.
C. The matrix is not invertible. If the given matrix is A, the equation Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution.
D. The matrix is invertible. The columns of the given matrix span ℝ3 .

10. Determine if the matrix below is invertible. Use as few calculations as possible. Justify your answer.

0 3 −5
1 0 2
−2 −9 11

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The matrix is not invertible. If the given matrix is A, the equation Ax = b has a solution for at least one b in ℝ3 .

B. The matrix is invertible. The given matrix has 3 pivot positions.

C. The matrix is invertible. The columns of the given matrix span are linearly dependent.
D. The matrix is not invertible. If the given matrix is A, A is not row equivalent to the n × n identity matrix.

11. Determine if the matrix below is invertible. Use as few calculations as possible. Justify your answer.

1 −3 −6
0 5 3
−4 8 0

Determine if the matrix below is invertible. Use as few calculations as possible. Justify your answer.

A. The matrix is invertible. The given matrix is not row equivalent to the n × n identity matrix.
B. The matrix is invertible. The given matrix has 3 pivot positions.
3
C. The matrix is not invertible. If the given matrix is A, the equation Ax = b has no solution for at least one b in ℝ .

D. The matrix is not invertible. In the given matrix the columns do not form a linearly independent set.

12. Determine if the matrix below is invertible. Use as few calculations as possible. Justify your answer.

−1 −2 0 1
5 4 12 − 5
−2 −4 3 2
0 −1 2 1

Choose the correct answer below.

A. The matrix is invertible. The given matrix has 4 pivot positions.

B. The matrix is invertible. The given matrix is not row equivalent to the n × n identity matrix.

C. The matrix is not invertible. If the given matrix is A, the equation Ax = b has no solution for at least one b in ℝ4 .

D. The matrix is not invertible. In the given matrix the columns do not form a linearly independent set.

13. Compute the determinant using a cofactor expansion across the first row. Also compute the determinant by a cofactor expansion down the second column.

8 −8 9
9 1 8
1 9 −1

Write the expression for the determinant using a cofactor expansion across the first row. Choose the correct answer below.

A. Using this expansion, the determinant is (8)(71) + ( − 8)(89) + (9)(82).

B. Using this expansion, the determinant is (8)( − 73) + ( − 8)( − 17) + (9)(80).
C. Using this expansion, the determinant is (8)(71) − ( − 8)(89) + (9)(82).
D. Using this expansion, the determinant is (8)( − 73) − ( − 8)( − 17) + (9)(80).

Write the expression for the determinant using a cofactor expansion down the second column. Choose the correct answer below.

A. Using this expansion, the determinant is ( − 8)( − 17) + (1)( − 17) + (9)( − 17).
B. Using this expansion, the determinant is − ( − 8)( − 1) + (1)(1) − (9)(145).
C. Using this expansion, the determinant is − ( − 8)( − 17) + (1)( − 17) − (9)( − 17).
D. Using this expansion, the determinant is ( − 8)( − 1) + (1)(1) + (9)(145).

The determinant is 0 .
(Simplify your answer.)

14. Compute the determinant by cofactor expansion. At each step, choose a row or column that involves the least amount of computation. 9 0 0 5
2 7 3 −7
2 0 0 0
3 3 1 1

9 0 0 5
2 7 3 −7
= − 20 (Simplify your answer.)
2 0 0 0
3 3 1 1

15. Compute the determinant by cofactor expansion. At each step, choose a row or column that involves the least amount of computation. 4 0 −8 4 −6
0 0 4 0 0
7 2 −5 3 −9
5 0 5 2 −4
0 0 7 −3 2

4 0 −8 4 −6
0 0 4 0 0
7 2 −5 3 −9 = − 144 (Simplify your answer.)

5 0 5 2 −4
0 0 7 −3 2

16. Find the determinant by row reduction to echelon form.

1 5 −6
−1 −4 −5
2 8 7

Use row operations to reduce the matrix to echelon form.

1 5 −6 1 5 −6
−1 −4 −5 ~ 0 1 − 11
2 8 7 0 0 −3

Find the determinant of the given matrix.

1 5 −6
−1 −4 −5 = −3 (Simplify your answer.)
2 8 7

17. Find the determinant by row reduction to echelon form.

1 −1 −2 0
4 −3 3 2
3 −1 −2 1
−1 3 6 1

Use row operations to reduce the matrix to echelon form.

1 −1 −2 0 1 −1 −2 0
4 −3 3 2 0 1 11 2
~
3 −1 −2 1 0 0 − 18 − 3
−1 3 6 1 0 0 0 0

Find the determinant of the given matrix.

1 −1 −2 0
4 −3 3 2
= 0 (Simplify your answer.)
3 −1 −2 1
−1 3 6 1

18. 2 0 2
Compute det B5 where B = 1 2 2 .
1 2 1

det B5 = − 1024 (Simplify your answer.)

19. Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices, with det A = − 8 and det B = − 3. Use properties of determinants to complete parts (a) through (e) below.

a. Compute det AB.

det AB = 24 (Type an integer or a fraction.)

b. Compute det 5A.

det 5A = − 1000 (Type an integer or a fraction.)

c. Compute det BT .

det BT = −3 (Type an integer or a fraction.)

d. Compute det A− 1 .

1
det A− 1 = − (Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)
8

e. Compute det A3 .

det A3 = − 512 (Type an integer or a fraction.)

 MML#4

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Week 4 + 5 Worksheet STMATH 208 Summer 2025

2 3
1 2 1 0
62 5 3 17
1. [July 14] Let A = 6
42
7.
2 0 25
0 1 1 0

(a) Find a basis for the null space of A. What is its dimension?
(b) Find a basis for the column space of A. What is its dimension?
(c) Write down a 4 ⇥ 4 matrix, which has no zero entries, whose rank is 2. Explain how you can
tell its rank is 2.
2. [July 15] Compute the eigenvalues of each matrix, and a basis for the corresponding eigenspaces.

2 1
(a) A =
5 2
2 3
1 2 1
(b) B = 40 2 75
0 7 2
2 3
2 3 1
(c) C = 4 1 2 15
1 3 2

3. [July 16] Suppose we have three cities; Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver, and that the populations
of each city change in the following way every year:
60% of the population of Portland remain in Portland; 20% move to Seattle, and 20% move to
Vancouver;
70% of the population of Seattle remain in Seattle; 20% move to Portland, and 10% move to
Vancouver;
80% of the population of Vancouver remain there; 10% move to Portland, and 10% move to
Seattle.

(a) Write down the 3 ⇥ 3 matrix P that represents the transition rates between the cities in one
year; i.e. the matrix P such that x(k+1) = P x(k) , where x(k) 2 R3 represents the populations of
Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver, respectively, at time k.
(b) As seen in class, since the matrix P is column-stochastic, the largest eigenvalue is 1 = 1. Find
the corresponding eigenvector.
(c) Suppose each city2starts
3 with an initial population of 2 million people people. Denote this with
2
the vector x(0) = 425 (i.e. the entries of x(k) represent the population of each city, in millons, at
2
time k). In the limit as k ! 1, to what values do the populations of each city converge? Explain
how you arrived at your answer.
 Basaa Mahnijen Problem Sat #1 T120/25

to 4
- s'
reduce

(2
Gree
x)
Al ~>
-

1218 a) A -al =

A = 253 -
1
R2 = R2 -

2r)

2 302 &3 = 13 -
2Ri
de + (A -

15) = (2 -

x)) -
2 -

X) -
s

1218 N P = 0
1=
= -

23 = #3
= B3 + 313
1
o 11 -

2
-
22 our eigenvalues are 13
1218
Y
-

118
(i)
1 -
o 11 -

↑ /N = A -

DF X2 free X1 = x2
0008

↑1 o nuk space

[j]v [i]
= B1 21s
1 &
-

go
↑(3) =
Mp = R1 -
13 [i]
&s 3) = [si) = [d] :i
-Tul se
-

a
10 18
& 1=
-

21 -
224
X2 free
o 11 -
1
M2= B2 + 14

sx2( -x]
xi = -

0008

0000
10-10

b)
0

(2
110
- 1
001

0000
& 34)11 A -

xE =
jx](1 -
x)

T free = * y
d3 + (A -

xi) = (1 j)))2 -
-
x) 14))
-
= 0

xz = t
Sa
X= 1 S 4
This is
-

. ,
our nucl
t
X, =
basis
-
↓
t Vectorize
Xz = -
eigenvalues
dimension (

0
↑ =

(2 33(x](1 x)
-

f(x) =
-

(o (
I
fin =
B) =

(()(i) (: ))
10-10 · Na frie
0 110
Soon 3[]]
00 S S

Co) Lo
.

0000 Xi e-
f19) = =

n
de dimina

Joinin
a

3 &
*
~
S()
I Gre line
BGis
combinations of Bour 1 ,2

( [
↓ I Gre Not multiples

So
& (4) = =
Rank B = 2

Xz is flee

30)3
See
3xz
x1 =

Xi = x3
 2 3 2 3 2 3
3 2 1
4. [July 17] Let u1 = 4 35, u2 = 4 2 5, u3 = 415.
0 1 4

(a) Show that {u1 , u2 , u3 } form an orthogonal basis for R3 .

2 3
5
(b) Express v = 4 35 in terms of {u1 , u2 , u3 }.
1
2 3 2 3
1 1
637 617
5. [July 17] Let u = 6 7
4 1 5, and y = 415.
6 7

1 1

(a) Write y as ŷ + z, where ŷ points in the same direction as u, and z is orthogonal to u.

2 3 2 3
1 1
637 6 17
(b) Repeat part (a) with u = 6 7 6 7
4 15, and y = 415. How do you interpret the result in this case?
1 1

Note: Projection onto subspaces and the Gram-Schmidt process are not included on this problem set due
to time constraints, but you are responsible for knowing it. They are covered on the last five problems of
MML #7.
 question 2
Part 2)
for Space
~
Did Secretly but a in Met

↑ SX-112 Bosis Vectors

x=
25[ii]
0, 1

(
41 a)

[b]
=
(i) (i) ,

3= =

0 ↑ z

[J
6) e= 3) % : 450 This line live in a Plans

Y= 0 Othasaina) to %
3 %

(P -
I/v = 0 V & /S : 6 8) .

JS , 0
b)
to
we to

2)
x (2) = Gu = (1 . S79 .
1 . 895 , 3 .
528] x106

oh
G] U , me = 6-6-8 =a orthanainal

n: ng = 3 -
3 - 6 =0

3 +2 &
my Be = =d
-

3)
D:
n 1. n /
= u
[22 # =
↳
m Wa
=

Sz u
 .4 :
2 Dimensions & Tank

definition of
Subspace
a

* pounded
Null spaces

The number of pivots (detromine runn) & the

number of flee Usivibles [TBB] for Axio
add up to the number of cols

The dimension of Subspace

a
-
we can Thus malie a useful Konnection for

Our Call basis

all Basis subsease share
of a
Eng
# So say
Sama
we
dimension p
determin the
5 mentions of one
If
It is a sorrsubspace in&
A
With
NIA)
two infresentations then bi the
* has basis
IRC
Blane through O
Investible Matrix theorem a Vectors in are sinzely independent
↑ & a line turamam & has if they also Span
P

Its the amoner of nan zero

Nous

ipiros 12
Mann 3
 . I:
5 Eigenvectors & Eigenvaings

Eigenvectors & Transformations Finding Eigenvectors

# igenvectors wie directions where Row reductioncannot be used to

a matrix transformation simply acts
find Eigennectors like we did with

as a scaling factor Eisbe Values

Conside , we're show that Eisenbasmes by found

-

can

using the Characteristic relation

/
(A -

XI)x = 8
3 2
-
-

A =
=
If there is a contrivial solution then the
I g
-

I
y
Set of all Solutions for (A-XIIX=n is the

V
=
2 Eigenspare of A which always consists of the
I Zero Vester

Ax All
-
for example 3 it was Xe [ii]
Where AV = =
3X where

does Not directionGell scale

change

(A-MI)X = 0
XI = [820
Sa Here v is an eisenlesfor

↑I =
2 + 6
A -

,
2
-
p

2 -
18 -
2
2
-

Grove that
2 16

=
-

AX = 7X 2
-
16x = 6
L
2
-
16
We can rearrange 2
-

168
2
-
168
Two free Ana
Ax =
(x =
+(A -

77)x = a 088 L

& 00 O Pivot
where I is the 1X1 Identify
2x1 -
Xz +
Gxz = 8
(basialy just times
11
[]x (o)x
matrix
(i) + + =0
x.
2x1 = Xz -
6x3

((s'] [i] (x ·
=a

x1
= 3
-

*2 Xz are free

ou(i 1) =0
-
IR3
[-0) expressed in tims
A
-

=
is wit 8n2
of
Our flue Variables
independent & too dependent

[tn)Ia
[ &
13 3x3 So the runn do our
final
-

Notes 2
basis is 3
X2

[ [x
[i] ( : ] [b]
I
+ : Xz
x
finding dignevestors with a M =
+

↓ equivleet to the eigen space

xz(i) = x asasates

L the givenX

This is one
general eigenvalues of matix is
-
a diagonal
Solution which Works . Use
9 by the diagonals
when Xz = 7 -
A is singular if a is the risumbling
Student: Baraa Mohaisen Instructor: Thomas Humphries Print
Assignment: MML #5 Paper size Letter ▼
Date: 07/16/25 Course: STMATH 208 A Su 25: Matrix Algebra With Applications

1. A set in ℝ2 is displayed to the right. Assume the set includes the bounding lines. Give a specific reason why the set H is not a subspace of ℝ2 . (For instance, find two vectors in H whose sum is not in H, or
find a vector in H with a scalar multiple that is not in H. Draw a picture.)

Let u and v be vectors and let k be a scalar. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. B. C. D.
The set is not a subspace because it is closed The set is not a subspace because it is not closed The set is not a subspace because it does not include The set is not a subspace because it is closed under
under sums, but not under scalar multiplication. under either scalar multiplication or sums. the zero vector. scalar multiplication, but not under sums.
For example, −1 multiplied by (1,1) is For example, multiplied by (1,3) is For example, the sum of (3,1) and (1,3) is not in the
not in the set. not in the set, and the sum of (3,1) and (1,3) is not in set.
the set.
u
0
u v
u
v
ku
u+v
u+v
ku

2. Let V be the set of vectors shown below.

x
V= : x ≤ 0, y > 0
y

a. If u and v are in V, is u + v in V? Why?

b. Find a specific vector u in V and a specific scalar c such that cu is not in V.

a. If u and v are in V, is u + v in V?

A. The vector u + v must be in V because V is a subset of the vector space ℝ2 .

B. The vector u + v may or may not be in V depending on the values of x and y.

C. The vector u + v must be in V because the x-coordinate of u + v is the sum of two nonpositive numbers, which must also be nonpositive, and the y-coordinate of u + v is the sum of positive numbers, which must also be
positive.
D. The vector u + v is never in V because the entries of the vectors in V are scalars and not sums of scalars.

b. Find a specific vector u in V and a specific scalar c such that cu is not in V. Choose the correct answer below.

−2
A. u = , c=4
2

2
B. u = , c=4
2

−2
C. u = , c= −1
−2

−2
D. u = , c= −1
2

3. 1 0 4 4
Let v1 = − 3 , v2 = 1 , v3 = −4 , p= − 2 , and A = v1 v2 v3 .

0 4 32 40

a. How many vectors are in {v1 , v2 , v3 }?

b. How many vectors are in Col A?
c. Is p in Col A? Why or why not?

a. How many vectors are in {v1 , v2 , v3 }? Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. 3 (Type a whole number.)

B. There are infinitely many vectors in {v1 , v2 , v3 }.

b. How many vectors are in Col A? Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. (Type a whole number.)

B. There are infinitely many vectors in Col A.

c. Is p in Col A? Why or why not?

A. p is in Col A because A has pivot positions in every row.

B. p is in Col A because the system A p is consistent.

C. p is not in Col A because A has too few pivot positions.

D. p is not in Col A because the system A p is not consistent.

4. For the matrix A below, find a nonzero vector in Nul A and a nonzero vector in Col A.

2 3 8 − 11
A= − 8 − 9 − 20 29
4 − 3 − 20 23

Find a nonzero vector in Nul A.

2
−4
1
0

Find a nonzero vector in Col A.

2
−8
4

5. −5 −5 −1 −8
Let v1 = − 1 , v2 = 3 , v3 = − 8 , and u = 8 . Determine if u is in Nul A, where A = v1 v2 v3 .
3 3 8 3

Is u in Nul A?

Yes
No

6. Give integers p and q such that Nul A is a subspace of ℝp and Col A is a subspace of ℝq .

1 3 −5 −7
A=
2 −4 6 −8

Nul A is a subspace of ℝp for p = 4 and Col A is a subspace of ℝq for q = 2 .

7. A matrix A and an echelon form of A are shown below. Find a basis for Col A and a basis for Nul A.

3 5 13 − 3 1 3 11 − 5
A = 5 8 20 − 4 ~ 0 1 5 −3
2 5 17 − 7 0 0 0 0

Find a basis for Col A.

3 5
5 , 8
2 5
(Simplify your answer. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

Find a basis for Nul A.

4 −4
−5 3
,
1 0
0 1
(Simplify your answer. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

8. A matrix A and an echelon form of A are shown below. Find a basis for Col A and a basis for Nul A.

1 25 38 − 1 −5 1 15 22 0 2
−1 −5 −6 3 11 0 5 8 0 −1
A = ~
−2 5 12 4 9 0 0 0 1 5
3 30 42 − 7 − 26 0 0 0 0 0

Find a basis for Col A.

1 25 −1
−1 −5 3
, ,
−2 5 4
3 30 −7
(Use a comma to separate answers as needed. Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

Find a basis for Nul A.

10 − 25
−8 1
5 , 0
0 − 25
0 5
(Use a comma to separate answers as needed. Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

9. Given below is a matrix A and an echelon form of A. Find bases for Col A and Nul A, and then state the dimensions of these subspaces.

1 3 5 −4 1 3 6 7
3 9 1 6 0 0 3 −9
A= ~
4 12 − 5 10 0 0 0 3
6 18 0 14 0 0 0 0

1 5 −4
3 1 6
A basis for Col A is given by , , .
4 −5 10
6 0 14
(Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

The dimension of Col A is 3 . (Type an integer.)

−3
1
A basis for Nul A is given by .
0
0
(Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

The dimension of Nul A is 1 . (Type an integer.)

10. Find a basis for the subspace spanned by the given vectors. What is the dimension of the subspace?

1 2 2 −3 3
−1 −3 1 8 −6
, , , ,
−2 −3 −7 1 −3
5 6 22 5 3

1 2
−1 −3
A basis for the subspace is given by , .
−2 −3
5 6
(Use a comma to separate vectors as needed.)

The dimension of this subspace is 2 .

11. If the subspace of all solutions of Ax = 0 has a basis consisting of five vectors and if A is a 5 × 8 matrix, what is the rank of A?

rank A = 3 (Type a whole number.)

12. What is the rank of a 7 × 9 matrix whose null space is six dimensional?

rank A = 3

13. Construct a 4 × 3 matrix A with rank 1.

Select the correct choice and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

1 0 0
1 0 0
A. A =
1 0 0
1 0 0

B. There is no 4 × 3 matrix with rank 1.

14. If possible, construct a 3 × 5 matrix A such that dim Nul A = 3 and dim Col A = 2.

Which 3 × 5 matrix has a null space with a dimension of 3 and a column space with a dimension of 2? Choose the correct answer below.

3 1 0 1 3
A. A = 0 5 0 1 1
0 0 7 1 1

1 2 3 4 1
B. A = 2 3 5 6 1
3 4 7 8 1

1 2 7 8 9
C. A = 2 3 5 7 8
3 4 7 10 11

D. There is no 3 × 5 matrix A such that dim Nul A = 3 and dim Col A = 2.

 .2 :
9 The Characteristic equation

What is it

eigenvalues Par Matrices

for /" , 133
Because they equation to find eigenvalues
is
1A-AF)X = 0
Where we are looking for The Example is to lose usea lat useful

the but we just about

set of 1 where A is nontrivial ,
A go our some

being Metrix &

Nontrivial also means its Not investible equation A -

AI use one

& So bi the invertible matrix theorem that & ther method for salculating a determinit
means that our eigenvales are all i such Sustaining & Sating For det /A-117 =8
that de + (A - F) = 0

worked example

We can do this bi Setting XI to

[ *]
& then using that to salve the detia-DIl Equation & must a freshe
for zapa

Let A =
[3] , find all rissovalues

[3 13][x]
-

A -
xi =

This is because o is only he listbulus

when X= 0 unish is by definition the

de + SA -

XI)5Gd -
b
trivial sabution

a = z -
1 ,
4= 3

b = 3 d =
-
6 -
7
formal definition of the sumpastelistic

So solve for X &a wat ion

* + 4x -
21 = 0

(x + 1)(x 3) - = 0

These would be our

X= -1 , X : 3 So
eigen values

Similar it/
 . 3 : Diagonalization
3

What is a Diagonal Matrix A = PDB" form & it's ruses

A Matrix is Dissanias if it is A-PDB" falm is an useful factorization of a Matrix

1 Xo and has all Items except A unase P is an invertible matrix whos values

for a pivot in Every sal carispana to the eigenvectors of A & D is a diagonal

-
The we eaise, to warn with Matrix whos entries are eigenvalues of A

as a
Diagonal Matrix D is

)qui rite+
= to D" whole just two

Pivots are squared

pk (u]k1)
= A is diaganizable if therebre enough eigenvectors to

form an R basis called the eigenvector basis of M

Student: Baraa Mohaisen Instructor: Thomas Humphries Print
Assignment: MML #6 Paper size Letter ▼
Date: 07/18/25 Course: STMATH 208 A Su 25: Matrix Algebra With Applications

1. 1 −1 4
Is v = an eigenvector of A = ? If so, find the eigenvalue.
3 6 9

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. Yes, v is an eigenvector of A. The eigenvalue is λ = 11 .

B. No, v is not an eigenvector of A.

2. 3 3 3
Is λ = 6 an eigenvalue of 2 1 − 8 ? If so, find one corresponding eigenvector.
0 1 8

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

3 3 3 −1
Yes, λ = 6 is an eigenvalue of 2 1 − 8 . One corresponding eigenvector is −2 .
A.
0 1 8 1
(Type a vector or list of vectors. Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

3 3 3
B. No, λ = 6 is not an eigenvalue of 2 1 −8 .
0 1 8

3. Find a basis for the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue.

−3 −9
A= , λ=9
−4 6

3
A basis for the eigenspace corresponding to λ = 9 is .
−4
(Type a vector or list of vectors. Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

4. Find a basis for the eigenspace corresponding to each listed eigenvalue.

4 6
A= , λ = 1, 2
−1 −1

−2
A basis for the eigenspace corresponding to λ = 1 is .
1
(Type a vector or list of vectors. Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

−3
A basis for the eigenspace corresponding to λ = 2 is .
1
(Type a vector or list of vectors. Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

5. Find the characteristic polynomial and the eigenvalues of the matrix.

3 1
−1 5

The characteristic polynomial is λ2 − 8λ + 16 .

(Type an expression using λ as the variable. Type an exact answer, using radicals as needed.)

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. The real eigenvalue(s) of the matrix is/are 4 .

(Type an exact answer, using radicals as needed. Use a comma to separate answers as needed. Type each answer only once.)
B. The matrix has no real eigenvalues.

6. Find the characteristic polynomial and the eigenvalues of the matrix.

−4 −7
5 −5

The characteristic polynomial is λ2 + 9λ + 55 .

(Type an expression using λ as the variable. Type an exact answer, using radicals as needed.)

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box within your choice.

A. The real eigenvalue(s) of the matrix is/are .

(Type an exact answer, using radicals as needed. Use a comma to separate answers as needed. Type each answer only once.)
B. The matrix has no real eigenvalues.

7. Find the characteristic polynomial of the matrix, using either a cofactor expansion or the special formula for 3 × 3 determinants. [Note: Finding the characteristic polynomial of a 3 × 3 matrix is not easy to do with just row operations,
because the variable λ is involved.]

4 5 3
0 3 0
5 6 −2

The characteristic polynomial is − λ3 + 5λ2 + 17λ − 69 .

(Type an expression using λ as the variable.)

8. Let A = PDP− 1 and P and D as shown below. Compute A4 .

1 3 1 0
P= , D=
2 5 0 3

481 − 240
A4 =
800 − 399
(Simplify your answer.)

9. Diagonalize the following matrix, if possible.

3 0
8 −3

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

8 0
A. For P = , D=
0 −8

3 0
B. For P = , D=
0 4

3 0 3 0
C. For P = , D=
4 1 0 −3

D. The matrix cannot be diagonalized.

10. Diagonalize the following matrix, if possible.

8 2
−2 4

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

6 0
A. For P = , D=
0 6

6 0
B. For P = , D=
0 −6

8 0
C. For P = , D=
0 8

D. The matrix cannot be diagonalized.

11. Diagonalize the following matrix. The real eigenvalues are given to the right of the matrix.

5 1 −3
6 −2 0 ; λ = 1,2,4
6 −6 4

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

A.
1 2 3 1 0 0
For P = 2 3 3 , D= 0 2 0 .
2 3 2 0 0 4
(Simplify your answer.)
B. The matrix cannot be diagonalized.

12. Diagonalize the following matrix. The real eigenvalues are given to the right of the matrix.

0 1 1
2 1 2 ; λ = − 1, 5
3 3 2

Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice.

−1 0 0
A. For P = , D= 0 5 0
0 0 5

−1 −1 1 −1 0 0
B. For P = 1 0 2 , D= 0 −1 0
0 1 3 0 0 5

C. The matrix cannot be diagonalized.

Whee S

(6 .
1 -
6 4)
.
 .I
6 : Funde product ,
leath , I Orthoganilty

Insosistent Systems The inner [dot] product

We've considered incotistent Systems as if then the ↓of

10 solution So par which is usually time Product is

* ourdetermined
But
Systems . we san
Properties Such
of

Still find a wait that minimizes the

Set (gets us Close)
Where a and

The Spart ↓
length of Ventur
a of dot Product) give us

Vector is give by
The length of a

↳ Sth but we define it as you Examples

or
INVIlr
Vs ? + ...
+ u

basis of so X is also

-
X is a W
Length can be modulate by a scalar ,
that is
Y=
[2]
G basis as Suan 3x =

Is((101) = [Vor]
,

1) (vll =

z= 1141) = 1

distance & Wait Vectors -+s = 1 = s =z

= 1

A is leathe 131gth One

11411 i /
3
=
unit Vesta, a of

You can find the vert in the direction of the 2

=: 3)
weit Vector by dividing the Vector by the unit

Vystar & thegairal Veazes

We san Normalize anivector by dividing by its Ewa Vectors are Orthogonal If Musil

length to get the Wait Vector (direction anly] dot products are 3310

-
afthaginal means ProPedicular
The distance between two &R
vectors in is
In-
the length of the twovectors subtracted

& etuagonial simplements

# W is a subspace of IR the Vector

is orthogonal if
The Set of All Such Vastors

are the ortnagoinal component of w ,

listed

as not ,
which also makes it asubsouz
 6 .
2: Orthogonal SetS

Definition Ortgainal basis

A set
This disfines an Orthaging Sist
of Vectors is considered Ortungonal
Where 11 fetrics are of unit
if each pair of Vectors in the Set se
·

length & are Arthasainal to one

artungoinal ,
it wij =8 ,
if I
another

Example
4 : He
= 0
This as usefuls because the allow
by
us
3, .
43 = 4

kz =8 represent albition vectors in i in terms of tun

43 .

busis
Linear Independing

Because if (Hav) = < then /nor 50

hese linearly independent

's This means an Vector 1 in the subspace

Orthogonal projection & decompositions W can be written as Suan ,

5 =
((% vi) Size of Orthogonal
( · rection (vii)
If h is a non zero

Vector in sR" thee Consider

writing
N
Vectory
a in 1
as a Sum of two Vectors
:
: ,
S
& 1
Ja multiple of a a ,

43 43:

Orthogonal Vector to 1)
1 Le
1)
. hy = 3 2 I
-

.
=
=
-
4 .

hi=
2

6 ( 1) + 3 8
Ytz where
-
-

* = In a vector that is 6(3) + 1 -

8
by us
33
=
.

+ 4 +
1
4 42 42 = 1
:

Scalar &
& Scalar multies of /X is a
4 .
4) = + 1 + )

2 which is Vester
a orthasanias to me C =
Hd2 ,
S =
2 = X-ip , where -Y in" is Only Orthogonal

Y= 141 2b2 2 hs
to
-
-

n if
1 -

Qu) n = %u - (2) n = you -

x(un) =0

↑ is denoted as Proj = f h

6) 0
==
Luk
+ =
you
Y Proje ,

non = 30

Y=
(a)
= 2u =

y+ zi Span of u

(j) (i) (i)

= y - Y = -
=
If you last to shesh
z

↑ z = 0 Should by true
(v) [i]
.

+
-=
-L (8) (2 ) · =
0 + u = 0

↑ 2

So all Clear
 .3 :
6 Orthogonal projections

Generalized Opthagoinal decomposition theom ExampleOR Othoginas decomposition

& +maginal

subspaces

= Proje
=h not e

& decomposition of Vectors in components 9

y ni = 2 + 10 3=

=
-
.

4) ni = -
z +2 + 3=3

=) ()
↳ .
Wit 38

42 my =
-
- +

y - Y= z

() (i) j
~ =
-

(i))
·
 .S:
6 The Gram-Schmidt Process

What is it

&
X]
=
Assume m = SX ·
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Student: Baraa Mohaisen Instructor: Thomas Humphries Print
Assignment: MML #7 Paper size Letter ▼
Date: 07/22/25 Course: STMATH 208 A Su 25: Matrix Algebra With Applications

1. Find a unit vector in the direction of the given vector.

−3
21
3

1
−
51

7
A unit vector in the direction of the given vector is .
51

1
51
(Type an exact answer, using radicals as needed.)

2. 0 −3
Find the distance between u = −3 and z = −1 .
3 6

The distance between u and z is 22 .

(Type an exact answer, using radicals as needed.)

3. Determine if the following vectors are orthogonal.

12 2
u= 5 , v= −5
1 1

Select the correct choice below and fill in the answer box to complete your choice.
(Type an integer or a simplified fraction.)

A. The vectors u and v are orthogonal because u • v = 0 .

B. The vectors u and v are not orthogonal because u • v = .

C. The vectors u and v are not orthogonal because u + v = .

D. The vectors u and v are orthogonal because u + v = .

4. Determine if the following vectors are orthogonal.

−2 1
7 −7
u= , v=
6 18
0 −3

Are the two vectors orthogonal?

(Type an integer or a fraction.)

A. The vectors u and v are orthogonal because u • v = .

B. The vectors u and v are not orthogonal because u + v = .

C. The vectors u and v are not orthogonal because u • v = 57 .

D. The vectors u and v are orthogonal because u + v = .

5. Determine whether the set of vectors is orthogonal.

1 0 −8
2 , −2 , 2
−2 −2 −2

Is the set of vectors orthogonal?

No
Yes

6. Determine whether the set of vectors is orthogonal.

4 0 2
−4 , 0 , −4
−3 0 8

Is the set of vectors orthogonal?

No
Yes

7. Show that u1 , u2 , u3 is an orthogonal basis for ℝ3 . Then express x as a linear combination of the u's.

4 2 1 4
u1 = − 4 , u2 = 2 , u3 = 1 , and x = −3
0 −1 4 1

Which of the following criteria are necessary for a set of vectors to be an orthogonal basis for a subspace W of ℝn ? Select all that apply.

A. The vectors must all have a length of 1.

B. The vectors must span W.
C. The distance between any pair of distinct vectors must be constant.
D. The vectors must form an orthogonal set.

Which theorem could help prove one of these criteria from another?

A. If S = u1 , ..., up and the distance between any pair of distinct vectors is constant, then the vectors are evenly spaced and hence form an orthogonal set.

B. If S = u1 , ..., up is a basis in ℝp , then the members of S span ℝp and hence form an orthogonal set.

C. If S = u1 , ..., up and each ui has length 1, then S is an orthogonal set and hence is a basis for the subspace spanned by S.

D. If S = u1 , ..., up is an orthogonal set of nonzero vectors in ℝn , then S is linearly independent and hence is a basis for the subspace spanned by S.

Which calculations should be performed next?

(Simplify your answers.)

A. u1 • u2 = 0 B. u1 • u1 = C. u1 − u2 =

u1 • u3 = 0 u2 • u2 = u1 − u3 =
u2 • u3 = 0 u3 • u3 = u2 − u3 =

How do these calculations show that u1 , u2 , u3 is an orthogonal basis for ℝ3 ?

Since each inner product is 0 , the vectors form an orthogonal set. From the theorem above, this proves that the vectors are also a basis.

Express x as a linear combination of the u's.

7 1 5
x= u1 + u2 + u3
8 9 18
(Use integers or fractions for any numbers in the equation.)

8. 2 1
Let y = and u = . Write y as the sum of two orthogonal vectors, one in Span {u} and one orthogonal to u.
3 −5

5
− 0.5
2
y=y+z= 5 +
1
2
2
(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element. List the terms in the same order as they appear in the original list.)

9. Let W be the subspace spanned by u1 and u2 , and write y as the sum of a vector in W and a vector orthogonal to W.

−6 1 −3
y= 7 , u1 = 1 , u2 = 12
7 3 −3

1 13
−
2 2
The sum is y = y + z, where y = 8 is in W and z = −1 is orthogonal to W.

9 5
2 2
(Simplify your answers.)

10. Let W be a subspace spanned by the u's, and write y as the sum of a vector in W and a vector orthogonal to W.

2 1 −1 −1
5 1 3 0
y= , u1 = , u2 = , u3 =
5 0 1 1
−1 1 −2 1

0 2
6 −1
y= +
2 3
0 −1
(Type an integer or simplified fraction for each matrix element.)

11. The set is a basis for a subspace W. Use the Gram-Schmidt process to produce an orthogonal basis for W. Assume the vectors are in the order x1 and x2 .

5 15
−9 , −4
3 9

5 9
The orthogonal basis produced using the Gram-Schmidt process for W is − 9 , 6.8 .
3 5.4
(Use a comma to separate vectors as needed.)

12. Find an orthogonal basis for the column space of the matrix to the right. −1 7 6
1 −7 2
1 −3 6
1 −3 −4

−1 2 4
1 −2 4
An orthogonal basis for the column space of the given matrix is , , .
1 2 5
1 2 −5
(Type a vector or list of vectors. Use a comma to separate vectors as needed.)

13. Find an orthogonal basis for the column space of the matrix to the right. 1 4 6
−1 −4 1
0 4 4
1 4 3
1 4 8

1 0 2
−1 0 5
An orthogonal basis for the column space of the given matrix is 0 , 1 , 0 .

1 0 −1
1 0 4
(Type a vector or list of vectors. Use a comma to separate vectors as needed.)
 Test 2 Review

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Eigenvalues & the Characteristic equation (S 1) .

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properties Repeated
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Opthagailizations & Grand-Sanimid Proces

-
Need to know how to compute ploses - (b)
-
how to Opthagalize a basis 619)

PropertiesOf Scasing in basis

-

Vestos
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expressing vectres in a basis as line combinations

Matrix inverses
-
determining wetue a nx1 Matrix is investible /[a]
-
determining the inverse of 303 matrix & using that
to Salve Ax = b 11b)

Determinants
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calculating the determents ofex1 matrix

using Now reduction & safasto expansion 2(a b) -

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basis & Subspaces

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 Test 2 STMATH 208 May 23, 2024
2 3
1 2 5
4
1. [20 points] Let A = 0 1 5 5.
1 3 1
(a) Compute A 1 .
is invertible then Ab = X b=
& A
,

If Ax = b

/or Induce

-
12
-
5 I
I 1 -
S 100
81 S
8 S g
-
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8
(

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&
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138 I p
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- Is
I go L
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S
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(2 = (2 -

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s -
4 -
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r pr 3r (10a)(16131S] 1
b
=
-
=
A
=

Is 13 Is
1
A = 1 S
S
- -

I I
I

3 2
1
(b) Let b = 4 1 5. Find the solution of Ax = b.
2

((( ( (m
Is 13 Is
+
+
>
4
A 'b = X
-
- -

I I
I
-

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x=
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 Test 2 STMATH 208 May 23, 2024
2. [20 points] Compute the determinants of the following matrices, using any method
you like. 3 Suration because det(asi) is is ad-ba is zasy 2X2

2-3
2 1 2
(a) A = 4 1 2 1 5 de + (A) = 35
1 2 4 ,

·it jai detAiil

j= 1

l
[) 250 - 1 = 12 12
:= 1 :
/(2) det
=

(ii)
S
(nd3+ = 1) p 1) =
3
- -

+
-

=2 :
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& Apathmatis
t
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= 3) -
3
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8
== 3 :

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42
7 Menuas you sound asso use

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cofacto expection because ad-ba<

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15 71 1 = & but only 3 Pivots
0 340
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s 7 1 = /1 =
12
0038
which means B is
manierestible
1331 by the invertible
b Matrix turron
=
243 [0310) 0008

3 # B is man investible then

308
↳ ↓ ec(B] = @
15 71
r3 = 241 -
13 · 310
= b
[06
33
110]
3
Tz =
rz = 212

[0030)
1 S 71 re = 3/1 -

14
b =
0 340

0038 601S21a)
3
308 ↑4 14
= -
Ste

[0010)
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13

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0008
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 Test 2 STMATH 208 May 23, 2024
3. [20 points] For each of the subsets of R3 given below, either prove that it is a subspace,
or provide a counter-example showing that it fails one of the properties of a subspace.
Circle the appropriate response at the bottom.
(a) The set of vectors such that x1 0, x2 0, and x3 0 (all components are non
negative). I is the subslact
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- Is NOT a subspace

H is a subspace defined in 3=
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are statisfied
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 Test 2 STMATH 208 May 23, 2024
& Now reduce Practice
2 3 -

flow to construct & what

1 2 3 & finze a nin basis

64 5 67
4. [20 points] Let A = 6
4 7 8 9 5.
7 Basis is the original
-

c) of
the mutrix

10 11 12
(a) Compute a basis for Nul(A) and Col(A).

↑4 dri + 14 tra Piriots One

↓
3
= z
I
-

↑
2 3
Free (x1 /1) S(X3)
[6 30]
,
01 2

↑ 000 AlwaysSimplest from

Yo
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8 g
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288(920)
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z
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8
21
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Nul(A) = Col(A) =
.

(b) What is the rank of A? =>number of Piviots

Tann = Rivist = 3

(c) Write down a 4 ⇥ 3 matrix that has rank equal to 3. It is ok for your matrix to
contain zeros. ↑ Now x son

10 o

* 1 0

0 of
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 Test 2 STMATH 208 May 23, 2024

3 2
2 1 0
5. [20 points] Let A = 41 2 05.
2 1 2
(a) Find the eigenvalues of A by computing the characteristic polynomial.
Hint: Use the third column to compute the determinant.

Al) = 0
(2 -

2)10
det (A -

A -

xI = 1(2-110 = B

2 /(2-al

dst(B) = Je
x)(2 2) x)
x)2 (2 (2
-
-
- =

j = 1 :
(2
-

1)(2 -

↳ 13 17SX 3)S1 17
(2 x)((2 22
- - = a
-

I= 2: 1)
-

(1) (2 23 0)
-
-
- - -

* = 1, 2 ,
3

(2 17 (1 17 13)
I 3: +
1 = 1
+
- - -

=
-

n -
+1 + 3 =
(A -
3)(X -
1)

The eigenvalues are: 1, 2,

3

(b) One of the eigenvalues of A is 1 = 3. Find an eigenvector for this eigenvalue.

&=
2 /(2-al X = -
3432
*3 is fine
X z
= -

343 = a

↑ Jx] = b
- - Xy = x ,

11 8 ↑z = 13 312
Xy + xz
-
=

2 1 =

↑ (3)
-

=
10 ↳ [u 3 -
1)
1
-

- =7t X3 = X3
↑ /2 + 11
2 1
-
=
u - a
-
2

[ana)

3
1 - 1 gi

↑z = 11 + 13
3 - -
I

(30 -
1)
so

The eigenvector is:

1
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colgebra inp

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Using four Operations

=
3 o

X = -
3432
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xz
=- 343 = a

Xy = x ,

Xy =
+ xz
X3 = X3
 2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 3
617 627 6 17
6. [24 points] Let x1 = 6 7 6 7 6 7
415, x2 = 4 25, x3 = 4 1 5, W = Span{x1 , x2 , x3 }.
1 1 3
(a) Find an orthogonal basis for W .
GlandShmidt Placess *2 v = 1 + 2 -
3 -
120

Vi : XI
↑
↓ = X2
-l Vi = X

-
.

Y = x

l
X3 3 1 +
Va
.
Vi = -
1 3 = 0 =
-

X3 . Vz = z -
z -

2 + 3 = 2

Vi =
-z = 1 + 1 +4 + 1 = 18

sors() (i)
(2)) b
An orthogonal basis for W is:
+
·
.

2 3
2
617
(b) Write y = 6 7
425 as y = ŷ + z, where ŷ 2 W and z 2 W .
?

5
&
: sitotree
Hint: It may be helpful to scale one of the basis vectors found in part (a) by a
constant, to make the math easier.

= -
b
4

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Final Exam STMATH 208 June 6, 2024

4. [24 points] Let T : R2 ! R2 be the linear transformation that rotates a vector by 135
counterclockwise, and then projects it orthogonally onto the line y = x.
(a) Find the matrix A corresponding to the linear transformation. You can do this ei-
ther by determining the action of the transformation on e1 and e2 , or by considering
it as a composition of the rotation with the orthogonal projection.


3
(b) Find T (x) where x = . Plot x, and T (x) on the axes below, and show how x
1
arrives at T (x) by the process of rotation and then projection.

(c) Is T onto R2 ? Explain why or why not. (You can explain in terms of the matrix A,
or just by describing the transformation itself).

(d) Is T a one-to-one transformation? Explain why or why not. (You can explain in
terms of the matrix A, or just by describing the transformation itself).
Breac Mohaisen, Chest Suzet
 Barrag Malaiser

7129/75

2
STMATH 208 MIDTERM 1
* CHEAT SHEET

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

● Unique: All variables can be solved exactly once (no free variable)
● Infinite: At least one free variable; write solution in general/parametric form
● No Solution (Inconsistent): Contradictory row appears (e.g., 0 = 1)
● For Ax = b to have a solution for every b (always consistent):
• A must have a pivot in every row (the columns of A must span R^m).
● If columns > rows (underdetermined): usually infinite solutions or none (not unique).
● If rows > columns (overdetermined): could have unique, infinite, or no solution.
● If rows = columns and a pivot in every row and column: unique solution for every b.

HOMOGENEOUS & NONHOMOGENEOUS SYSTEMS

● Homogeneous: Ax = 0
○ Trivial Solution: x = 0
○ Nontrivial Solution: x ≠ 0 (exists if there is a free variable)
● General Solution: x = xp + xh, where xp is a particular solution to Ax = b, xh is any solution to Ax = 0

VECTOR EQUATIONS & SPAN

● Linear Combination: c1v1 + c2v2 + ... + cpvp

● Span: Set of all linear combinations of a set of vectors
● To check if b is in span{v1, v2, ...}: solve x1v1 + x2v2 + ... = b (or equivalently Ax = b)

LINEAR INDEPENDENCE & DEPENDENCE

● Linearly Independent: Only solution to c1v1 + ... + cpvp = 0 is all ci = 0

● Linearly Dependent: Some nontrivial combination gives zero (some ci ≠ 0)
● Quick checks: More vectors than entries ⇒ always dependent. Two vectors: dependent iff one is a scalar multiple of the other

MATRIX EQUATIONS & TRANSFORMATIONS

● Matrix Equation: Ax = b
● Matrix-Vector Multiplication: Ax = linear combination of A's columns using xi as weights
● Matrix for Rotation by θ: [ cosθ -sinθ ] [ sinθ cosθ ]
● Orthogonal Projection onto a = [a1, a2]: (1/(a1^2 + a2^2)) * [ a1^2 a1a2 ] [ a1a2 a2^2 ]
● Inverse of 2x2 Matrix: If A = [ a b ] [ c d ] then A^(-1) = (1/(ad-bc)) * [ d -b ] [ -c a ]
● Standard matrix for linear transformation: columns are the images of e1, e2, ...

aea

SJ)- TheseJules
ONE-TO-ONE AND ONTO
,
LovIX =

● One-to-One: Ax = 0 has only the trivial solution (pivot in every column). This means the linear transformation defined by A never
sends two different input vectors to the same output—every input is mapped to a unique output. Used to test if a system or
transformation is "injective."
● Onto: Every b in R^m has a solution (pivot in every row). This means the transformation defined by A can reach every possible output
vector in R^m—there is at least one solution for every b. Used to test if a system or transformation is "surjective."

MATRIX ARITHMETIC

● Addition/Subtraction: Only if same size

● Multiplication: A (Row m x Col n) * B (Row n x Col p) = (Row m x Col p)
● Transpose: Swap rows and columns
● Identity Matrix (I): AI = IA = A. Example: If A = [2 0; 0 3] and I = [1 0; 0 1], then AI = IA = A. The identity matrix acts like the number 1
for matrix multiplication—it leaves any matrix unchanged.

PROBLEM-SOLVING STEPS

● Row Reduce a System:

○ Write augmented matrix
○ Use row operations to get REF/RREF. Example: To solve the system x + 2y = 5 3x + 4y = 11 Write the augmented matrix: [
1 2 | 5 ] [ 3 4 | 11 ] Row operations:
● Row2 - 3*Row1 → Row2: [ 1 2 | 5 ] [ 0 -2 | -4 ]
● Row2 / -2 → Row2: [ 1 2 | 5 ] [ 0 1 | 2 ]
● Row1 - 2*Row2 → Row1: [ 1 0 | 1 ] [ 0 1 | 2 ] Solution: x = 1, y = 2 This is RREF; now you can read off the solution directly.
● 3. Identify pivots & free variables 4. Write general solution (parametric/vector form if infinite)
● To test Linear Independence:
○ Row reduce: if each vector is a pivot column (no free variables), independent; otherwise, dependent

TERMINOLOGY QUICK-REF

● Homogeneous: Ax = 0
● Trivial Solution: x = 0
● Nontrivial Solution: x ≠ 0
● Consistent: At least one solution
 ● Inconsistent: No solution
● Augmented Matrix: Matrix with RHS included
● Pivot Position: Leading 1 in RREF
● Free Variable: Not corresponding to a pivot column

FORMULAS & REFERENCE Rotation: [ cosθ -sinθ ] [ sinθ cosθ ] Projection: (1/(a1^2 + a2^2)) * [ a1^2 a1a2 ] [ a1a2 a2^2 ] Inverse (2x2):
(1/(ad-bc)) * [ d -b ] [ -c a ] General Solution: x = xp + t xh (t free parameter)

Correter Clashwise latest im

[i][3] = 3
(ii)
=

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A
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-

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is a 2x2 Matrix in bens of our dirot Voes-2 have for mole

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