CLASS 10 SCIENCE PRACTICAL FILE
Complete Practical Record with Aim, Apparatus, Procedure, Observations, Results, Diagrams &
Viva Questions
Practical 1: Ohm’s Law
Aim
To study the dependence of potential difference (V) across a resistor on the current (I) passing
through it and determine its resistance. Also to plot a graph between V and I.
Apparatus Required
Ammeter, voltmeter, battery eliminator, rheostat, key, connecting wires, resistor.
Theory
According to Ohm’s law: V = IR, where R is constant for a given resistor.
Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as per the diagram. 2. Adjust rheostat to change current. 3. Note voltmeter
and ammeter readings for 5 different values. 4. Tabulate readings and plot V–I graph.
Observation Table
VOLTAGE (V) | CURRENT (I) ------------|------------- ... | ... ... | ...
Result
V–I graph is a straight line. Resistance R = slope of the graph (constant).
Precautions
• Connections must be tight. • Zero error must be checked in meters. • Do not heat resistor for long.
Viva Questions
1. State Ohm’s law. 2. Why should the key be inserted only when taking readings? 3. What is the
shape of V–I graph?
Practical 2: Equivalent Resistance of Series and
Parallel
Aim
To determine the equivalent resistance of two resistors when connected in series and parallel.
Apparatus
Two resistors, ammeter, voltmeter, battery, key, rheostat, wires.
Procedure (Series)
1. Connect resistors one after another. 2. Measure total voltage and current. 3. Use formula Rs =
R1 + R2.
Procedure (Parallel)
1. Connect both resistors side■by■side. 2. Measure total voltage and current. 3. Use formula 1/Rp
= 1/R1 + 1/R2.
Observation Table
Separate tables for Series & Parallel readings.
Result
Equivalent resistance in series > individual resistances; in parallel < individual resistances.
Practical 3: Focal Length of Concave Mirror &
Convex Lens
Aim
To determine focal length of (a) concave mirror and (b) convex lens by obtaining image of a distant
object.
Procedure – Concave Mirror
1. Place mirror facing a distant object (tree/building). 2. Move screen to get a sharp image. 3.
Measure distance between pole and screen → focal length.
Procedure – Convex Lens
1. Repeat same steps with convex lens. 2. The distance between lens and sharp image gives focal
length.
Observations
Focal length recorded in centimeters.
Result
Focal lengths of concave mirror and convex lens determined successfully.
Practical 4: Refraction Through Glass Slab
Aim
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of
incidence and measure • Angle of incidence (i) • Angle of refraction (r) • Angle of emergence (e)
Procedure
1. Draw outline of glass slab. 2. Draw incident ray and measure incidence angle. 3. Insert pins,
observe refracted and emergent rays. 4. Measure i, r, e and lateral displacement.
Result
Angle of incidence = angle of emergence; emergent ray is parallel to incident ray.
Practical 5: Refraction Through Prism
Aim
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a triangular glass prism.
Procedure
1. Draw outline of prism. 2. Draw incident ray at face. 3. Locate refracted and emergent rays using
pins. 4. Measure angle of deviation.
Result
Light bends twice inside the prism producing a deviation.
Viva Questions
1. What is angle of deviation? 2. Why does a prism split light? 3. Name the phenomenon
responsible for rainbow.
