Impact of Light Emitting Capacitor (LEC) &

Other Artificial Sources of Light on Different

Photovoltaic Module
4th Year 2nd Semester Examination - 2021
Course Title: Project and Thesis
Course Code: 800

Submitted by
Fahad Hosen
(Exam Roll:1730 & Reg:1632)

Md. Shanawaz Siddiquee

(Exam Roll:1732 & Reg:1677)

Mehedi Haque Jamy

(Exam Roll:1723 & Reg:1682)

Supervised by

Sabuj Ahmed
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Mymensingh Engineering College
Mymensingh-2208
 Table of Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................................................iv
List of Tables .............................................................................................................. v
List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................vi
Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................... 2
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 2
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Background Study ........................................................................................... 2
1.3 Evolution of Indoor Lighting source ................................................................. 3
1.3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED) ...................................................................... 6
1.3.2 Light Emitting Capacitor (LEC) ................................................................. 8
1.3.3 Comparison Between LEC and LED ......................................................... 9
1.4 Photovoltaic Cell ........................................................................................... 11
1.5 Motivation...................................................................................................... 14
1.6 Objectives ..................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................. 16
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................ 16
2.1 Energy Harvesting Process........................................................................... 16
2.2 Review on Related Works .............................................................................. 18
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................. 25
METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Data collection procedure ............................................................................. 25
3.2.1 Using ISO-TECH Lux-1337....................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Using MATLAB Simulink .......................................................................... 27
3.3 Data representation...................................................................................... 28
3.4 Related Energy Harvesting Devices ............................................................. 32
3.4.1 Boost converter ....................................................................................... 32
3.4.2 Comparison between MPPT and PWM controller ................................... 33
3.5 Tentative Implementation ................................................................................ 35
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................. 36

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RESULT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 36
4.1 Performance Analysis of Different PV Module ............................................ 36
4.2 Performance analysis of different Indoor Lighting Sources .......................... 36
4.3 Impact of LEC for energy harvesting purpose ............................................... 37
4.4 Suitable Controller Selection ....................................................................... 38
4.5 Temperature Effect ........................................................................................ 39
4.6 Discussion..................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................. 41
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 41
5.1 Summary...................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Scope for Future Works and Challenges ..................................................... 41
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 42

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 List of Figures
Figure 1: Working Principle of LED ........................................................................... 7
Figure 2 : The operating component of LEC .............................................................. 9
Figure 3: Photovoltaic Cells ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 4: Input voltage power consumption (a) 25×25 mm (b) 50 × 50 mm of LEC
dimension. ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 5: Performance of different indoor light on AM-5608 module. ...................... 20
Figure 6: Performance of different indoor light on AM-1815module. ....................... 21
Figure 7: Performance analysis of customized flexile DSC. .................................... 21
Figure 8: Block diagram of data collection procedure.............................................. 25
Figure 9: Schematic arrangement to analyze the impact of light. ............................. 27
Figure 10: PV array connection to verify the output power using MATLAB Simulink 28
Figure 11: Illuminance versus power density of MC-SP 0.8 module........................ 29
Figure 12: Illuminance versus power density of AM-5608 module .......................... 29
Figure 13: Illuminance versus power density of AM-1815 module .......................... 30
Figure 14: Illuminance versus power density of Indy 4050 module ......................... 30
Figure 15: Illuminance versus Output Power of different PV module from table 6 .. 31
Figure 16 : Circuit diagram of Boost converter. ........................................................ 32
Figure 17: Improvement of output voltage using boost converter. ........................... 32
Figure 18: Block diagram of PWM Controller. ......................................................... 33
Figure 19: Block diagram of MPPT Controller ......................................................... 34
Figure 20: Block diagram of tentative information ................................................... 35
Figure 21: Impact of blue, red and green LED on different PV module ................... 37
Figure 22: Impact of temperature for indoor energy harvesting purpose ................. 39

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 List of Tables
Table 1 Different light source and their performance ................................................. 7
Table 2 Characteristics of different PV module [7],[8] .............................................. 14
Table 3 Different sources for harvesting energy available in a building. .................. 23
Table 4 Efficiency of different outdoor PV cells with the variation of temperature. ... 23
Table 5 Data representation by procedure 3.2.1. ..................................................... 28
Table 6 Data representation by procedure 3.2.2 ...................................................... 31
Table 7 Output voltage with the variation of temperature ......................................... 39

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 List of Abbreviations

SSL Solid State Lighting

OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode

ACEL Alternative Current Electro Luminescence

QTH Quartz Tungsten Halide

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

LED Light Emitting Diode

EL Electroluminescence

CRT Cathode Ray Tube

SRO Silicon Rich Oxide

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamps

PCLED Phosphor Converted Light Emitting Diode

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp

EM Electromagnetic

PV Photovoltaic

LEC Light Emitting Capacitor

DSSC Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

vi
 Abstract

Numerous studies have been conducted on utilizing photovoltaic module to harvest

energy from direct sunlight. While energy harvesting from an outdoor light source can
be beneficial, it is impossible to harvest energy at night due to the absence of sunlight.
The full spectrum of solar radiation is not utilized for photoelectricity in a photovoltaic
(PV) cell. Photons with a band gap equivalent to or greater than the photovoltaic
material used in a photovoltaic cell are only can be utilized. Rest of the photons of the
solar spectrum will dissipate their energy as heat. In addition, by utilizing indoor lighting
as a source of light, electricity could be generated through the recycling process since
artificial light also sufficient enough to produce power [7][8]. There are numerous ways
to gather energy from within a building, but it's important to note that turning light into
electricity is remarkably efficient compared to other methods [15]. In our assessment
of indoor lighting options, we have conscientiously included a range of sources: the
classic Incandescent lamp, the energy-efficient CFL, the modern LED, and the
potentially groundbreaking Light Emitting Capacitor (LEC), which holds significant
promise as an indoor lighting solution. Our focus extends beyond mere consideration,
as we embark on a thorough examination of how these lighting sources perform when
coupled with various PV modules. Our primary yardstick for evaluation revolves
around the measurement of their output power, a pivotal criterion that guides us in
determining the most effective and efficient combination of indoor lighting sources with
PV technology. Our main goal is to measure how much power different PV Modules
can generate when exposed to various indoor lighting sources. This allows us to reuse
energy from indoor lights, ultimately helping us cut down on power usage and prevent
unnecessary wastage of energy.

Keywords: PV Cell, photoluminescence, CFL, LED, Amorphous silicon, LEC,

phosphor layer, ACEL, electroluminescence, Dye sensitized solar cell, SRO.

1
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

Usually, we capture energy through solar panels installed on the roofs of electric
vehicles, street lamps, and ground surfaces, among other places. There is a
substantial amount of research and practical use focused on PV cells in the presence
of direct sunlight. However, the anticipated efficiency cannot be attained due to the
hindrances caused by dust accumulation and overheating under direct sunlight in
outdoor environment [1]. This problem is unavoidable for the outdoor places where the
environment is very much polluted and the intensity of sunlight is comparatively higher
causing overheating the photovoltaic surface. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is
to harvest energy from indoor light sources without the use of direct sunlight. Indoor
light sources are being developed with the advancement of technology to reduce
power consumption and to fulfil the demand of modern era. Thus, by implementing
various improvement processes, we have switched to LED for their superior efficiency
compared to incandescent and compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) [2]. Additionally, we
have included LEC in this thesis as it is well-suited for various applications [3,4]. If the
projections about solid-state lighting (SSL) are accurate, there is a possibility that the
usage of electricity for lighting could be reduced by 33% in the coming decade due to
this technology [14]. Besides, if energy can be harvested from indoor lighting sources,
electricity for lighting purpose will be reduced than 33%.

1.2 Background Study

In an era where climate change and energy sustainability are paramount concerns,
harnessing clean and sustainable energy sources has become imperative. The
selection of Photovoltaic (PV) cells and Light Emitting Capacitors (LECs) as the focal
points of our thesis is rooted in the pivotal role, they play in advancing renewable
energy solutions. PV cells have emerged as a leading contender in this regard, offering
the ability to convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Their

2
widespread adoption and continual technological advancements underscore their
significance in the renewable energy landscape.

The inclusion of LECs in our thesis is motivated by their potential to revolutionize

artificial lighting and energy efficiency. LECs represent a solid-state lighting innovation
with attributes such as lower energy consumption, ease of fabrication, and adaptability
to bidirectional AC power supply. By investigating how LECs interact with PV cells, we
aim to unlock new avenues for improving energy harvesting and efficiency, aligning
with the global transition towards sustainable energy systems.

Our thesis extends its focus to encompass a diverse array of PV modules, a choice
driven by the recognition that not all PV technologies are equally suited for all
environments. While outdoor solar installations have been well-established, indoor
applications pose unique challenges and opportunities. Indoor environments often
feature lower light intensities and variable lighting conditions compared to outdoor
settings. Thus, selecting the right PV modules tailored to indoor applications is crucial
to optimize energy generation.

The economic viability of utilizing indoor solar cells is a central consideration in our
research. While outdoor solar installations have demonstrated their cost-effectiveness
over time, the potential for indoor solar cells to be economically advantageous remains
a promising avenue. Indoor solar cells can lead to substantial energy cost savings by
supplementing grid electricity with renewable energy generated on-site, particularly in
commercial and industrial settings with high energy demands.

1.3 Evolution of Indoor Lighting source

The filament lamp, commonly referred to as the incandescent lamp, was a pioneering
innovation in lighting technology. It was introduced by Swan (1828 - 1914) in 1878 and
later registered as a patent by Edison (1847 - 1931) in 1880.The introduction of the
filament lamp led to a new competition that coincided with the pursuit for superior
discharge lamps, as the industry sought to develop filaments that were more efficient,
durable, and adaptable to different environments, thereby boosting the functionality of
these lamps. "The invention of the filament lamp remains a contentious issue, with
some researchers and engineers, including Daper (1811 - 1882), Shepard, Gobel

3
(1818 - 1893), Lodyguin (1847 - 1923), and others, having previously worked on
comparable devices before Edison's innovation, leading to a spirited debate within the
scientific community. However, it is undeniable that Edison's incandescent lamp was
the pioneering, commercially viable innovation, setting a new benchmark in the lighting
industry for others to follow.

The emergence of fluorescent lighting marked a noteworthy breakthrough in indoor

illumination. The underlying principles were discovered by spectroscopists who found
that when an electric discharge is released in a crystal container filled with gas,
electrons passing from the anode to the cathode, along with ionized gas molecules,
collide with other gas molecules. As a result, energy is transferred from the electrons
to the molecules, leading to the excitation of molecules, mainly mercury compounds.
Upon reverting to their ground states, these molecules discharge electromagnetic
radiation, primarily in the ultraviolet spectrum, that is subsequently transformed into
visible light by a fluorescent compound situated in the source's lens.

Furthermore, progress in electrical appliances has facilitated the creation of Compact

Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) that can supplant incandescent bulbs, along with the
integration of ballasts and ignitors within the lamp's body. Alternative technologies,
such as induction lamps, have been contemplated as formidable contenders against
fluorescent lighting for indoor illumination. Induction lamps use powerful high-
frequency magnetic fields to energize molecules inside a bulb, forcing them to release
radiation. Nonetheless, their exorbitant cost and other issues, such as possible
problems with electromagnetic interference, have hindered the extensive acceptance
of these lamps, which are infrequently utilized for both indoor and outdoor lighting.

The major evolution of lighting sources from incandescent to the present can be
summarized as follows:

1. Incandescent Lamps (late 19th century): Invented by Thomas Edison, these

lamps produced light by heating a filament until it emitted visible light. They
were highly inefficient, had a short lifespan, and contributed to energy waste
and greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Fluorescent and CFL Lighting (20th century): Fluorescent tubes and
Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) improved energy efficiency compared to

4
 incandescent. However, CFLs contained mercury and had some limitations in
light quality and compatibility.

LED Lighting (late 20th century to present): Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

revolutionized lighting technology. They are extremely energy-efficient, with a long
lifespan, minimal environmental impact, and high-quality light. LEDs are versatile,
available in various colors, and compatible with dimming and smart technology. This
is a brief history of LED lights:

1927 - The Russian inventor Oleg Lesev publishes theories on his findings of the first
LED creation.

1962 - Nick Holonyak creates the first LED on the visible spectrum, which is red.

1971 - Edward Miller and Jacques Pankove create a blue LED.

1986 - Herbert Maruska and Walden C. Rhines from Stafford University create a
working blue LED using Magnesium.

1993 - Physicists Isamu Akaski and Hiroshi Amano achieved a groundbreaking feat by
developing an exceptional quality Gallium Nitride that enabled the creation of blue
LEDs. Their pioneering work was further advanced by the electrical engineer Shuji
Nakamura, who with his ingenuity, engineered the first high-brightness blue LED,
igniting a rapid evolution towards the development of white LEDs.

2019 - As halogen and fluorescent bulbs are gradually being phased out, LED lights
are taking over as the predominant source of lighting.

Modern lighting solutions incorporate IoT technology, allowing for remote control and
automation. Sustainable lighting design focuses on reducing energy consumption
through innovations like daylight harvesting and renewable energy sources. The
transition from incandescent to LED lighting represents a remarkable improvement in
energy efficiency, environmental responsibility, lighting quality, and technological
integration, making LEDs the dominant and sustainable choice for illumination in the
present era. But we have introduced LEC as this technology can be more effective
over LED

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1.3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) works based on the principle of electroluminescence,

which is the emission of light when electrons recombine with electron holes within a
semiconductor material. Here's a more detailed explanation of how LEDs work:

1. Semiconductor Material: LEDs are typically made from semiconductor

materials, such as gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, or gallium nitride, which
have specific energy band structures.
2. P-N Junction: An LED consists of two different semiconductor layers: an N-type
(negative) layer and a P-type (positive) layer. The junction between these layers
is called the P-N junction, which is a crucial part of the LED's operation.
3. Electron Flow: When a voltage is applied to the LED by connecting it to a power
source, electrons in the N-type layer gain energy and move across the P-N
junction into the P-type layer. This electron flow creates a current.
4. Electron-Hole Recombination: As electrons from the N-type layer move into the
P-type layer, they recombine with "holes" (electron vacancies) in the P-type layer.
This recombination process results in the release of energy in the form of photons
(particles of light).
5. Photon Emission: The energy of the photons emitted during this recombination
is determined by the energy bandgap of the semiconductor material. Different
materials have different bandgaps, leading to the production of light at specific
wavelengths or colors. For example, gallium arsenide-based LEDs emit red or
infrared light, while gallium nitride-based LEDs emit blue or ultraviolet light.
6. Continuous Process: Electrons continue to flow from the N-type layer to the P-
type layer, and as long as this electron-hole recombination occurs, the LED emits
a continuous stream of light. The light emission is highly directional, which means
it is emitted in a specific direction.
7. Efficiency: LEDs are highly efficient at converting electrical energy into light.
They generate very little heat compared to incandescent bulbs, making them
energy-efficient and long-lasting.

In summary, LEDs work by passing a current through a semiconductor material with a

P-N junction. When electrons and holes recombine at this junction, they release
energy in the form of photons, producing visible light. The specific semiconductor

6
materials used determine the color of the emitted light, making LEDs versatile for
various lighting applications.

Figure 1: Working Principle of LED

Table 1 Different light source and their performance

Name of Indoor Lighting Sources Range of Illumination

Incandescent Bulbs around 100 to 500 lux

Fluorescent Lights (CFLs and fluorescent tubes) approximately 50 to 500

lux
LED Lights (Light Emitting Diodes) roughly 50 to 1000 lux

Halogen Lamps around 100 to 500 lux

Task Lighting (Desk lamps, under-cabinet lights) around 500 to 2000 lux

OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diodes) around 500 to 1000 lux

Induction Lamps around 500 to 1000 lux.

Metal Halide Lamps around 1000 to 5000 lux

Electroluminescent Panels around 500 to 1000 lux

Neon Lights below 100 lux

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1.3.2 Light Emitting Capacitor (LEC)

We have seen a revolutionary change in lighting technology. Due to the simplicity and
low cost our main focus is now on solid state light source (SSL). Mainly, we are
concerned with LED as, incandescent lamp and fluorescent lamp has very low savings
of power. In another way, SSL is being developed that is electroluminescence (EL)
with the concept of capacitor and based on phosphor layer in between two insulator
layers. We can also define it as alternative current electroluminescence (ACEL). The
initial idea of phosphor-based EL is finally termed as LEC. Due to some advantages
of LEC over LED we have considered this lighting technology in this paper. LEC
lighting technologies have comparatively lower power consumption as compared to
LED and other lighting technologies [5],[6]. In comparison with LEDs, EL devices like
LEC requires very tiny number of current densities. Fabrication process of LEC is
comparatively simple than other SSL devices. Besides, fabrication of LEC does not
require specially isolated environment. Flexible and expansible light emitting modules
are possible to produce on the basis of LEC technology [3]. The emitting layer used in
LEC is phosphor with the impurities like zinc sulfide (ZnS) and other different materials
to obtain desired color. One of the most identical differences of LEC from LED is that
it works on bi- directional supply of source, that is it can be operated by using direct
AC supply. LEC lighting is not suitable for high intensity lighting purpose and that could
be eliminated by proper research on this topic. In the paper [6], the authors have
showed that if multi-layered silicon rich oxide (SRO) is used as dielectric the efficiency
of LEC is increased. When an alternating voltage is supplied to its two terminals, the
phosphor layer intensely excites and emits light, causing a robust concentration of
illuminance at its centers.

To comprehend the operational principle, the complete process is segmented into

several distinct stages, including (1) Electron Entrance, (2) Electron Passing, (3)
Effective Excitation, and (4) Radiative Recombination and Optical outcoupling [3].

Once the electric field strength within the phosphor surpasses a certain threshold, the
electrons confined at the interface between the insulator and phosphor are released
and injected into the phosphor layer. The transported electrons are conveyed through
the phosphor layer to the opposite electrode. Thus, light can be produced from LEC.

8
 Figure 2 : The operating component of LEC

1.3.3 Comparison Between LEC and LED

Light Emitting Capacitors (LECs) and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are solid-state
lighting technologies with unique characteristics. LEDs are well-established, known for
their energy efficiency, color tunability, and versatility, making them a popular choice
for various applications. They excel in providing bright, precise, and long-lasting
illumination, making them suitable for general lighting, displays, and more. On the
other hand, LECs are a newer innovation, leveraging electroluminescence with a
capacitor-like structure. They offer potential advantages such as simplicity in
fabrication, lower power consumption, and bidirectional AC operation. Additionally,
LECs can be flexible and expansible, allowing for innovative and customizable lighting
solutions. The choice between LECs and LEDs depends on specific application
requirements, with LEDs being the go-to for well-established use cases, while LECs
represent an evolving technology with potential for energy-efficient and unique lighting
applications.

Below is a comparison of LECs and LEDs in these contexts:

1. Energy Efficiency:
LEDs: LEDs are known for their high energy efficiency. They convert a
significant portion of electrical energy into visible light, making them suitable for
various applications where energy savings are crucial.

9
 LECs: LECs are also energy-efficient but may have a slight advantage in terms
of efficiency when compared to traditional LEDs. LECs can operate with lower
current densities, reducing power consumption. [5]

2. Light Quality and Spectrum:

LEDs: LEDs offer precise control over light spectrum and color temperature.
They are available in a wide range of colors and can be tuned to meet specific
lighting requirements.
LECs: LECs also provide good control over the emitted light spectrum, making
them suitable for various lighting scenarios. However, their color temperature
range may be narrower compared to LEDs.

3. Lifespan and Reliability:

LEDs: LEDs have a long lifespan, typically ranging from 25,000 to 100,000
hours. They are highly reliable and require minimal maintenance.
LECs: LECs are solid-state devices and can have a comparable lifespan to
LEDs. However, as a newer technology, their long-term reliability in real-world
applications may require further investigation.

4. Cost and Production Complexity:

LEDs: LEDs are well-established and mass-produced, resulting in relatively
low production costs. They are readily available in the market.
LECs: LECs, being a newer technology, may have slightly higher production
costs due to limited production scale and specialized manufacturing processes.
However, their cost-effectiveness may improve with increased adoption.

5. Flexibility and Form Factor:

LEDs: LEDs come in various form factors, including traditional bulbs, strips,
and compact modules. They are versatile and can be integrated into a wide
range of applications.
LECs: LECs have the advantage of flexibility and expansibility. They can be
fabricated into flexible light-emitting modules, allowing for unique and
customizable lighting solutions. [3]

10
 6. Environmental Considerations:
LEDs: LEDs are environmentally friendly due to their energy efficiency and long
lifespan. They do not contain hazardous materials like mercury.
LECs: LECs share similar environmental benefits with LEDs, as they are also
energy-efficient and do not contain harmful substances.
7. Research and Development Potential:
LEDs: LEDs have been extensively researched and developed over decades.
There is a vast body of knowledge and a wide range of available products for
researchers to work with.
LECs: LECs represent a newer and less explored area of research, offering
opportunities for innovation and development. Researchers can contribute to
advancing LEC technology.
8. Economic Applications:
LEDs: LEDs have found widespread economic applications in various sectors,
including general lighting, automotive lighting, displays, and more. They are
well-suited for both residential and industrial use. [29] [17]
LECs: LECs have the potential for economic applications, especially in
scenarios where energy efficiency and simplicity of fabrication are valued.
However, their adoption may initially be limited to specific niche markets.

1.4 Photovoltaic Cell

The photovoltaic effect enables PV cells to convert light energy directly into electrical
energy through the use of semiconducting materials. These cells, commonly found in
solar panels, are made of semiconductor materials like silicon and are designed to
absorb photons of light and release electrons. The electrons are then captured by an
electrical circuit and used as electricity. PV cells have been the subject of research
and development for many years, resulting in significant improvements in their
efficiency. Today, they are widely used in a range of applications, from powering small
electronic devices to generating electricity for entire buildings. There are numerous
photovoltaic cells available with varying performance capabilities for generating
electricity from both indoor and outdoor lighting sources [7,8]. Indoor lighting sources
are significantly more efficient in limiting the accumulation of dust on photovoltaic
cells, and they also greatly reduce the risk of overheating, unlike outdoor lighting

11
sources [1]. Employing a water layer within the PV cell enables us to effectively curb
overheating [1]. Thus, we can obtain a better productivity from indoor lighting sources.

1. Amorphous Silicon: Amorphous silicon (a-Si) PV modules are thin-film solar

panels that stand out for their cost-effective manufacturing, flexibility, and
exceptional performance in low-light conditions. These modules are
characterized by their reduced material requirements, making them a cost-
effective choice for certain applications, although they exhibit lower energy
conversion efficiency compared to crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules. Their
ability to thrive in areas with limited sunlight is a major advantage, as is their
flexibility and lightweight nature, allowing for versatile installation options.
Amorphous silicon modules also boast good long-term stability with slower
degradation rates, ensuring consistent performance over time. However, they
are sensitive to high temperatures, potentially leading to efficiency losses in hot
climates. They have a uniform appearance due to the absence of a visible
crystalline structure, and some variants can operate bifacially, capturing light
on both sides for increased energy generation. These modules find applications
in niche markets like solar-powered calculators and indoor electronic devices,
with the choice between a-Si and c-Si modules hinging on project-specific
requirements, cost considerations, and environmental factors.

2. Polycrystalline Silicon (Poly-Si) PV Modules: Polycrystalline silicon PV

modules are renowned for their cost-efficiency, making them a popular choice
for solar installations. These modules strike a balance between efficiency and
affordability, with moderate energy conversion rates. They handle high
temperatures relatively well, experiencing fewer efficiency losses in hot
climates compared to some other technologies. Polycrystalline modules are
identifiable by their blue hue due to multiple crystal structures. They find
widespread use in residential and commercial solar installations, particularly
when cost considerations are paramount.

3. Monocrystalline Silicon (Mono-Si) PV Modules: Monocrystalline silicon PV

modules excel in energy conversion efficiency, making them a space-efficient
choice. While they come at a higher cost due to specialized manufacturing
12
 processes and silicon waste reduction, they perform admirably in various
environmental conditions, showing resilience to high temperatures with minimal
efficiency loss. Their uniform black appearance, characterized by a single
crystal structure, is well-suited for residential rooftops where space is limited
and aesthetics are essential.

4. Dye-sensitized PV (DSSC) Modules: Dye-sensitized PV modules stand out

for their low-cost manufacturing, achieved through the use of less material and
simpler production processes.These modules offer moderate energy
conversion efficiency, making them suitable for specific applications,
particularly portable electronics. They excel in low-light conditions, akin to
amorphous silicon modules, and their flexibility allows for unconventional
installations. Utilizing dye-sensitized materials to capture sunlight sets them
apart in the solar industry. DSSC modules find niche applications in portable
devices, wearable technology, and architectural projects, where their unique
design options and adaptability are advantageous.

Figure 3: Photovoltaic Cells

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Table 2 Characteristics of different PV module [7],[8]

Technology Model Manufacturer Use Active

area (cm2)
Polycrystalline silicon MC-SP 0.8 Multicomp Outdoor 68.64
Polycrystalline silicon Cell Solar capture Outdoor 1.68
(rigid) technologies
Amorphous silicon 05/048/016 Solems Indoor/Outdoor 6.63
(rigid)
Amorphous silicon AM-5608 Panasonic Outdoor 20.28
Amorphous silicon AM-1411 Sanyo Indoor 3.18
(rigid)
Dye solar cell Parallel CHOSE Outdoor 33.6
(flexible) module
Amorphous silicon AM-1815 Panasonic Indoor 25.2
Dye solar cell Test cell CHOSE Indoor 0.25
customize for indoor
(flexible)
Amorphous silicon MPT3.6-75 Power Film Outdoor 38.0
(flexible)
Dye-sensitized Indy 4050 G24i Indoor/Outdoor 30.5
(flexible)

1.5 Motivation

In today's world, where energy efficiency and sustainability are paramount concerns,
harnessing energy from indoor lighting sources presents an exciting and innovative
avenue for addressing our growing energy needs. Indoor spaces, whether residential,
commercial, or industrial, are illuminated for significant portions of the day, and yet this
valuable source of energy often goes untapped. Through this thesis, we embark on a
journey to unlock the immense potential of indoor lighting as a renewable energy
resource. By exploring the utilization of various photovoltaic (PV) modules and
technologies, we not only seek to demonstrate the feasibility of capturing energy from
indoor lighting but also aim to contribute to a more sustainable future. Following topics
are main motivating statements for our work on harvesting energy from indoor lighting
sources.

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 1. Novel Energy Sources Explored: The study explores the untapped potential
of indoor lighting as a renewable energy source by considering various
photovoltaic (PV) modules.
2. Global Sustainability Goals Addressed: This research aligns with
international sustainability objectives, aiming to reduce reliance on
conventional energy sources and curb carbon emissions.
3. Advancements in Energy Efficiency: The optimization of PV modules for
indoor environments signifies progress in enhancing energy efficiency within
built spaces.
4. Contribution to Scientific Knowledge: The thesis contributes to the body of
scientific knowledge by offering insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of
energy harvesting from indoor lighting.
5. Innovation and Technological Progress: It represents a step forward in the
ongoing pursuit of innovative solutions to contemporary energy challenges.
6. Reduction in Carbon Footprint: Through this research, a reduction in carbon
footprints is envisioned, which is crucial for mitigating the effects of climate
change.
7. Sustainable Built Environments: The findings have the potential to promote
sustainable practices in architecture and design, reducing the environmental
impact of indoor lighting.
8. Inspiration for Future Research: By presenting this research, future scholars
and researchers may be inspired to explore new avenues in indoor energy
harvesting.
9. Practical Applications: The results have real-world applications that can
contribute to more energy-efficient indoor environments.
10. A Step Towards a Cleaner Future: This thesis signifies a step towards a
cleaner, more sustainable future by harnessing the passive energy potential of
indoor lighting sources.

1.6 Objectives

I. To analyze the impacts of different lighting source on various PV module.

II. To harvest and recycle power from indoor lighting sources.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Energy Harvesting Process

Energy harvesting is a process by which energy is captured or extracted from various

sources in the environment and converted into electrical or usable energy. Energy can
be harvested from different sources. In our thesis, we will discuss about harvesting
energy from lighting source only.

Harvesting energy from lighting source can be divided into two parts that are 1. Indoor
lighting source, and 2. Outdoor lighting source.

Harvesting Energy from indoor lighting source: Harvesting energy from indoor
lighting sources is a practical way to power low-power electronic devices and sensors
in indoor environments. Indoor lighting energy harvesting typically relies on
photovoltaic cells, which convert light energy into electrical power. [7] [8] [9]

Key considerations for indoor lighting energy harvesting:

1. Light Intensity: The efficiency of indoor energy harvesting depends on the

intensity of the indoor lighting. Natural sunlight through windows can provide a
substantial amount of energy, while artificial lighting sources like LED or
fluorescent bulbs can also be effective. However, lower-intensity lighting may
require longer exposure times or more efficient photovoltaic cells.
2. Energy Management: Efficient energy management and storage systems are
crucial to ensure a steady power supply to devices, especially when lighting
conditions fluctuate. Energy management circuits, such as maximum power
point trackers (MPPTs), can optimize the energy harvest from the photovoltaic
cells.
3. Applications: Indoor lighting energy harvesting is often used in applications
such as wireless sensors IoT devices [21], smart building systems, and low-
power electronics. It is particularly valuable in scenarios where replacing
batteries may be impractical or expensive.

16
 4. Efficiency: The efficiency of the photovoltaic cells used in indoor lighting
energy harvesting systems is an important factor. Manufacturers produce cells
optimized for indoor or low-light conditions, which may have higher efficiency
under those conditions than standard solar cells designed for outdoor use.

Indoor lighting energy harvesting offers a sustainable and maintenance-free power

source for various devices and systems, reducing the environmental impact of
batteries and providing a reliable source of energy in indoor environments.
Advances in photovoltaic technology continue to improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of indoor energy harvesting solutions.

Harvesting Energy from outdoor lighting source: Harvesting energy from outdoor
lighting sources, such as streetlights or other outdoor fixtures, is a viable method for
powering various devices and systems. Outdoor lighting energy harvesting often relies
on photovoltaic cells, piezoelectric materials, or other technologies to capture energy
from ambient outdoor light.

Key considerations for outdoor lighting energy harvesting:

1. Light Intensity and Duration: The efficiency of energy harvesting from

outdoor lighting depends on the intensity of sunlight and the duration of daylight.
Locations with consistent and intense sunlight will provide more energy for
harvesting.
2. Energy Management: Efficient energy management systems are essential to
regulate the energy flow from the photovoltaic cells and to ensure that power is
available when needed. Charge controllers and power management circuits are
often used for this purpose.
3. Applications: Outdoor lighting energy harvesting can be used to power
streetlights outdoor surveillance cameras, environmental monitoring systems,
and other outdoor equipment. It helps reduce the reliance on grid electricity and
lowers maintenance costs by eliminating the need for frequent battery
replacements. [22]
4. Maintenance: Outdoor energy harvesting systems are generally low-
maintenance but may require occasional cleaning and inspection to ensure
optimal performance, as dust, dirt, or debris on the photovoltaic cells can
reduce efficiency.

17
 Outdoor lighting energy harvesting offers an environmentally friendly and cost-
effective way to power outdoor equipment and lighting systems, particularly in
remote or off-grid locations. Advances in photovoltaic technology continue to
improve the efficiency and reliability of outdoor energy harvesting solutions, making
them a practical choice for a wide range of applications.

2.2 Review on Related Works

In the paper [1] the author has focused on the possibility and importance of using thin
water layer above the solar cell. They have emphasized on some topics. Various
semiconductors employed in solar cell modules exhibit distinct band gaps, an
electronic property inherent to each material. Consequently, the entire range of solar
radiation isn't effectively harnessed for generating electricity, as only photons
possessing energy equal to or greater than the semiconductor's band gap can
contribute. Any surplus photons from the solar spectrum dissipate their energy as heat,
thereby diminishing the PV cell/module's output. Thus, it becomes imperative to filter
out superfluous portions of the solar radiation spectrum to prevent overheating and
maintain the cell surface at ambient temperature. Performing this action without the
presence of a liquid-based filtering and cooling system is unfeasible, resulting in a
decrease in light intensity and alterations in the spectra. Additionally, a critical concern
arises concerning any liquid-based filter and cooling system, leading to both a
reduction in intensity and shifts in the spectra.

The author also describes the problems that may occur when outdoor PV cell is placed
into indoor application. The situation becomes more complex as light intensity
decreases, which occurs when employing any filtering or cooling system. Notably,
when various artificial light sources designed to replicate outdoor radiation and with
generally similar spectra, are applied to the same solar cells at lower light intensities,
they can significantly impact the device's efficiency. It is worth emphasizing that a
majority of experiments conducted under reduced light intensities utilize artificial light
sources. Consequently, a potential contribution to comprehending the behavior of
photovoltaic devices under such conditions could involve combining experiments
conducted in both outdoor and indoor settings.

18
The researcher Ahmad Nazri Dagang [5] has clearly discussed about the structure
and efficiency of Light Emitting Capacitors (LEC). He has focused on the evolution of
lighting technology. Electroluminescent (EL) lighting stands out as a distinctive light
source when compared to most other lamps due to its ability to be molded into various
sizes with flexible designs and flat surfaces. Its structural design resembles capacitors,
except for the emission layer, making it distinct from LEDs and OLEDs that rely on a
p-n junction formed by two semiconductive materials where electrons and holes
recombine at the boundary. In EL technology, the commonly employed phosphor is
typically composed of zinc sulphide (ZnS), which is primarily used in cathode ray tubes
(CRTs). LEC technologies exhibit significantly lower power consumption when
contrasted with competing lighting options like gas discharge lamps (such as neon or
fluorescent lamps) and traditional incandescent bulbs, and their energy consumption
is either lower or on par with commercially available solid-state lighting (SSL) through
LED lamps. Using phosphor as light emitting element the author described the motive
of his paper with the following graphs.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4: Input voltage power consumption (a) 25×25 mm (b) 50 × 50 mm of LEC dimension.

19
He also showed the possibility of working in future on LEC. The power consumption
of the developed LEC technology is quite competitive, ranging from 1 to 5 watts,
which can be categorized as exceptionally energy-efficient lighting. However, the
drawback is that the light intensity remains relatively low, resulting in a lower efficacy
or lumens per watt compared to fluorescent and LED lamps. The study findings
indicate that the size of the LEC can influence its brightness and the minimum
voltage required for activation. Furthermore, the emission spectra confirm that the
color output falls within the visible range. This marks the initial phase in the pursuit of
creating inorganic LECs as a novel lighting technology offering.

How the efficiency of LEC can be improved are shown by the authors [6][23][24].

In the publication [6] the authors have showed that the layer with high silicon content
induce the formation of bigger silicon nano crystals in the emitting layers as compared
to single layers. The optical power and the efficiency of LECs can be improved by
controlling the size of silicon nanocrystals. The fabrication of LECs composed of SRO
multi-layered structures exhibiting high conduction and light emission, as well as low
probabilities to damage the device. From this paper it is obtained that PL spectra of
multi-layered structure reaches higher intensities than single layer.

Our thesis is mainly performed by following this paper [7]. There the authors have
showed the measurement of harvesting energy from different indoor lighting source
using different PV module.

1. AM 5608

Figure 5: Performance of different indoor light on AM-5608 module.

20
 2. AM 1815

Figure 6: Performance of different indoor light on AM-1815module.

Here it is clearly seen that how indoor light is sufficient enough to produce power. And
from this paper we come to know that blue color LED has highest impact as compared
to white, green and red color LED.

In similar way, in the paper [9] the authors have shown that for indoor energy
harvesting purpose customized flexible dye solar cells provides higher efficiency under
artificial lighting sources.

Figure 7: Performance analysis of customized flexile DSC.

21
Here it is clearly seen highest power density is obtained by customized DSCs.

The authors of [9] that paper has described a comparison between Xenon arc lamp
and QTH lamps. They implemented this using AM1.5G solar cell. In their publication
they have showed that QTH lamps are more effective and efficient over Xenon arc
lamp.

In the paper [3] the authors have explained about the ACEL and the flexible light
emitting devices. Actually, their term ACEL is equivalent to LEC. They also indicated
spectral properties of different phosphor material. They published that fabrication
process of ACEL device is more convenient in comparison to LED fabrication process.
They also expressed that if EL phosphor particle is mixed with stretchable polymer,
then it becomes highly flexible light emitting device. They also discussed that EL
devices requires very small current density and requires low power as well.

Phosphors are widely used in light-emitting applications, particularly in lighting and

display technologies. In lighting, phosphors are used to convert the blue light emitted
by LEDs into white light, which is more suitable for general illumination. nt. A key
requirement for a phosphor to be employed in a pc-LED is that it exhibits strong
absorption in the UV or near-UV range and demonstrates efficient emission in the
visible light spectrum [11]. Phosphor-converted light emitting diodes (pc-LEDs) offer
significant advantages over traditional lighting sources, particularly in regards to them
high luminous efficiency, durability, less power consumption, environmental
sustainability, and extended lifespan [12].

In the review paper the authors [15] have showed different parameters to harvest
energy and their implementation procedures. They have considered indoor lighting
source, temperature of different parts of a building, vibrating equipment (central
heating boiler, Microwave oven, washing machine, freezer etc.), Electromagnetic
sources and from air flow. From their review we come to know that comparatively
easiest way of harvesting power can be lighting sources. Other parameters are not so
easy to implement and to produce power also.

22
Table 3 Different sources for harvesting energy available in a building.

Harvester Typical range of Estimated Calculated power

Type ambient energy levels electrical dc density
power
Photovoltaic Light Intensity: 100 to 25 to 1149 µW 9 to 399 µW cm-3
3700 lux
Thermal Thermal gradient: 10 to 1 to 10 mW 0.7 to 7.1 mW cm-3
40 o C
Periodic kinetic Acceleration: 2.45 x 10- 0.008 to 68.97 0.05 to 459.8 µW
2 to 2.82 ms-2 µW cm-3
Frequency: 43.1 to
162.3 Hz
EM wave EM wave strength: -74 0.028 to 944 nW 1.69 x 10-3 to 57.37
to -29 dBm nW cm-3

Airflow Airflow speed: 1 to 10 0.9 to 324 mW 1.7 x 10-2 to 6.0

ms-1 mW cm-3

In their publication the author [16] have showed the mathematical terms and formulas
to convert lux to irradiance. They have discussed about the factors that is needed to
consider while converting irradiance to lux.

In the paper [25][26] the authors have clarified that in outdoor energy harvesting
purpose Monocrystalline PV cell shows best efficiency as compare to Polycrystalline
PV cell and Amorphous Silicon PV cell. There we can also understand the impact of
temperature on different PV module.

Table 4 Efficiency of different outdoor PV cells with the variation of temperature.

Efficiency of PV Cell
Temperature
(Ambient) Amorphous Polycrystalline Monocrystalline

25 o C 10.36 % 14 % 15 %
30 o C 9.6 % 12 % 13 %
35 o C 9% 11 % 12.8 %
37 o C 8.3 % 10.2 % 11 %
40 oC 7.9 % 9.2 % 9.9 %
45 o C 7.46 % 7.5 % 7.65 %

23
From the information in paper [27][28] we have seen that the efficiency of DSSCs can
be reaches up to (12-14) %. On the other hand, silicon based solar cells and other thin
film PV cell can provide better efficiency, ranges from (20-30)%.

24
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction

Our thesis is mainly divided into two categories. Initially we have used to analyze
practical data representation. later, we have focused to take data using MATLAB. After
analyzing the data, we have plotted some graph to understand the purpose of our
thesis clearly. If sufficient power can be harvested then we can use boost converter to
make a standard output and suitable controller for battery charging purpose.

3.2 Data collection procedure

Figure 8: Block diagram of data collection procedure

3.2.1 Using ISO-TECH Lux-1337

The measurements were conducted within a light-tight chamber to prevent any

interference from external light. Inside the chamber, a light source was positioned, and
the solar cells were placed precisely at the center of the light beam.

25
The measurements were carried out in the following manner:

1. Install the solar cell and light source inside the opaque enclosure and permit
the light source's output to stabilize.
2. Modify the illumination level incident on the solar cell to reach the desired
lux level by adjusting the distance or employing filters between the solar cell
and the lamp, as demonstrated in Fig. [??}. Use a light meter (ISO-TECH
Lux-1337 with a resolution of 0.01 lx, an overall accuracy of ±3%, and a 5-
digit read-out) positioned at the solar cell's intended location to monitor the
illumination level. Once the desired illumination level is achieved, replace
the light meter with the solar cell being tested.
3. Adjust the load applied to the solar cell's output and take note of both the
solar cell's output voltage and the load's resistance.
4. Utilize the load resistance and output voltage data to compute the solar
cell's output power density.
5. Create a graph that illustrates the relationship between the solar cell's
output power density Vs illuminance of indoor light.
𝑽𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝟐
𝑹𝑳 𝑽𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑰𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍
𝑬𝒅 = =
𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑨𝒂𝒄𝒕

Ed = Output power density of the tested solar cell,

Vcell = Load voltage,

Icell = Output current,

Aact = Active area of the solar cell.

RL= Load Resistance.

By adjusting the load resistance, the output voltage of the solar cell can be altered,
enabling the measurement and plotting of a series of power density values to
illustrate the relationship between output power density and solar cell operating
current.

26
 Figure 9: Schematic arrangement to analyze the impact of light.

3.2.2 Using MATLAB Simulink

The measurements were carried out in the following manner:

1. Design various PV array and provide suitable combination.

2. Calculate the equivalent irradiance(sun) from different light intensity and
apply.
3. Adjust the load applied to the solar cell's output and take note of both the
solar cell's output voltage and output current.
4. Identify the output power obtained by the output voltage and current display.
5. Create a graph that illustrates the relationship between the solar cell's
output power and illuminance.

27
 Figure 10: PV array connection to verify the output power using MATLAB Simulink

3.3 Data representation

Table 5 Data representation by procedure 3.2.1.

Power Incandescent source Fluorescent White LED source

density source
(µW𝑐𝑚−2) 200 500 1000 200 500 1000 200 500 1000
lux lux lux lux lux lux lux lux lux
Module
name
Indy4050 4.7 8.9 24 2.6 8.0 13 2.4 6.9 19
(Dye-sensitized)
AM-5608 5.8 19 72 4.2 17 37 3.7 10 29
(Amorphous Silicon)
AM-1815 4.6 18 38 3.9 14 37 3.3 10 27
(Amorphous Silicon)
MC-SP0.8 100 190 570 2.9 12 30 2.8 8.4 25
(Polycrystalline
Silicon)

28
Figure 11: Illuminance versus power density of MC-SP 0.8 module

Figure 12: Illuminance versus power density of AM-5608 module

29
Figure 13: Illuminance versus power density of AM-1815 module

Figure 14: Illuminance versus power density of Indy 4050 module

30
Table 6 Data representation by procedure 3.2.2

Output Power (Watt)

Irradiance of
Light (W/m2) Sanyo Electric of A10Green
Panasonic Group 1Soltech 1STH- Technology A10J-
HIT-N210A01 215-P S72-175

8.33 48.4068 µW 95.88 µW 41.56 µW

6.50 29.75 µW 58.8 µW 25.49 µW
4.16 12.18 µW 24.08 µW 10.44 µW
2.50 4.40 µW 8.6 µW 3.77 µW
1.67 1.96 µW 3.88 µW 1.68 µW
0.83 0.48 µW 0.95 µW 0.41 µW

Types of used PV module in table 6:

1. Sanyo Electric of Panasonic Group HIT-N210A01: (Combination of

monocrystalline silicon and Ultrathin Amorphous Silicon)
2. 1Soltech 1STH-215-P: (Polycrystalline)
3. A10Green Technology A10J-S72-175: (Monocrystalline)

Figure 15: Illuminance versus Output Power of different PV module from table 6

31
3.4 Related Energy Harvesting Devices
If we can harvest sufficient power, then for better outcome we can use Boost Converter
and if we want to store energy then we can use suitable controller also.

3.4.1 Boost converter

A boost converter, also known as a step-up converter, is a type of DC-DC power

converter used to increase the output voltage level from a lower input voltage. This
versatile electronic circuit is a fundamental component in many devices and systems,

Figure 16 : Circuit diagram of Boost converter.

as it enables efficient voltage conversion, making it especially useful in applications

where the input voltage is lower than what's required for proper operation.

Implementation of Boost Converter:

Figure 17: Improvement of output voltage using boost converter.

32
The enhancement of the output voltage is undertaken with the explicit aim of attaining
a designated level that renders it apt for both batteries charging and the operation of
various loads. In this context, the output voltage undergoes a substantial
transformation, surging from a mere 0.8 volts to an impressive 3 volts, thereby
significantly broadening its usability and applicability.

3.4.2 Comparison between MPPT and PWM controller

PWM Controller (Pulse Width Modulation):

Figure 18: Block diagram of PWM Controller.

1. Simplicity: If your indoor lighting conditions are relatively stable and uniform,
such as in well-controlled indoor environments with consistent lighting, a PWM
controller may be sufficient.
2. Cost: PWM controllers are generally less expensive than MPPT controllers,
which can be advantageous for low-cost, low-power applications.

33
MPPT Controller (Maximum Power Point Tracking)

Figure 19: Block diagram of MPPT Controller

1. Efficiency: MPPT controllers are designed to maximize energy harvesting in

varying light conditions. If your indoor environment experiences fluctuations in
light intensity due to factors like changing shadows, moving objects, or
variations in artificial lighting, an MPPT controller is likely to be more efficient.
[18][19][20]
2. Optimization: MPPT controllers can adapt to different types of light sources,
including LEDs and fluorescent lighting, making them versatile for various
indoor settings.
3. Higher Energy Harvesting: In indoor environments with dynamic lighting
conditions, an MPPT controller can extract more energy from your solar panels,
potentially providing a better energy yield over time.

34
3.5 Tentative Implementation

Figure 20: Block diagram of tentative information

1. If we can produce sufficient power and try to store it, we can follow the above
block diagram.
2. If only simple DC battery is used as charge storing device, by using (diode,
LDR, and transistor) we can store energy.
3. It can be placed under street lamp to harvest power All day long, which will be
helpful to recovery the charge of another battery that may help to function the
main circuit.
4. In the large industry where, incandescent lamp is used mostly, can be
benefitted by this way of energy harvesting method as incandescent lamp has
a great impact on PV cell.
5. To sense the intensity of any light and can be implemented as a light sensor.

35
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 Performance Analysis of Different PV Module

After analyzing the data and graphs output power of PV cell is increasing with the
increase of irradiance of light. As solar panels are mainly designed for outdoor
application so it is better to use indoor PV module to increase the durability and stability
of the PV module. PV module which is designed for outdoor use will not durable with
low light use. Though outdoor PV module provide operates initially under low light,
there efficiency will be decreased with the increase in time.

4.2 Performance analysis of different Indoor Lighting Sources

From the Table 5, we can identify that, MC-SP 0.8 shows the best output to compare
with another PV module under Incandescent lamp only. Due to the high-power
consumption and heating effect, we are not considering Incandescent lamp in
domestic area. On the other hand, Indy-4050 has the lowest conversion efficiency.
AM-5608 and AM-1815 have almost similar performance under LED. As AM-1815 is
specially designed for indoor purpose, we can use this module as energy harvesting
module. We cannot consider MC-SP 0.8 module as it is mainly designed for outdoor.
Moreover, it’s performance under white LED is not satisfactory.

From the Table 6 we have considered three PV modules (Sanyo Electric of Panasonic
Group HIT-N210A01, 1Soltech 1STH-215-P, A10Green Technology A10J-S72-175).
We have measured the output by providing irradiance equivalent to illuminance of
indoor lighting sources (Incandescent lamp, CFL, LED and LEC) ranges from (100-
1000) Lux. After that we have measured the output power. Among three modules
1Soltech 1STH-215-p showed best performance with the low level of intensity.
Finally, we can summarize that for indoor energy harvesting purpose Amorphous
Silicon PV cell shows better performance in comparison with other types of PV
module.

36
After analyzing the data obtained from [7] we came to know that blue LED has great
impact on all kind PV module as compared to green and red colored LED.

Figure 21: Impact of blue, red and green LED on different PV module

It is found that Blue LED is dominating over white LED after analyzing the data from
Table 5 White LED has satisfactory performance in comparison with green and red
LED.
Almost similar intensity of light can be obtained by phosphor based LEC also [3][5][6].

4.3 Impact of LEC for energy harvesting purpose

LEC (Light Emitting Capacitor) lighting technology is indeed an exciting area of

development in the world of lighting. While it may not be readily available for indoor
applications at the moment, its promising attributes make it a technology to watch
closely.
LEC lighting boasts remarkable characteristics that set it apart from traditional lighting
technologies. Its close intensity and high efficiency compared to LED (Light Emitting
Diode) lighting are particularly noteworthy. This means that LEC has the potential to
revolutionize indoor lighting once it becomes more widely accessible. [3][5][6]

37
In the near future, as LEC technology matures and becomes more commercially
viable, it is expected to be harnessed for a variety of indoor lighting purposes. The
unique properties of LEC, such as its high energy efficiency and longevity, make it an
attractive option for illuminating indoor spaces, from homes to offices to industrial
settings.
One key consideration when implementing indoor lighting solutions is the optimal level
of illumination. Research indicates that a range of 200 to 1000 Lux is typically suitable
for indoor illumination [7], depending on the specific application and user preferences.
It is expected that LEC technology will be designed and calibrated to operate
effectively within this Lux range, ensuring that it meets the lighting requirements of
various indoor environments.
Moreover, as the world increasingly embraces renewable and sustainable energy
sources, LEC lighting can be integrated with other technologies, such as photovoltaic
(PV) cells, to enhance energy efficiency. Calculating the output of PV cells within the
200 to 1000 Lux range is a prudent approach to ensure that the combined LEC and
PV system provides reliable and sustainable indoor lighting while minimizing energy
consumption and environmental impact.
In summary, while LEC lighting technology is currently in the development phase for
indoor applications, its potential benefits in terms of efficiency, longevity, and
adaptability to optimal Lux levels make it a promising choice for the future of indoor
lighting. As this technology matures, we can expect to see more innovative and
energy-efficient indoor lighting solutions that harness the power of LEC technology,
contributing to a greener and more sustainable future.

4.4 Suitable Controller Selection

In many indoor energy harvesting scenarios, where lighting conditions are relatively
stable and consistent, a PWM controller might suffice and may be a cost-effective
choice. However, if we anticipate variations in lighting or have a more complex setup,
an MPPT controller's ability to track the maximum power point in real-time can lead to
better overall energy harvesting performance. It's important to assess specific indoor
environment, energy requirements, and budget constraints to determine which type of
controller is the better fit for your energy harvesting procedure.

38
So, for indoor energy harvesting process PWM converter will be more suitable over
MPPT controller. In some cases, we might also consider hybrid solutions that combine
PWM and MPPT controllers to balance efficiency and cost.

4.5 Temperature Effect

In Outdoor environment, temperature significantly affects PV module performance [1],
reducing efficiency and power output as it rises. Modules have a temperature
coefficient, and efficiency declines with higher temperatures. Prolonged exposure can
lead to material degradation. To counter these effects, thermal management
techniques like cooling and airflow are used. Proper design is crucial, especially in
regions with temperature variations, to optimize energy production.

Table 7 Output voltage with the variation of temperature

Lux Irradiance Voltage (25ºC) Voltage (5º C)

200 1.67 0.004671 0.004638
300 2.55 0.007133 0.007082
500 4.16 0.01164 0.01155
700 5.83 0.01631 0.01619
800 6.67 0.01866 0.01853
1000 8.33 0.0233 0.02314

Figure 22: Impact of temperature for indoor energy harvesting purpose

39
This table is prepared using SIMULINK in MATLAB software. A PV module HIT-
N210A01, basically designed for indoor application is used here. With the variation of
temperature, no significant change in output is obtained. That indicates that indoor
energy harvesting using PV module is almost independent of temperature variation.
But, from the Table 2.2 we can see the variation of output voltage with the change of
temperature.

4.6 Discussion

Some PV module performs best under Incandescent lamp but is not suitable for
domestic use due to high power consumption and heating. Indy-4050 has the lowest
efficiency. AM-5608 and AM-1815 perform similarly under LED, making AM-1815 a
good choice for indoor energy harvesting. By simulation in MATLAB three PV modules
were tested under various indoor lighting conditions. 1Soltech 1STH-215-P performed
the best with low-intensity lighting. It's evident that blue LEDs have a significant impact
on PV modules compared to green and red LEDs. Temperature variation doesn't
significantly affect indoor energy harvesting using PV modules.

40
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary

The thesis highlights the urgency of addressing climate change and energy
sustainability. It focuses on Photovoltaic (PV) cells and artificial lighting sources as
pivotal in advancing renewable energy solutions. PV cells efficiently convert sunlight
into electricity and are continually evolving. LECs offer innovative, energy-efficient
lighting with adaptability to bidirectional AC power supply. The research explores the
synergy between indoor lights and PV cells to enhance energy harvesting. It also
considers a range of PV modules suitable for indoor applications, emphasizing their
economic viability in reducing energy costs. Boost converters and Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) techniques are integrated to maximize energy efficiency and
utilization, reinforcing the economic and environmental benefits of the research .

5.2 Scope for Future Works and Challenges

1. Evaluate indoor-based photovoltaic systems as renewable energy sources,

comparing their efficiency to solar panels and wind turbines.
2. Improve LEC (Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell) efficiency through
research and novel materials.
3. Integrate LECs into energy-efficient building designs with guidelines for
architects.
4. Assess economic feasibility and energy savings of LEC-integrated
structures, collaborating with urban planners.
5. Conduct feasibility studies, addressing technical, economic, and
environmental factors, and identify potential challenges and mitigation
strategies.
6. Investigate architectural principles and smart building technologies to
optimize energy capture.
7. Explore the global applicability of proposed systems, including in developing
countries like Bangladesh, considering socio-economic and infrastructural
factors.

41
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