COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Critical Study Report on

Design and Fabrication of Hybrid inverter with solar

battery charging for household lightening loads

Submitted by
Alazwar Mohammed Darwish Almullahi
200092
COE/EIE/EPE/TE

For the module

MHH124715 Research Methodology

Under the supervisor of

Dr. ………………………………

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

2022
SEMESTER A
ABSTRACT
Increasing population and life advancement, has increased the demand for more
alternative sources of power. Solar energy is the most preferred alternative source due
to its cheapness in terms of costs, reliability, availability and easiness of use. Inverters
are widely used in the domestic as well as industrial environments to serve as second
line of source in case of power cut form the electricity utility grids. However, due to low
capacity of the battery the inverter dies out with the use of heavy load appliances. The
aim of this study is to design and fabricate a hybrid inverter with solar battery charging
system. This project is designed in such a way that it overcomes this limitation by the
use of solar energy. Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging System consists of an
inverter powered by a 12V Battery. This inverter generates up to 415V AC with the help
of driver circuitry and a heavy load transformer. This battery gets charged from two
sources, first being the mains power supply itself. If the mains power supply is available,
the relay switches to the connection using mains power supply to supply to the load. The
use of solar panel to charge the battery gives an additional advantage of surplus power
in case the power outage of mains is prolonging. Thus, this inverter can last for longer
duration’s and provide uninterrupted power supply to the user. The future work will
involve the design and fabrication of the electric circuit composed of hybrid inverter,
solar panel, battery, load controller and the sample load.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................ iv

NOMENCLATURES.........................................................................................................v

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1

1.1 Background............................................................................................................1

1.2 Identification of the Need........................................................................................2

1.3 Problem Statement.................................................................................................2

1.4 Aim and Objectives.................................................................................................3

1.5 Scope and Feasibility Study of Project....................................................................3

1.6 Significance of a Project.........................................................................................4

2. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................5

2.1 Paper 1: Review on Hybrid Inverter........................................................................5

2.2 Paper 2: Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging.............................................6

2.3 Paper 3: Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery charging..............................................8

2.4 Paper 4: A new concept of intelligent hybrid inverter for battery charging.............10

2.5 Paper 5: Design and real-time implementation of SPWM based inverter..............12

2.6 Chapter Summary................................................................................................14

3. CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS/PRE-DESIGN........................................................15

3.1 Pre-Design of Hybrid Inverter with Solar Charging...............................................15

3.2 Fabrication/Experimental Validation.....................................................................15

3.3 Block Flow Diagram..............................................................................................16

3.4 Statistical Tools and Data Interpretation...............................................................17

3.5 Research Plans....................................................................................................17

3.6 Activity Flow Chart................................................................................................17

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 3.7 Grantt Chart.......................................................................................................... 18

3.8 Chapter Summary................................................................................................18

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK...........................................................................19

4.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 19

4.2 Future Work to be carried out in Technical Project...............................................19

SAFE ASSIGN REPORT...............................................................................................20

FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL..................................................................................21

REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 23

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Solar power system (iStock, 2021).................................................................1
Figure 2.1: Current Wave form for resistive and RC load.................................................6
Figure 2.2: Pure sine waves from SPWM.......................................................................13
Figure 2.3: Pure Sine Waves at Resistive Loads...........................................................13
Figure 3.1: Block Flow Diagram for hybrid inverter with solar battery charging..............16

LIST OF TABLES

iv
Table 2.1: Power description for the Hybrid Inverter......................................................11
Table 3.1: Grantt Chart..................................................................................................18

v
NOMENCLATURES
AC – Alternating Current

DC – Direct Current

GTSI – Grid Hitched Solar Inverter

LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

LED – Light Emitting Diode

PV – Photovoltaic

SPWM – Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Electric current flows in two ways, either in one direction or in forward and backward
switching directions. When an electric current flows in only one direction, it is referred to
as a direct current (D.C), while when it flows forward and backward it is referred to as
alternating current (A.C). A.C is the most used form of electricity for industrial
applications and household equipments, and used to transfer electric power as it is
easier to transport compared to D.C. Direct current is most used to power electric
devices and battery charging. Since, most electronic devices use direct current (d.c),
alternating current must first be converted into direct current. This process is done by an
equipment called inverter. (Efy, 2020)

A power inverter is a device used to convert direct current from a d.c source to
alternating current which can be used to all kinds of devices such as electric lights,
power tools, kitchen appliances and other electronics. Sources for direct current are
such as battery and solar panels. Solar panels harness energy from the sun as solar
energy. Solar inverter is a device that convert direct current generated from solar panels
into alternating current which is used by domestic and industrial appliances. (Svarc,
2021)

Solar inverters play a vital role in solar power systems as it converts the generated
energy into usable form of energy. Solar inverters convert the direct current generated
from solar cells into alternating current which can then be utilized in electrical
appliances. Figure 1.1 shows the solar power system. (LoomSolar, 2022)

Figure 1.1: Solar power system (iStock, 2021)

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

A hybrid solar inverter is the typical merges solar power with another energy source. It
functions as a single unit. For example, a solar inverter may merge solar energy with the
energy from a battery. A greener hybrid solar inverter is obtained when solar energy is
combined with wind energy

The history of solar energy goes as back as in 7 th century B.C where solar energy was
used primitively for various human activities. In other words, solar energy was put to
work as soon as human beings put foot on earth. For instance, glass-trapped sun’s
energy was used to start fire, cooking, religious ceremonies and natura warmth. In early
1800’s solar cells also known as photovoltaic cells were discovered following the
discovery of photovoltaic effect by a French physician, Edmond Becquerel in 1839. A
first working solar cell was firstly designed by an American Charles Fritz in 1883. Since
then, various discoveries have been made on solar cells with vast improvement in ability
to harness solar energy. (Vivint, 2022)

1.2 Identification of the Need

Since the industrial revolution, the rate of environmental destruction has been vastly
increasing. This is due to intensification of human activities that produce a lot of
environmental pollutants including the use fuels for energy generation. The increasing
environmental damage has reduced the dependency on hydroelectric power sources for
electricity production. The application of alternative energy sources particularly solar
energy has been put into greater attention. This has created a great need for the study
of solar power systems, including hybrid solar inverters that help to capability of solar
power system to sustain long enough following the shortage of sun radiations.

1.3 Problem Statement

The increasing environmental concerns has increased the use of alternative forms of
energy, such as wind energy, solar energy and wave energy. These energies are clean
and environmentally friendly as they generate no pollutants that can damage the
surrounding environments. Solar panels convert sun’s radiations into solar energy which
can then be utilized for various industrial and domestic applications including domestic
lightening.

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

For effective generation of solar energy, the solar panel must maintain the direct contact
with sun’s radiations. However, due to continuously changing climatic conditions, direct
contact to sun’s radiations cannot be maintained throughout at 100% efficiency. In order
to sustain power supply, solar systems need to be equipped with batteries that are
charged by solar energy and release electricity when the solar panels cannot satisfy the
electricity requirements at a time. The combination of solar energy and battery energy
require the use of special type of inverters, called hybrid inverters.

Hybrid solar inverters helps to use solar energy directly from solar panels, and battery
for as a back-up at the situations where there is power outage due to various conditions
that cause solar panels to generate less electricity which cannot be used directly to
satisfy the electrical requirements. The use of solar panel to charge the battery gives an
additional advantage of surplus power in case the power outage of mains is prolonging.
Thus, this inverter can last for longer duration’s and provide uninterrupted power supply
to the user.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

This project aims at designing or fabricating a hybrid inverter with solar battery charging.
In order to achieve this major aim, the following specific objectives will be carried under
this project:

i. To review literature related to by hybrid inverter with solar battery charging.

ii. To design Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging.
iii. To fabricate the ckt for hybrid inverter with solar battery charging.
iv. To test the hybrid inverter with solar battery charging & analyses the results
obtained.
v. To prepare a report based on the woke done.

1.5 Scope and Feasibility Study of Project

The scope of this project focuses on the utilization of hybrid solar inverters for surplus
storage and supply of electricity for various electrical application. The project will study
the production of electricity from solar radiations by using solar cells or photovoltaic
cells, and the design of solar power system that utilize special type of inverter which will

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 Chapter 1 Introduction

be able to combine the direct energy generated from solar cells and the battery power,
for the efficient sustainability of power supply.

Solar energy has ben put into work for many decades, and thus solar panels have been
available widely across the sultanate of Oman. In relation to this project, the availability
of solar power appliances will allow the feasible study and experimentation of solar
power system with hybrid solar inverter.

1.6 Significance of a Project

The world is moving toward using alternative form of energy with solar energy being the
cheapest form of energy that can be harnessed using simple technology. This project
will help to expand deep understanding of solar power generations from solar cells and
combination of solar cells with back up battery by using hybrid power inverters. The
finding of this project will enable the improvement of solar power systems, particularly in
the aspect of improving the capability of solar power systems to supply electricity over
long duration in times of power outage, or when solar panels cannot generate sufficient
electricity to satisfy the intended electrical requirements. The results of this project can
also be further investigated to further improves the hybrid solar inverters.

1.7 Chapter Summary

This chapter has presented an introduction to the design and fabrication of hybrid
inverter with solar battery charging. This introduction contains information on the
background history of alternating and direct current, power inverters, hybrid power
inverters and the history of solar energy and solar power generation. Furthermore, the
chapter has presented the need of the study, problem discerption, aim and objectives of
the study, feasibility study, scope of the study and the significance of the project.

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

2. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Paper 1: Review on Hybrid Inverter
Authors: Abhirup Bhowmick, Sayan Singh, Trinika Das and Debasree Saha (2021)

2.1.1 Background

Convectional power sources such as fuels have been reduced day to day, while the
utilization of renewable energy sources has been increasing. However, renewable
sources are mostly affected by whether changes. In order to obtain uninterrupted supply
of power, hybrid inverters are required. This paper performed a review on hybrid
inverters, with the major focus on the design of micro grid with hybrid inverter by using
Matlab Simulink.

2.1.2 Parameters Used

This paper considered electrical parameters used for power systems generated by
renewable energies, mainly being solar energy. These include alternating current, direct
current, electrical voltage and frequency.

2.1.3 Adopted Methodology

A solar power system containing solar panel and a battery was studied in this paper.
Solar battery had an inverter fuelled by a 12V battery, and the inverter was capable of
creating up to 230V alternating current (A.C). The working mechanism of the system
was that, when the main power supply is available, the relay switched to main power
supply. Battery state was controlled and optimized by using bidirectional diode converter
connective PV diode. The authors designed a microcontroller-based grid hitched solar
inverter (GTSI). Cascade-H bridge topology was used to increase the efficiency and
reliability of the power system, which was used by a solar multi-level pulse width
modulator inverter. Matlab Simulink was used to simulate the design.

2.1.4 Obtained Results and Discussion

The authors analyzed that, when the sun radiations fall on solar panel, the generated dc
voltage was converted into ac voltage by using inverter. This ac voltage can then be
used to run home appliances and charge the battery for further uses and as excess
charge when the electrical power cut off due to various factors.

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

The results for the output voltage and output current wave forms are shown in figure 2.1
below. These results showed that, for different loading conditions, the solar panel
produced direct current which was then converted to alternating current by using
inverter. Inverter generated alternating current (AC) from the direct current (DC) input.
The results showed that, the output alternating current was not pure, rather showed
harmonic pattern. A filter was used to reduce the harmonic patterns. The use of hybrid
inverter enabled the charging of the battery and the alternative use of the battery when
the power goes off.

Figure 2.2: Current Wave form for resistive and RC load

2.1.5 Important Conclusion

The review of several paper revealed that hybrid inverters are helpful in combining and
monitoring direct current and alternating currents simultaneously. In the future scope, the
proposed work will be used with the advanced technology for the control and monitoring
of power systems generated from alternative sources.

2.1.6 Shortcomings/Research Gap

The analysis of this paper was based on the software simulation of the hybrid inverter for
the monitoring and control of power. The simulation considered various loading
conditions; however, little emphasis was put onto the control and monitoring of solar
power. The current study focusses on the application of hybrid inverters on solar energy.

2.2 Paper 2: Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging

Authors: B. Ravi Teja, B.R., Akhib, G.J. and Bahamani, K. (2018)

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Background

An inverter is a device which converts direct current – alternating current power. Solar
inverter harness energy from the sun, and change DC-AC power. Solar inverters enable
the DC devices to work or run-on AC power and vice versa. The production of solar
energy is highest during the day when there are high sun radiations, and minimum or
absent during the night. Hence for solar power systems, there is no electricity during the
night. This put a need for a system to back-up the electricity when there is no power
production by storing the generated energy during the day time. This paper presented
the study of hybrid inverter with solar battery charging.

2.2.2 Parameters Used

Major parameters used in this paper were the electrical parameters such as direct
current, alternating current and the corresponding voltages.

2.2.3 Adopted Methodology

The authors of this paper designed a solar power system that was composed of 12v
solar panel, changer-over relay, rectifier, step-down transformer, ac power supply,
battery, inverter and a load. The solar panel was made up of 6×10 photo voltaic cells. A
12v 4.5 AH rechargeable battery was used for the storage of the generated solar energy,
and as a back-up for power when there was no generation of electricity. An IC 741 OP
AMP was used as an operational amplifier for various mathematical operations in
circuits. A 12v Single changeover relay was used to control the circuit by a separate low
power signal. These relays were used to switch between dc and ac. Other components
used in this paper include Zener diode, IN5402 diodes, light-emitting diode and a
transistor BC-550.

2.2.4 Obtained Results and Discussion

The authors of this paper performed a physical experiment for the hybrid solar inverter.
The hybrid inverter with solar battery charging circuit was charged from two sources,
alternating power supply and a solar energy. The authors succeeded to design a power
system with a hybrid inverter. The inverter converted 12 volts to 9 volts ac voltage, which
stepped-up to 230 volts by using a step-up transformer. When the output form solar
panel was below 12V, the relay switched to alternating current (AC) supply and the

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

battery got charged from the ac supply. This was indicated by the turning-on of the LED.
When the output of solar panel was higher than 12 volts, the relay switched to solar
power and the battery got charged from solar energy. This was indicated by the turning-
on of green LED. The electricity forms a charge battery was then supplied to the load via
inverter.

2.2.5 Important Conclusion

Hybrid inverter with solar battery charging helped to provide an uninterrupted power
supply when the power cut off. Solar power is cost-free and safe in terms of
environmental conservations. Solar power systems with hybrid inverter can be used in
various application such as in hospitals, home appliances and educational institutions.

2.2.6 Shortcomings

The analysis of this paper focused on the hybrid inverters and their applications to
various uses. However, the authors did not perform the analysis based on the
economics of the project and its applicability in large application such as industrial
applications. The paper did not analyse the results based on the electrical parameters
and the impacts of different factors on the performance of the power system.

2.3 Paper 3: Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery charging

Authors: Ashiq P A, Anand P H, Akhil Suvarnan, Lithul Krishna, Rejoice Thomas Paul
(2019)

2.3.1 Background

Solar inverters convert direct current (d.c) generated from the solar panel into alternating
current (a.c) which is in usable form for various applications. The same inverter can be
used to charge the battery through 230 AC mains, and hence performing two functions
of charging the battery and supplying alternating current power supply. This paper aimed
at studying the hybrid inverter with solar battery charging.

2.3.2 Parameters Used

Parameters used in this paper include ac-dc power conversion, changeover time,
adaptive algorithm, inrush current and voltages.

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.3.3 Adopted Methodology

A review study of hybrid solar inverters was the main method used in this paper. The
authors analyzed the working principle of hybrid inverters in terms of the changing
current from direct to alternating, application and safety issues associated with the
hybrid solar inverters. The analysis went further on the special features of solar hybrid
inverters and daily application of the equipments.

2.3.4 Obtained Results and Discussion

The authors analyzed that, hybrid solar inverter main function is to convert dc into ac, in
which case it supplies ac power for loading and charging the battery. Inverters used for
grid applications provide power only based on what is generated immediately the array
from the sun. Hybrid inverter remain grid-connected throughout, and combine renewable
and non-renewable energies to charge batteries and offset different electrical loads.

Hybrid inverters can be applied to any site or system which has a potential of losing the
grid frequently. The authors analyzed different applications of hybrid inverters including
residential or domestic uses, engineering applications which extends to large-capacity
microgrids and grid-connected power systems such as railway systems, pipelines, data
centers and Telcom shelters.

Different special features of the hybrid inverter were analyzed including high efficiency
for adaptive algorithm, high efficiency of MPPT solar charger, power conversion between
dc and ac, current distortion, multi-stage battery charging, high inrush current and fast
change-over. Other include digital display with keypad control or touch screen.

2.3.5 Important Conclusion

Traditional off-grid solar systems utilize simple inverters whose function is to perform dc-
ac conversion. Advance inverters extend its function form ac-dc conversion to enabling
battery charging. Those inverters have a built-in generator control systems that concert
dc to ac and allow charging of batteries. Some inverters can only work with two energy
sources, while others can work with multiple sources of power.

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.3.6 Shortcomings

The analysis of this paper was based on the review of the hybrid inverters. The authors
of this paper based on discussing the working mechanism of simple and hybrid inverters
as well as their application in daily life. No significant test or experiment was performed
to validate the observations of the reviewed study.

2.4 Paper 4: A new concept of intelligent hybrid inverter for battery

charging
Authors: Narendra, Y., Nath, K.K., Hamidulla, S., Lokesh, K., Jagadeesh, Y. (2020)

2.4.1 Background

Damaging nature of energy sources such as fuels has changed the dependency of
power on non-renewable sources to renewable sources such as solar and wind energy.
However, these energy sources are greatly affected by the fluctuating nature which
destabilize grid systems. In order to obtains stable, reliable and efficient power system,
various researches have been made including the introduction of PV or hybrid inverters
which has the ability to store energy. This paper proposed a new concept of high-
efficient single phase intelligent hybrid for maximization of local power consumptions.

2.4.2 Parameters Used

The parameters that were included in this paper were majorly electrical parameters such
as power efficiency, direct and alternating current, magnetic signals, and battery storage
capacity.

2.4.3 Adopted Methodology

An electrical circuit was designed and developed for the study of the hybrid inverters.
This circuit was made of hybrid inverter, solar and wind battery charging system, 12 volts
rechargeable battery. The inverter used in this paper was capable of generating up to
110V ac. Current sensors were used to measure a voltage drop across a wire either
through direct current measurements or through calculations of magnetic fields resulting
from current changes as measured by a ACS712 current sensor and Hall effect sensor
respectively. The experimental validation utilized various equipments including Arduino
Uno microcontroller, inverter. Relay, LCD, power supply, solar panel for solar energy,

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

and wind turbine sensor for generation of wind energy. Arduino IDE and Embedded-C-
language were used as the softwares for process simulation.

2.4.4 Obtained Results and Discussion

The results from the experimental set-up showed that, the energy required for the
electrical system could be supplied to the circuit and external load either as the
combination of both solar energy and wind energy, or as separate cases of solar and
wind energies. Table 2.1 shows the table for the power description of the developed
hybrid inverter.

Table 2.1: Power description for the Hybrid Inverter

The authors analyzed that, when the input power supply was available, the LCD
displayed a word MAINS which implied that the power was coming from the main supply,
and the bulb lighted on to indicate the loading condition. Similar observations were
obtained when solar power sources and wind power sources were turned off.

2.4.5 Important Conclusion

Single-phase intelligent hybrid inverter can optimize the throughput path of battery
storage. The simulation results showed stable operations at different photovoltaic (PC)
conditions. The result showed the efficiency of about 96%, which will also maximize local
consumptions, increase PV-battery model and reduce the dependency on grid system.

2.4.6 Shortcomings

The analysis of this paper was focused on the use of intelligent hybrid. There is no
critical discussion on various parameters that affects the efficiency of the system. The

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

risk and safety analysis of this paper was not included in the analysis; however,
electrical systems are very dangerous and are mostly associated with critical fire and
shoch hazards.

2.5 Paper 5: Design and real-time implementation of SPWM based inverter

Authors: Hannan, Sundas & Aslam, Sohaib & Ghayur, Muhammad. (2018).

2.5.1 Background

High population growth, economic growth and advancement in science and technology
are among the major factor that have raised the demand for electrical energy. This has
also raised a lot of concerns on how to generate electricity from alternative sources that
are renewable, safe and cheap. Solar energy has been the most preferred alternative
due to cheaper costs, less maintenance and reliable. Inverter plays an important role in
renewable energies as it converts DC to AC and injects sinusoidal current into utility.
However, modern loads require more pure sine waves. Pure sines can be generated
from different approaches. This paper aimed at designing and implementing a sinusoidal
pulse width modulation (SPWM) for the generation of pure sine waves.

2.5.2 Parameters Used

Major parameters used in this study were electrical parameters such as sine waves,
current waves, frequency, cut-off frequency, alternating and direct current, capacitance
and inductance.

2.5.3 Adopted Methodology

Pulse width modulation (PWM) was used as the main technique for controlling output
voltage of the inverter. This was achieved through variation of duty cycles of pulses. As
compared to other techniques, PWM offers simple and robust control. Sinusoidal pulse
width modulation was generated by PIC24F series 16-biy PIC microcontroller, which was
more flexible, simple control loop, less complex and require less space. The authors of
this paper performed SPWM calculations for duty cycles which was the product of value
of sine table and PWM time period. For the designed inverting system was made up of

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

battery, microcontroller, isolation circuit, MOSFETs, transformer and wave filter for pure
sine waves. The process was simulated by using MPLAB and Proteus software.

2.5.4 Obtained Results and Discussion

The results from process simulation showed that, the developed inverter for sinusoidal
pulse width modulation was capable of generating pure sine waves, as shown in figure
2.2 below. The results from the experimental validation showed that, the resistive loads
which was represented by a bulb agreed with pure sine waves with a smooth and stable
lightening. The results from the oscilloscope also showed pure sine waves, hence the
SPWM-based inverters gave best results for resistive loads. The display of pure sine
waves during the experiment implied the real-time implementation of SPWM-based
inverters.

Figure 2.3: Pure sine waves from SPWM

Figure 2.4: Pure Sine Waves at Resistive Loads

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 Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.5.5 Important Conclusion

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) based inverters are capable of generating
pure sine waves, hence supporting a lot of modern electrical loads that require pure sine
waves. Real-time implementation of SPWM was achieved, and the SPWM -based
inverters showed best results for resistive loads.

2.5.6 Shortcomings

The analysis of this paper was based on the design of intelligent inverter for the
generation of pure sine waves. Unlike the present study, hybrid inverters for the battery
charging were not considered in this paper. Also, the authors put little emphasis on solar
power system. Different parameters that can affect the performance of the designed
inverter were not analyzed.

2.6 Chapter Summary

The literature review chapter has presented a total of five different academic and
research papers that are closely related to the study of hybrid inverters for battery
charging and solar power systems. The review has analyzed the background of each
paper with its corresponding problem statement, different parameters used in the study,
methodology adopted by the authors, results obtained and discussion made, important
conclusions that were drawn as well as the shortcomings of the paper relative to the
present study.

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 Conclusion and Future Work

3. CHAPTER 3 DATA ANALYSIS/PRE-DESIGN

3.1 Pre-Design of Hybrid Inverter with Solar Charging
Hybrid inverter in electrical circuit palsy ana important role of controlling and managing
power sources. Under this project, the design of hybrid inverter focusses on the
electrical power control between the energy from main alternating current (AC)
supply/source, the solar energy generated by solar panel, and battery charging the
sources of power supply in the circuit.

Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging System will consist of an inverter (hybrid
inverter) powered by a 12V Battery. This hybrid inverter can generate up to 415V AC
with the help of driver circuitry and a heavy load transformer. This battery will be charged
from two sources, first being the mains A.C power supply, and the second source being
the solar energy from the solar panel. If the mains power supply is available, the relay
will switch or connection to the main A.C power supply to supply to the load.

When the main A.C supply is not available, the relay will switch to the solar energy
supply for battery charging. The hybrid inverter will convert the direct current (D.C)
generated from PV or solar cells to alternating current (A.C) which can be used to load
the downstream electrical appliances, while at the same time charging the battery for the
back-up during extreme weather conditions or during night where there are no sufficient
solar radiations for the production of electricity to support the required load. The use of
solar panel to charge the battery gives an additional advantage of surplus power in case
the power outage of mains is prolonging. Thus, this inverter can last for longer duration’s
and provide uninterrupted power supply to the user.

3.2 Fabrication/Experimental Validation

An experiment will be conducted to validate the design of the hybrid inverter with battery
charging. This experiment will fabricate the hybrid inverter system with solar battery
charging. The following major materials will be used in the experimental testing of the
hybrid inverter:

 An inverter
 12V Battery
 Relay

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 Conclusion and Future Work

 Solar Panel
 Bulb (Load)
 A microcontroller
 Power Supply
 Transformer
An Arduino microcontroller will be used for the automatic control of supply of power
sources between main A.C power supply, solar power supply and the battery power
supply to the load. Based on the measured currents, the microcontroller will dictate
which sources has to supply the power to the load or charge the battery. This
microcontroller can be connected to a computer by using a USB cable for display of
results. The utilization of a microcontroller will add an advantage of automatic control
and monitoring of supply of power to the load., hence removing the necessity of human
interaction, which improve the efficiency of the power system.

The analysis of the performance of the designed hybrid inverter with solar battery
charging will base on the capability or efficiency of the system to control the supply of
power from different sources as well as battery charging.

3.3 Block Flow Diagram

The block flow diagram for the proposed design of a hybrid inverter with battery charging
is shown in figure 3.1 below.

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 Conclusion and Future Work

Figure 3.5: Block Flow Diagram for hybrid inverter with solar battery charging

3.4 Statistical Tools and Data Interpretation

Microsoft-based software will be used as the major statistical tool in this project. This tool
will be used to present different experimental data and used in the analysis of the results
and finding, including performing comparison analysis, and cross-relation analysis
between different parameters considered in this project. As compared to other statistical
tools, Microsoft excel is simple to use, has a user-friendly interface and have multiple
options for presenting and manipulating numerical data.

3.5 Research Plans

The study for the design and fabrication of hybrid inverter with solar battery charging will
be conducting through both virtual design and practical fabrication of the system. Victual
design will involve the design of ana electrical circuit that will incomprises all
components for the hybrid inverter with solar battery charging. The practical fabrication
will involve the experimental design and set-up of a hybrid inverter system which will be
done to validate the design.

3.6 Activity Flow Chart

To study working mechanism of Hybrid Inviters Systems

To design electric circuit for the hybrid inverter with battery

charging

To fabricate hybrid inverter with solar battery charging system

through experimental analysis

To design electric circuit for the hybrid inverter with battery

charging 17
 Conclusion and Future Work

3.7 Grantt Chart

Table 3.2: Grantt Chart

PROJECT PLANNING GANTT CHART - (RM PHASE)

KEY ACTIVITIES (TASKS) DURATION 1 DIV = 1 WEEK

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1.Topic Identification with

supervisor.
2. Writing proposal and
submission.
3. Course work 1: Preparation
(discuss with supervisor,
review a paper writing as
abstract, critical analysis)
4. course work 2: Finding
research papers, writing
introduction, writing literature,
Review writing, Pre-design,
conclusion, further work and
referencing.
5.Recheck course work 2 and
submission.

3.8 Chapter Summary

This chapter has presented the pre-design of the design and fabrication of hybrid
inverter with solar battery charging. Tis include the pre-design of the system,
experimental setup, block flow diagram, statistical tools and data interpretation, research
plans as well as Activity flow chart and Grantt charts.

18
 Conclusion and Future Work

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

4.1 Conclusion
The use of non-renewable sources such as petroleum fuels and coals as the sources of
power has been decreasing, while the use of renewable sources has been increasing
day to day. Increasing population and life advancement, has increased the demand for
more alternative sources of power. Solar energy is the most preferred alternative source
due to its cheapness in terms of costs, reliability, availability and easiness of use. This
project has presented the design and fabrication of hybrid inverter for solar battery
charging.

With hybrid inverter, a solar power system become capable of extending its ability to
supply power, even at time of outage of main power supply. The results from literature
review have shown that, hybrid converters are capable of enabling battery charging and
supply of power to load from both main supply, direct solar power or from battery when
there is neither generation of solar energy nor the main supply. The inclusion of
microcontroller enables the electrical power system with hybrid inverter automatically
with minimum human interference. The fabrication and analysis of the design will be
performed in the technical project.

4.2 Future Work to be carried out in Technical Project

The technical project for the design and fabrication of hybrid inverter with solar battery
charging will involve both virtual design and practical design or fabrication. The virtual
design will be concerned with the design of the electric circuit for the hybrid solar
inverter with battery charging system, while the fabrication process will be concerned
with the experimental set-up of the electrical power system with hybrid inverter, solar
panel, battery, amin power supply and the associated accessories. The technical project
will also analyse the ability of the designed power system to self-control by using an
arduino as the microcontroller. Following the experimental, the performance of the
electrical power system will be analyzed based on its effectiveness and efficiency.

19
 Safe Assign Report

SAFE ASSIGN REPORT

20
 Formal Project Proposal

FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

Solar Relay/Load
Hybrid Inverter
Controller Load
Panel

Battery A.C Supply

21
Formal Project Proposal

22
 References

REFERENCES
Abhirup Bhowmick, Sayan Singh, Trinika Das, Debasree Saha, 2021, Review on Hybrid
Inverter. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 9(11)

Ashiq, P. A., Anand, P. H., Suvarnan, A., Krishna, L. and Paul, R.T., 2019. Hybrid
Inverter with Solar Battery charging. Global research and development journal for
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electronics engineering. May 2019.

Efy, 2020. Alternating and direct current. Electronicsforu. Available at:

https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/learn-electronics/difference-between-
ac-and-dc

Hannan, S., Aslam, S. and Ghayur, M., 2018. Design and real-time implementation of
SPWM based inverter. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative
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Narendra, Y., Nath, K.K., Hamidulla, S., Lokesh, K., Jagadeesh, Y., 2020. A new
concept of intelligent hybrid inverter for battery charging. Journal of science, technology
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sep2020.pdf

Rose, K., Aggarwal, M., Batra, A. and Wingo, D., 2016. Design and Fabrication of
Transportable Hybrid Solar and Wind Energy System. Journal of Advanced Science.
Available at: https://7. 10.1166/asem.2015.1672.

Svarc, J., 2021. What is hybrid Inverter. Clean energy reviews. Available at:
https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/what-is-a-hybrid-inverter

Teja, B.R., Akhib, G.J. and Bahamani, K., 2018. Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery
Charging. International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research.
5(7), pp.1075-1082. Available at: http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIRC006185.pdf

Vivint, 2022. Solar History: Solar 101. Available at: https://www.vivintsolar.com/learning-

center/history-of-solar-energy

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