1.

0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Natural gas is the gas produced from the earth’s deep rocks. Major constituent of natural gas is
Methane (CH4), other components are usually in relatively small quantities, and they include
ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and moisture or water vapors. Solids
or sands may also be produced from the reservoir.

Production of oil and gas from the reservoir is accompanied with the production of water contained
in the reservoir, termed as produced water. Thus produced water is the water found in the same
formations as oil and gas, which is brought to the surface with the hydrocarbons and it contain
some of the chemical characteristics of the formation from which it was produced and from the
associated hydrocarbons.

Produced water is removed from the produced oil and gas streams at the surface, using separator
which may either be two phase or three phase. In all gas fields, there is a facility to separate
produced water from the gas stream. The produced water separated from the oil and gas is not pure
as it contain some organic matters, suspended solids and other chemicals originating from the
reservoir rocks. Thus, in order to dispose this produced water, it must first be treated properly. For
instance produced water from Marcellus natural gas field, U.S is first fully treated before disposing
it into the ocean. (King, 2008)

At Mnazi Bay Gas field, produced water from separator and dehydration unit is channeled directly
to the evaporation pit where it is allowed to settle in one part of the pit and then evaporated into
the atmosphere with the aid of an evaporation pump in the second pit. However, this water is not
pure water, as it contain some constituents, with each having different impact on the environment
when present in discharged water. These constituents include dispersed and soluble oil,
radionuclides, production chemicals and heavy metals. (M&P, 2018)

Direct disposal of these constituents into the environment can endanger the lives of organisms
found on those environments including plants and animals as well as marine organisms. Despite
endangering the lives of organisms, such untreated water tends to highly pollute the environments
particularly through dispersed and soluble oil. For example water produced initially from Niger
delta gas field was not properly treated before disposal, causing damage to surrounding plants and
microorganism. (Chad, et al, 2010)
Mnazi Bay gas processing plant (GPF) is surrounded by various species of living organisms
ranging from plants and animal to microorganism, being either on land or in water. Animal species
ranging from land dwellers to marine organisms such as green and hawksbill turtles, crab-plovers
are found within the area. Vegetation and plants found at Mnazi Bay includes secondary Miombo
woodland, Marshland, coastal thicket/bushland, Mangrove and cashewnut-Coconut woodland. All
these organisms are affected by the untreated water, and some tends to die with the continual
disposal. (M&P, 2014).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Water produced from a gas field is not safe for direct disposal into the environment as it contain
some components which are harmful to the environments once they have exceed the required
limitations as given by country regulatory organ.

However, water produced from Mnazi Bay gas field is disposed directly into the environments
after being settled in a pit and then evaporated into the atmosphere using pump evaporator. Despite
being the cheapest method to dispose produced water, this method has no significant treatment to
remove organic contents, suspended solids and other chemicals, and thus endangering the
environments into which such water is disposed. Preliminary laboratory analysis has shown that,
a produced water has a pH ranging from 6.0 to 6.3 while the allowable is 6.5 to 8.5, Biochemical
Oxygen demand (BOD) of 580mg/l while the allowable is 30mg/l, chemical oxygen demand of
1226mg/l while the allowable is 60mg/l, turbidity of 1055NTU while the allowable is 300NTU,
666mh/l total suspended solids while the allowable is 100mg/l and 7050 TCU color rather than
300TCU. (TPDC, 2013)

Current rate of water production range from 7 to 11 m3 (44.03 bbls to 69.19 bbls) with the
production of about 88MMscfd. The agreement signed in 2014 between Maurel & Prom and
Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC), require the operating company at Mnazi
Bay to produce 130MMscf/day until 2031, implying that more water will be produced from the
field, and thus increasing threat to the environment. (M&P, 2018)

In response to this problem, this study propose the preliminary design of treating water produced
from Mnazi Bay gas field with the focus on the organic matter removal through media filtration
using walnut shells. This method become cost effective as it has minimum power use and an
optimum capital cost. The media used in this study is walnut shells which has high affinity to oil
and thus effective to remove oil contaminating produced water. Minimal chemical use may be
required to remove other chemicals if water is to be re-used.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 Main Objectives
The main objective of this project is to conduct preliminary design of produced water treatment
scheme at Mnazi Bay gas field using walnut shells.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
 To characterize produced water.
 To determine size of the filter tank dimensions.
 To determine operating parameters for the filter tank.
 To determine coagulation and flocculation dosage which may be required to improve filter
efficiency.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

On the completion of this project, that is after all the objectives have been achieved as expected,
Mnazi Bay natural gas processing plant will be capable of treating water produced alongside with
the hydrocarbons coming from the reservoir, removing oil and grease content up to 95% of
removal. Thus, this project will enable the produced water from the sytem attain required
specifications on ints constituents as provided by a national regulatory authority.
Similarly, this project will ensure the environmental safety of the region into which produced water
is been dispersed particularly microorganisms, marine life, surrounding vegetation as well as some
animal and bird species.
 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
For a given water or wastewater, such material may comprise suspended, dissolved organic and/or
inorganic matter, as well as several biological organisms, such as bacteria, algae or viruses. This
material has to be removed, as it causes deterioration of water quality by reducing the clarity for
instance causing turbidity or Colour, causing infection, and eventually carrying toxic compounds,
adsorbed on their surfaces. (Tzoupanos, 2008).

Walnut shell/ Nutshell

Merriam-webster dictionary defines a nutshell as the hard external covering in which the kernel of
a nut is enclosed. A walnut refers to the nut of any tree of the genus juglans (Latin), family
Juglandaceae. They are a wrinkly, globe-like nut that is the fruit of the walnut tree. These plants
grow in a hard shell, which when opened reveals as flat segments. Walnuts are usually eaten or
roasted. Walnut may either be English/Persian or Black and white/butternut. Black walnut has
higher efficiency for organic removal as compared to the white walnut shell.
There are several factors that makes walnut/pecan suited for the removal of oil from produced
water stream, some of these properties includes the followings:
i. They are hard and have a high modulus of elasticity resulting in a low attrion rate and
minimal media replacement typically < 5% per year. This hardness allow them to suit
against abrasiveness and wear.
ii. They have an equal affinity for water and oil, allowing oil to be adsorbed during normal
operation, but also enable oil to be removed from the bed during agitation allowing for
media re-use.
Nut shell filter
This refers to the mechanical equipment used in industrial world to separates oil from water.
Typically nutshell are designed for loadings under 100mg/L oil and 100mg/L suspended solids
and operates with 90-95% removal efficiency. This equipment make use of either walnut (black
walnut shell) or pecan shells due to their desirable properties that makes them suited for oil
removal. These shells are packed within the column usually vertical vessels which offers best oil
removal with the downward flow direction. (Chad, 2010)
However, nutshell filters are used for tertially treatment following primary and secondary
treatment which removes bulk of the oil and suspended solids. This imply that, this method cannot
be used to treat stream coming direct from the well. Rather than a stream coming from primary
separation unit for the gas stream. (Howdeshell, 2011)

Figure: A walnut/pecan shell filter

As the size of particles in the wastewater gets smaller, the longer it takes for them to settle. Particles
of smaller than 10-5 mm may be referred as colloids and particles smaller than 10-6 mm as
solutions.

Principle of Operation
Oily water is introduced into the vessel and distributed to ensure even flow throughout the vessel.
As the water flows through the vessel, the Nut shell media adsorbs the oil and fine solids allowing
clean water to exit the vessel. These filters are typically used to achieve oil concentration of less
than 5ppmv, although concentrations down to 1 ppmv can be achieved. Also they are capable of
removing particulate solids down to 3 microns in size.
The media physically adsorbs the oil and fine solids and prevents these from passing through the
vessel. Over time the oil and fine solids accumulates on the media, and thus needs to be
regenerated, which is done by reversing the flow thereby washing the adsorbed oil and fine solids
off the media. (Howdeshell, 2011)
According to Howdeshell the following are the advantages offered by Nutshell Filter

 Low operating costs

 High flux rates
 Low backflow volume & tankage requirements
 No air, gas or steam source is required
 Complete fluidization of filter bed
 Supply water used for backflow
 Short backwash cycles (11 – 15 minutes)
 Not affected by motion (Suits floating installations)

To separate the dissolved and suspended particles from the wastewater, coagulation and
flocculation processes are used. Coagulation and flocculation is relatively simple and cost
effective, provided that chemicals are available and dosage is adapted to the water composition.
Regardless of the nature of the treated water and the overall applied treatment scheme, coagulation-
flocculation is usually included, either as a pre-treatment or as a post-treatment step after
sedimentation. (Mazille, 2014)
Most solids suspended in water possess a negative charge and they consequently repel each other.
This repulsion prevents the particles from agglomerating, causing them to remain in suspension.
Coagulation and flocculation occur in successive steps intended to overcome the forces stabilizing
the suspended particles, allowing particle collision and growth of floc, which then can be settled
and removed (by sedimentation) or filtered out of the water. (Mazille, 2014)
The physical chemistry of coagulation may be considered as the dissociation of the coagulant into
positively charged ions which may combine with the negatively charged colloids neutralizing
some of the charge on the colloid permitting agglomeration or the formation of insoluble
complexes (floc) by the reaction of the metal ions with the hydroxide ions (and other available
ions such as phosphates, sulfates and chlorides in complex solutions).

Coagulation Principles
Coagulation is usually a preceding step before flocculation is done. Basically, coagulation has the
main function of destabilizing the charges on the particles. Since the particles in the wastewater
are in most cases negatively charged, coagulant with positive charge is added to neutralize the
negative charge. After the charge has been neutralized the suspended non-settable solid particles
are agglomerated. Microflocs are formed in this stage and they are still too little to be visible by
naked eye.
A high-energy, rapid-mix to properly disperse the coagulant and promote particle collisions is
needed to achieve good coagulation and formation of the microflocs. Over-mixing does not affect
coagulation but insufficient mixing will leave the step incomplete. Proper contact time in the rapid-
mix chamber is typically 1 to 3 minutes. (Mazille, 2014)

Figure 2: (Tzoupanos, 2008)

Flocculation Principles
Flocculation which is a proceeding step after coagulation involves the formation of larger
agglomerates which can then be easily separated through gravity settling. Flocculation is achieved
through gentle mixing which promotes the collision of the microflocs formed in the previous step
to form larger particles which are even visible. In this stage coagulant aids (high molecular weight
polymers) may be added to promote bridging, binding and strengthening of the flocs. Coagulant
aids also help to increase the settling rate. The proper contact time in this process is from 15 or 20
minutes to 1 hour or more. (Tzoupanos, 2008)
 Figure 3: Flocculation mechanism (Tzoupanos, 2008)

Coagulation Reagents
Primary Coagulants:
Coagulants are either metallic salts or polymers. The most commonly used coagulants are the salts
of aluminium and iron.
Aluminium salts:
Alum is the most common coagulant used. It is normally generated through reacting bauxite ores
with sulfuric acid. The generated compound is hydrated Aluminium Sulfate (Al2(SO4)3.14H2O)
and it is supplied as a powder (with a concentration of 17%) or as a liquid (with concentration of
8.3%). (Mazille, 2014)
Al2(SO4)3.14H2O + 6H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 ……………………………….... (i)
OR
Al2(SO4)3.14H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2 → Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2 ………………… (ii)
Al(OH)3 is the floc generated when Alum reacts with the wastewater. The advantage of using
Alum is that it readily dissolves in water but its downside is that Alum forms flocs at lower pH
and for the best performance the pH should range from 6 to 8. When Alum is used at low doses
(<5 mg/L), destabilization is the primary mechanism involved. At higher doses the process turns
to be entrapment whereby Aluminium hydroxide precipitates forming a sweepfloc. (Mazille, 2014)
Iron salts:
Ferric chloride is the least expensive of ionrganic coagulants since it is generated as a waste
material in steel making operations. However, it is the most corrosive and hazardous inorganic
coagulant. Its reaction is quite similar to that of Alum. Ferrous sulfate and Ferric sulfate are also
used as inorganic coagulants.
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 → 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 ………………………………….(iii)
Fe(OH)3 is the floc formed.
The advantage of using ferrous sulfate is that it forms flocs at low pH values and so coagulation is
achievable at pH values as low as 4.0. Also the flocs formed by ferrous sulfate (Fe(OH)3) are
insoluble over wide ranges of pH than Al(OH)3 except between 7.0 and 8.5.
Furthermore flocs from iron coagulants are heavier than alum flocs and they do not redissolve at
high pH values.

Coagulant Aids
Coagulant aids are inorganic materials that accelerate the process of coagulation and flocculation
by producing quick forming, dense and rapid settling flocs. They tend to increase the density of
the flocs that settle slowly and also strengthen the flocs. (Bansode, 2013)
Commonly used coagulant aids include Bentonite (clay), Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), Calcium
oxide (CaO), Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), Sodium aluminate (Na2Al2O4), anionic polymer and non
ionic polymer.

Chemical Considerations
Alkalinity
Alkalinity has an effect on how chemicals react with the raw water. Raw water that has too little
alkalinity will lead to poor formation of flocs. If the alkalinity is not at a satisfactory level then it
might be wise to use supplementary sources such as caustic soda, lime or soda ash. Alkalinity
concentration below 50mg/L may not be suitable for the use coagulants such as alum and ferric
chloride.
pH
pH also plays an important role in determining how effective the chemical will be. For alum, the
suitable pH range is between 5.0 and 7.0. For ferric salts, the optimum pH range is between 5.0
and 8.5. pH values above 8.5 may be suitable for ferric salts and other highly acidic coagulants.
Temperature
Temperature values of less than 5oC may not be suitable for alum and ferric salts to properly form
flocs. Thus operating temperature must be higher than 5oC.
In order to adjust to these chemical considerations several measures can be taken which include
changing the coagulants, adjusting the coagulant dosages, adjusting the flash mixer and/or
flocculator mixing intensity (speed), adding a coagulant aid or adjusting alkalinity or pH.

Coagulation Tank Design

In the design of a coagulation unit it is important to know the velocity gradient, G. the velocity
gradient describes the mixing intensity. For most coagulation units, the velocity gradient ranges
from 700 to 1000 sec-1.
𝑊 𝑃
𝑮= √ μ = √μV ……………………………………………..1

Where;
W = Power imparted by unit volume of basin (Nm/sm3)
V = Basin volume
P = Power imparted (Nm/s)
µ = Absolute water viscosity (0.00131 Ns/m2 )
The volume of the coagulation tank can be determined from the product of the incoming flow rate
and the retention time. The retention time for most coagulation units is typically 1 to 3 minutes.
Maximum tank volume is 8m3 and the mixing equipments involved are electric motor, gear-type
speed reducer and turbine of axial shaft impeller. The tanks are normally equipped with turbine
impellers and 2 or 3 horizontal compartments to provide sufficient residence time. The design
liquid depth is 0.5 to 1.1 times the basin diameter or width. Impeller diameter ranges from 0.3 to
5.0 times the tank diameter or width. Impellers typically have a diameter of less or equal to 1.0
meter. (Al-Najar)
Power imparted by the impeller on to the liquid in coagulation and flocculation tanks is given by;
𝑷=𝑲r(𝒏3)(𝑫i5)𝝆………………………………….2
Where;
P = Power (W)
KT = Impeller constant
n = rotational speed (revolutions/s)
Di = Impeller diameter (m)
𝝆 = Liquid density (kg/m3)
KT for turbine type impellers with 6 flat blades is 6.30 and that for turbine type impellers with 6
curved blades is 4.80.
Flocculation Tank Design
Again in the design of flocculation tanks, the velocity gradient is an important parameter. The
velocity gradient can be computed mathematically using equation for G;
𝑊 𝑃
𝑮= √ μ = √μV

The typical value for velocity gradient during flocculation is 20 to 80 sec-1 while the retention
time is 20 to 60 minutes. A large value of velocity gradient and a small retention time will lead to
generation of small dense flocs. A small value of velocity gradient and a large retention time will
lead to generation of large light flocs. Different values are used so as to attain large and dense flocs
which are desirable. The camp number (Gt) is the product of the velocity gradient and the retention
time. (Leeuwen, 2016)
Flocculation tanks are normally separated by baffles into a number of chambers and the flow of
the water through the baffles may be vertical or horizontal. For horizontal flow baffled flocculator;
2μt 𝐻𝐿𝐺 2 0.33
𝒏 = [(ρ(1.44+f)) ( ) ] ……….…………………..3
𝑄

Figure 6: Horizontal flow baffled flocculator (Kocamemi, 2016)

2μt 𝑊𝐿𝐺 2 0.33

𝒏 = [(ρ(1.44+f)) ( ) ] ……….…………………..4
𝑄

Where;
n = Number of baffles in the basin
H = Depth of water in the basin (m)
L = Length of the basin (m)
W = width of the basin (m)
f = coefficient of friction of the baffles
Q = flowrate (m3 /sec)
t = time of flocculation

Sedimentation
Solid particles that are not removed in preliminary treatment stage are removed in the primary
treatment stage. Settlement tanks are used in removing solids from the water and the physical
process involved is basically sedimentation.
Sedimentation is the separation of suspended particles that are heavier than water. The
sedimentation of particles is based on the gravity force from the difference in density between the
particles and the fluid. (Carlsson, 1998)
The settling velocity of the particles can be determined from Stoke’s law given by;
4𝑔 𝐷
𝑉𝑠2 = 3ρ × 𝐶 × (𝑺𝒔−𝑺𝒘)……………………..5
𝐷

Where;
Vs = Settling velocity of the particle
g = Gravitational constant
D = Diameter of the particle
Ss = Specific gravity of the particle
Sw = Specific gravity of water (1)
ρ = Density of the liquid
The expression for CD depends on whether the flow is laminar, turbulent or transitional.
For laminar flow;
24
𝑪D = 𝑅𝑒 ……………………………
 3.0 METHODOLOGY
Data to be used in this project will include both primary data and secondary data. Primary data are
those which will be obtained from the laboratory measurements of compositional properties of the
produced water and secondary data will be those obtained from TPDC and Tanzania environmental
regulatory authority.
3.1 Analysis of water produced at Mnazi Bay gas field
3.1.1 Characterization of produced water
Characterization of produced water for this study implies determination of composition properties
of produced water. Data on the compositional properties of water produced at Mnazi Bay gas field
will be collected from laboratory analysis of such produced water to be disposed. The parameters
to be assessed in the laboratory includes temperature range, pH range, color, total suspended solids,
turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and oil grease
content.
pH range will be measured using pH meter, COD will be measured using Titrimetric/Colorimetric
Method or ASTM D1252 method, and BOD will be measured using BOD meter OxiDirect
equipment and ASTM D6238 method, total suspended solids will be measured using ASTM
D5907 , color by ASTM D5386 method while oil and grease content will be measured using
ASTM D3921.
A sample of produced water taken from Mnazi bay gas field will be used to measure the above
compositional parameters, in which case it will be run under different laboratory tests to determine
the extent of each parameter contained.

3.1.2 Data Comparison

Secondary data on the regulatory limits for Municipal and Industrial wastewaters under the code
TZS 860:2006 will be collected from TPDC and Environmental regulatory authority. These
properties will then get compared to the data which will obtained from the laboratory analyses of
produced water. The deviation extent of each parameter as measured from the laboratory will be
calculated by substituting them from the government regulatory authority.
3.2 System Design
Generally, the treatment scheme for water produced at Mnazi Bay gas field will be categorized
into three major parts, namely coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation and filtration.
Since two pits are already present at Mnazi bay gas production site, then the first pit will be used
as the sedimentation pit or sedimentation compartment, where solids that can settle down
especially those formed by the coagulation-flocculation process are allowed to settle down by
gravity with a sufficient retention time.

3.2.1 Analysis of flocculation and coagulation

Coagulation system involve the coagulation and floculation tank or pit and its dosage. Required
volume of the coagulation tank will be determined basing on the flowrate and the retention time
using the formula below;
VR = Q × tR for initial insight
𝑑 2
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 × ( 2 ) × h

The coagulation tank will also be fitted with flat blade turbine impellers. The impeller dimensions
are also related to the tank dimensions.
Impeller diameter (Di) = (0.3 – 0.5) Tank diameter
Power for the turbine will be determined using the formula below
P = G2 × µ × V

The impeller revolutions will be determined using the equation below:

Flocculation and coagulation dosage rates will be determined depending on the type of coagulant

and flocculant used as well as their concentration and flowrates.

After solid removal, water stream will enter the walnut shell filter where oil grease will be removed
from produced water before its disposal, and then allowed to enter the second pit which is already
at the site, evaporation of treated produced water will be done at this pit by the aid of the pump.
3.2.2 Analysis of Nut shell Filter Media and Tank
This will be a vessel in which a bed of nut shell media for filtering the produced water will be
contained. The stream of produced water coming from sedimentation pit will be pumped into this
tank where water will be contacted with the median with oil being removed by the walnut shells.
For the minimum power use of pump, the tank will be vertical to allow easy filtration as the
produced water will be flowing downward across the shells.
The water treatment process will be simulated on the SuperPro Designer software to obtain a clear
representation of the wastewater treatment through the number of units that have been selected.
The data required for the simulation of this process include the composition of the wastewater, the
temperature, pressure, volume and the flowrate. From the data that was obtained, the maximum
amount of wastewater that is produced at the Mnazi Bay Gas Field is 11m3/day. This volume can
be converted into barrels as follows;
11𝑚3 1000𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 0.264𝑔𝑎𝑙 1𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑙
× × × = 69.14 barrels/day
𝑑𝑎𝑦 1𝑚3 1𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 42𝑔𝑎𝑙

Thus currently 69.14 barrels of water are produced per day with the production of about 89
MMscf/day of natural gas. Since the production needs to meet 130MMscf/d according to the
agreement signed between the company and TPDC in 2014, then the water production is expected
to reach about 16m3. For this initial design, 25m3 will be assumed to be the design flow rate of
water produced per day and it will be the amount of water required to be filtered by the walnut
filter.
The area of the nut media will be calculated using the formula below

𝑄 × (1 + Time for backwash in hrs)

𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × (Full day time − Backwash time )
The thickness of the tank wall will be calculated using the formula below, provided its diameter
will not exceed 200ft (61m)
2.6𝐷(𝐻−1)𝐺
Thickness required = + CA
𝑆

Where by:
H is the design fluid height in feet
D is the nominal tank diameter in feet
G is the specific gravity of the content
S is the tank wall material allowable tensile stress for the operating or test condition
CA is the corrosion allowance if any.

The following will be the procedures for determining the size of the nutshell filter tank
i. Calculating the amount of produced water which is required to be filtered per day
ii. Determining amount of stream and time which will be consumed used during backwashing
iii. Determining filtration rate and depth of the nutshell media
iv. Calculating area of the media and size of the tank to be used using the formula below
𝑄 × (1 + Time for backwash in hrs)
𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ × (Full day time − Backwash time )

The recommended depth of walnut media will ranges from 70cm to 75cm at 10 – 12 gpm/ft2, and
black walnut will be used due to its absorption capacity, which is 95% of solids at 5 micron and
90% of suspended oil.
 REFERENCES
Chad, F, et al. (2010). Water treatment apparatus incorporating walnut shell filter media and a draft
tube system. US Patent
Howdeshell, M, Catalanotto, C, and Lorge, E. (2011). Walnut shell Filter Reuse. Saud Arabian
Water Environment Association.
King, H.M. (2008). Marcellus Shale Gas. Pennsyllvania State Uniersity, U.S.
RPS Group. (2015). Mnazi Bay Field Reserves Assessment. Alberta: RPS Energy Canada Ltd.
TPDC. (2013). Mnazi Bay Gas Facilities. National Natural Gas Infructure Development. Dar Es
Salaam: TPDC.
Wentworth Resources Limited. (2013). MOZAMBIQUE AND TANZANIA OIL & GAS
RESOURCES REPUBLISHED. United Kingdom: Wentworth Resources Limited Press Release.