c

Lab Part 4: Power System Architecture

TP 1

Assignment: Power System Architecture

I4-EE 1 (Sub Group 2)

LECTURED BY:
SORN DARONG

ENGINEERING’S DEGREE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ENERGY ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA
PHNOM PENH
2021-2022

Student’s name ID
1. PHE MENGHOUR e20190801
2. NOV DAVANN e20190712
3. KEANG LYHOUR e20190363
 Table of Content

Objective: ............................................................................................................................ 5
Part 1: Utilize what you’re learned to complete the following tasks: ........................................ 5
Part 2: for the following section below, use your knowledge from course work and the
reference provided to perform calculation aiding by excel (Section 1 and section 2):.............. 5
Section 1: LV System ........................................................................................................... 5
Section 2: MV System .......................................................................................................... 5
Section 3: HV System .......................................................................................................... 6
Part 3: Using software (Etap, Powerworld) to analyze the system and see how well the
designed system in part 2 perform.............................................................................................. 6
Solution ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Part 1: Utilize what you’re learned to complete the following tasks: ........................................ 7
Part 2: for the following section below, use your knowledge from course work and the
reference provided to perform calculation aiding by excel (Section 1 and section 2):............ 17
Section 1: LV System ......................................................................................................... 26
Section 2: MV System ........................................................................................................ 29
Section 3: HV System ........................................................................................................ 32
Part 3: Using software (Etap, Powerworld) to analyze the system and see how well thr
designed system in part 2 perform............................................................................................ 34
Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 36
Reference ........................................................................................................................... 37

2
 List of Figure

Figure 1: Power System Schematic ............................................................................................ 7

Figure 2: LV Cable ..................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3: Circuit Breaker (LV) .................................................................................................. 8
Figure 4: RCCB (LV) ................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 5: Switch (LV) ................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 6: Fuse (LV) .................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 7: Busbar (LV) .............................................................................................................. 10
Figure 8: Vacuum Circuit Breaker (MV) ................................................................................. 11
Figure 9: Switch (MV) .............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 10: Contactor (MV) ...................................................................................................... 12
Figure 11: Current-limiting fuse (MV) ..................................................................................... 12
Figure 12: Earthing Switch (MV) ............................................................................................. 13
Figure 13: Current Transformer (MV) ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 14: High Voltage Capacitor (HV) ................................................................................ 14
Figure 15: High Voltage Resistor (HV) ................................................................................... 14
Figure 16: High Voltage Connector (HV) ................................................................................ 14
Figure 17: Length Utilization ................................................................................................... 15
Figure 18: HV/MV Concept ..................................................................................................... 16
Figure 19: MV/LV Concept ...................................................................................................... 16
Figure 20: Full System (HV, MV, LV) ...................................................................................... 17
Figure 21: Hospital Schematic ................................................................................................. 18
Figure 22: Hospital Load ......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 23: Iz and Cross-Sectional Value ................................................................................. 20
Figure 24: Busbar Size ............................................................................................................. 22
Figure 25: Short Circuit Current Line 1 (Hospital) ................................................................. 22
Figure 26: Short Circuit Current Line 2 (Hospital) ................................................................. 23
Figure 27: Short Circuit Current Line 3 (Hospital) ................................................................. 23
Figure 28: Short Circuit Current Line 4 (Hospital) ................................................................. 24
Figure 29: Voltage Drop Line 1 (Hospital) ............................................................................. 24
Figure 30: Voltage Drop Line 2 (Hospital) ............................................................................. 25
Figure 31: Voltage Drop Line 3 (Hospital) ............................................................................. 25
Figure 32: Voltage Drop Line 4 (Hospital) ............................................................................. 25
Figure 33: LV System ............................................................................................................... 26

3
Figure 34: LV System Cable Sizing .......................................................................................... 26
Figure 35: LV Busbar Sizing .................................................................................................... 27
Figure 36: LV System CB Sizing (Line A) ................................................................................ 27
Figure 37: LV System CB Sizing (Line B) ................................................................................ 28
Figure 38: LV System Voltage Drop ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 39: MV System .............................................................................................................. 29
Figure 40: MV System Cable Sizing ......................................................................................... 29
Figure 41: MV System Cable Sizing (Spec).............................................................................. 30
Figure 42: MV System Busbar Sizing ....................................................................................... 30
Figure 43: MV Impedance Calculation .................................................................................... 31
Figure 44: MV System CB Sizing ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 45: MV System Volage Drop ........................................................................................ 31
Figure 46: HV Single Line Diagram ........................................................................................ 32
Figure 47: HV Single Line Diagram with Notation ................................................................. 32
Figure 48: Power Flow Direction ............................................................................................ 33
Figure 49: Power Flow at Hospital ......................................................................................... 34
Figure 50: Power Flow at HV/MV ........................................................................................... 34
Figure 51: Power Flow at MV/LV............................................................................................ 35

List of Table
Table 1: Total Current in One Room ....................................................................................... 19
Table 2: Total Current in Administration Room ...................................................................... 19
Table 3: Total Current in Parking............................................................................................ 19
Table 4: Total Current in Line 1 .............................................................................................. 19
Table 5: Total Current in Line 2 .............................................................................................. 20
Table 6: Total Current in Hospital Line................................................................................... 20
Table 7: Cross-Sectional of Hospital Load .............................................................................. 21
Table 8: Discussion Table ........................................................................................................ 35

4
 Power System Architecture

➢ Objective:

On the basic of the data provided and the information in Section B, we could
begin our laboratory as follows:

Part 1: Utilize what you’re learned to complete the following tasks:

▪ Describe the entire power system from power plant to LV consumer also make
a simple schematic for it.
▪ Create a list of critical components for each voltage level (LV, MV, and HV)
and include a brief description of each component’s feature.
▪ Indeed, there are numerous layout options for power system. Create your own
layout for the system by following the layout provided in figure 1 and 2. To
begin, you’ll want to do the following:
• Utilize the distance specified in the layout above to locate the
transformer and each load.
• Construct your own system based on what you believe is the most
reliable and cost-effective design.

Part 2: for the following section below, use your knowledge from course work and the
reference provided to perform calculation aiding by excel (Section 1 and section 2):

▪ Section 1: LV System

• Based on the data given;

- Determine MV/LV transformer rating
- LV cable and busbar sizing
- LV protection sizing
- Power quality analysis (Voltage drop, Power factor,
Harmonic,…etc)

▪ Section 2: MV System

• Based on the data given;

- Determine HV/MV transformer rating
- MV cable and busbar sizing
- MV protection sizing

5
 - Perform power flow analysis
- Power quality analysis (Voltage drop, Power factor,
Harmonic,…etc).

▪ Section 3: HV System

• Draw single line diagram for 3 bus system, including the generators
and load power
• Perform power flow analysis between those 3 areas.

Part 3: Using software (Etap, Powerworld) to analyze the system and see how well the
designed system in part 2 perform.

6
 Solution

Part 1: Utilize what you’re learned to complete the following tasks:

▪ Describe the entire power system from power plant to LV consumer also make
a simple schematic for it.

Figure 1: Power System Schematic

As shown in figure 1, we can see that this is one completed power system which
divided into 4 specific parts such as Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and
Customer.

• Generation (Generating Station) is basically an industrial facility for

the generation of electric power which are generally connected to an
electrical grid such as Solar, Wind Turbine, Nuclear Energy, and
Hydropower. Moreover, at the station, there is a step-up transformer
that used to step up to transmission line.
• Transmission (Transmission Line) is basically used for carry electricity
over long distance from Generating Station to Substation or
Transmission Customer.
• Substation is basically used for step down the high voltage from the
Transmission line which carried from the Generating Station in order to
easily supplies to customer such as home, business, apartment…
• Customer is basically used electricity that had been stepped down from
the substation.

7
▪ Create a list of critical components for each voltage level (LV, MV, and HV) and
include a brief description of each component’s feature
• LV (Low Voltage)
Critical component

Figure 2: LV Cable

2. Circuit Breaker (LV)

They will automatically trip when the current through it exceeds a pre-
determined value.

Figure 3: Circuit Breaker (LV)

8
3. RCCB

They are particularly helpful in instances of sudden earth fault. The

presence of RCCB ensures that in such cases, the circuit will trip
immediately and the person is protected from an electric shock.

Figure 4: RCCB (LV)

4. Switch

They use small-gauge copper wires connected to low-voltage switches

to switch on and off relay which in turn control the operation of lights
and where desired, electrical receptacles, and other 120V equipment in
home.

Figure 5: Switch (LV)

9
5. Fuse

The fuse breaks the circuit if a fault in an appliance causes too much
current to flow. It protects the wiring and the appliance if something goes
wrong. The fuse contains a piece of wire that melts easily.

Figure 6: Fuse (LV)

6. Busbar

Busbars are metal bars used to carry large amounts of current. Often
made of copper or aluminum, every home electrical panel has busbars
to distribute ac power to the rows of circuit breakers. Moreover, busbars
have no insulation, they're protected by a separate enclosure.

Figure 7: Busbar (LV)

10
• MV (Medium Voltage)
1. Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers are the most popular type of medium-voltage

breaker for industrial environments due to their compact size and
improved reliability compared to air circuit breakers. Moreover,
medium-voltage vacuum breaker has the function as circuit breaker in
LV does.

Figure 8: Vacuum Circuit Breaker (MV)

2. Switch

It basically used to switch current up to their rated normal current and

make on existing short circuits (up to their rated short circuit making
current).

Figure 9: Switch (MV)

11
3. Contactor

Medium voltage contactors are suitable for high frequency switching

(>10,000 operations), with continuous AC3 current ratings up to 800A
and rated voltages from 1 kV to 24kV.

Figure 10: Contactor (MV)

4. Current-limiting fuse

It is basically capable of interrupting all current from the rated

interrupting current down to the current that causes melting of the
fusible element in 1 hour.

Figure 11: Current-limiting fuse (MV)

5. Disconnecting Switch

When a circuit breaker is removed and racked out, the circuit can be
earthed by operating this earthing switch. Earthing switches are usually
used in conjunction with isolators. When the isolator isolates the
circuits, the earthing switches will ensure to discharge any residual
charges which may have accumulated.

12
 Figure 12: Earthing Switch (MV)

6. Current transformer

A Current Transformer is used to measure the current of another

circuit.

Figure 13: Current Transformer (MV)

• HV (High Voltage)
1. High Voltage Capacitor

High voltage capacitors are passive electronic components that store

charge and energy for use in high voltage applications. They consist of
two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the
dielectric. They basically have the similar function as normal capacitor.
13
 Figure 14: High Voltage Capacitor (HV)

2. High Voltage Resistor

High-voltage resistors are offering high resistance and small deviation

values.

Figure 15: High Voltage Resistor (HV)

3. High Voltage Connector

They make it possible to transmit signals with high voltage ratings

without posing safety risks to operators.

Figure 16: High Voltage Connector (HV)

14
▪ Indeed, there are numerous layout options for power system. Create your own
layout for the system by following the layout provided in figure 1 and 2. To
begin, you’ll want to do the following:
• Utilize the distance specified in the layout above to locate the
transformer and each load.

Figure 17: Length Utilization

From figure 17, we can see that the length had been defined by multiple
mathematically formula.

15
 • Construct your own system based on what you believe is the most
reliable and cost-effective design.

Figure 18: HV/MV Concept

Figure 19: MV/LV Concept

From figure 18 and 19, we are able to see our own concept design based on
what we believe is the most reliable and cost-effective design.

16
Part 2: for the following section below, use your knowledge from course work and the
reference provided to perform calculation aiding by excel (Section 1 and section 2):

Figure 20: Full System (HV, MV, LV)

Before we proceed to LV System, we first do the calculation of Hospital load as we are

red circled so that we know the cross-sectional and protection sizing before we jump
to LV System.

▪ Hospital Load:
- LV cable (Hospital)

17
 Figure 21: Hospital Schematic

Figure 22: Hospital Load

From figure 22, we are able to calculate the current Ib,correct in which room
needed.

Room
Equipment P(KW) V(KV) Cos(phi) Ib Ku Ks Ib,correct
Air Conditioner 1.2 0.22 0.9 6.06 1
TV 0.1 0.22 0.9 0.5 1
Fridge 0.1 0.22 0.9 0.5 1

18
 Water Heater 3.6 0.22 0.9 18.18 1
Water Boiler 2.5 0.22 0.9 12.62 1
Lighting 0.05 0.22 0.9 0.25 1
TOTAL 7.55 0.22 0.9 38.13 1 0.8 30.5
Table 1: Total Current in One Room

Administration Room
Equipment P(KW) V(KV) Cos(phi) Ib Ku Ks Ib,correct
Air Conditioner 4.5 0.22 0.9 22.72 1
TV 0.2 0.22 0.9 1.01 1
Fridge 0.2 0.22 0.9 1.01 1
Lighting 0.2 0.22 0.9 1.01 1
TOTAL 5.1 0.22 0.9 25.75 1 1 25.75
Table 2: Total Current in Administration Room

Parking
Equipment P(KW) V(KV) Cos(phi) Ib Ku Ks Ib,correct
Lighting 0.2 0.22 0.9 1.01 1
TOTAL 0.2 0.22 0.9 1.01 1 0.8 1.01
Table 3: Total Current in Parking

Line 1: Administration Room And Parking

Ib (Administration Room) 25.75
Ib (Parking) 1.01
Ks 1
Safety factor 1.2
Total: (Ib, Line 1) 32.12A
Table 4: Total Current in Line 1

19
 Line 2: 10 Room
Ib (Per Room) 30.50
Ks 0.8
Safety factor 1.2
Total: (Ib, Line 1) 219.63
Table 5: Total Current in Line 2

Main Line and Busbar: Line 1 to Line 4

Ib (Line 1) 32.12
Ib (Line 2 to 4) 219.63
Ks 0.8
Safety factor 1.2
Total: (Ib, Hospital) 663.389 (1 Phase), 383.008 (3 Phase)
Table 6: Total Current in Hospital Line

From table 1 to table 6, we can see that we had obtained the current in each
room needs as well as the main line. After that we are able to proceed to the next
step which is cross-sectional sizing.

Figure 23: Iz and Cross-Sectional Value

20
 From figure 22, we are able to obtain the Cross-Sectional of the line that we had
calculated earlier in table 1 to table 6.

List of Room Ib Iz Cross-Sectional (mm2)

One Room 30.5 32 4
Administration Room 25.75 32 4
Parking 1.01 13.5 1
Line 1 32.12 41 6
Line 2 219.63 232 95
Main Line (3 Cable) 380.007 3x127.66 3Cx50 (3 Phase)
Main Line (3 Cable) 663.38 3x221.12 3Cx95 (1 Phase)
Table 7: Cross-Sectional of Hospital Load

From table 7, we get the value of cross-sectional of each line by applying method
3 for single phase and method 3 for three phases. Moreover, cross-sectional of
line 3 and 4 are identical to line 2 since it is the same layout of 10 room combine

- LV Transformer Rating (Hospital).

In order to choose the correct sizing for transformer, we first have to know the
total apparent power of our load before deciding transformer. For instance, in
this case through calculation, we obtain total apparent power of hospital load
is 144857.61VA (144KVA). After that, we decided to choose transformer with
the size of 150KVA.

- Busbar sizing (Hospital)

From figure 21, we can see that in order to find size for busbar, we need to know
how much current is running on the busbar its self. As we know line 1 to line 4
are connected to busbar which means that the current flow in busbar is equal
the combination of current in line 1 to line 4 so we get Ibusbar is 663.38A (1
Phase).

21
 Figure 24: Busbar Size

From figure 24, we can see that the busbar that we use has cross-sectional
of 150mm2 with the length of 20meter (Assumption).

- LV Protection Sizing (Hospital)

Figure 25: Short Circuit Current Line 1 (Hospital)

22
Figure 26: Short Circuit Current Line 2 (Hospital)

Figure 27: Short Circuit Current Line 3 (Hospital)

23
 Figure 28: Short Circuit Current Line 4 (Hospital)

From figure 25 to 28, we obtained the Isc or short circuit current which means
that we can also obtain what type and value of CB, we are going to use based
on Isc.

- Voltage Drop (Hospital)

Figure 29: Voltage Drop Line 1 (Hospital)

24
Figure 30: Voltage Drop Line 2 (Hospital)

Figure 31: Voltage Drop Line 3 (Hospital)

Figure 32: Voltage Drop Line 4 (Hospital)

25
 From figure 29 to 32, we can obtain the value of voltage from each line of
hospital loads.

▪ Section 1: LV System

Before we proceed any further, here is the LV diagram with notation on it for
easy understanding the following steps.

Figure 33: LV System

- LV cable sizing

Figure 34: LV System Cable Sizing

From figure 34, we are able to obtain cross-sectional of LV system. In this part,
we choosing method 3 of installation based on figure 23 and using multiple

26
cables when it is over 100mm2 to prevent overweight on the tray or transmission
plus cost efficiency.

- Busbar sizing

Figure 35: LV Busbar Sizing

The same above method apply for finding busbar, we obtain the cross-sectional
of each busbar with the length of 20m each (Assumption).

- MV/LV Transformer Rating

In order to choose the correct sizing for transformer, we first have to know the
total apparent power of our load before deciding transformer. For instance, in
this case through calculation, we obtain total apparent power of Transformer 2
is 462KVA and Transformer 3 is 353.82 KVA. After that, we decided to choose
transformer with the size of 500 KVA for Transformer 2 and 400KVA for
Transformer 3

- LV Protection Sizing

Figure 36: LV System CB Sizing (Line A)

27
 Figure 37: LV System CB Sizing (Line B)

From figure 36 to 37, we obtained the Isc or short circuit current which means
that we can also obtain what type and value of CB, we are going to use as well
based on Isc.

- Voltage Drop In LV System

Figure 38: LV System Voltage Drop

From figure 38, we can obtain the value of voltage from each line of LV System.

28
▪ Section 2: MV System

Before we proceed any further, here is the MV diagram with notation on it for
easy understanding the following steps.

Figure 39: MV System

- MV Cable Sizing

From figure 40 below, we are able to obtain cross-sectional of MV system. In

this part, we choosing method of installation in the air (Flat Space) based on
figure 41 and using multiple cables when it is over 100mm2 to prevent
overweight on the tray or transmission plus cost efficiency.

Figure 40: MV System Cable Sizing

29
 Figure 41: MV System Cable Sizing (Spec)

- MV Busbar Sizing

Figure 42: MV System Busbar Sizing

The same above method apply for finding busbar, we obtain the cross-sectional
MV system busbar with the length of 20m each (Assumption).

- HV/MV Transformer Rating

In order to choose the correct sizing for transformer, we first have to know the
total apparent power of our load before deciding transformer. For instance, in
this case through calculation, we obtain total apparent power of Transformer 1
is 40.8MVA. After that, we decided to choose transformer with the size of 50
MVA for Transformer 1.

- MV Protection Sizing

Before we proceed to find the Isc for CB sizing, we first need to calculate
impedance load first since it is different from LV system.

30
 Figure 43: MV Impedance Calculation

After obtaining the impedance result, we shall begin the process of finding Isc

Figure 44: MV System CB Sizing

From figure 44, we are able to obtain value of Isc and CB value for protection.

- MV Voltage Drop

Figure 45: MV System Volage Drop

31
 From figure 45, we obtain the value of voltage drop of MV System.

▪ Section 3: HV System

- Draw single line diagram for 3 bus system, including the generator’s
power and load’s power.

Figure 46: HV Single Line Diagram

Figure 47: HV Single Line Diagram with Notation

From figure 47, we can identify which one is generator’s bus, load’s bus, and
slack bus by observing the given data.

• Slack Bus (swing bus) defined as a V𝜑 bus, is used to balance the active
power (P) and reactive power (Q) in a system when performing load
flow.
• Load bus defined as PQ bus, is a type of node that incorporates both
reactive power (Q) and active power (P).
• Generator bus is the bus that connects to generator to it’s generating
transformer.

32
- Perform power flow analysis between those 3 areas or buses

Generally, we don’t know how the power flows between these 3 areas or
buses unless we do calculation by given formula below:

𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝐼𝑧 =
𝑍12

• If the current’s result is positive which means power flows from area
1 to area 2 or from bus 1 to bus 2.
• If the current’s result is negative which means power flows the
opposite way.
- What if fault occur at any of the area or bus?

Figure 48: Power Flow Direction

Assuming we have 3 bus system flow as the figure 48 above

• Fault on any of slack bus and generator bus

When fault occur on either one of slack bus or generator, load bus can obtain
power from the bus that doesn’t have fault and when it obtains enough
power, it will transfer to the bus that fault took place.

• Fault on both generator and slack bus

When fault occur on both of generator and slack bus, load bus will have
some power from bus that don’t have fault.
33
 • Fault on load bus

When fault occur on load bus, slack bus and generation should
complimented each other since there is no load. (Normally it doesn’t
happen).

Part 3: Using software (Etap, Powerworld) to analyze the system and see how well thr
designed system in part 2 perform.

Figure 49: Power Flow at Hospital

Figure 50: Power Flow at HV/MV

34
 Figure 51: Power Flow at MV/LV

- Discussion

Item Excel Calculation ETAP Software

Hospital (Line 2)
Current Flow 219.6363A 230.5A
C.S.A (Cross-sectional Area) 95mm2 70mm2
Voltage Drop 1.08V 0.764V
LV System (Line 1)
Current Flow 393.648A 409.9A
C.S.A (Cross-sectional Area) 3Cx50mm2 3Cx50mm2
Voltage Drop 2.49V 3.9V
MV System (Line 1)
Current Flow 18.57A 21.5A
C.S.A (Cross-sectional Area) 16mm2 25mm2
Voltage Drop 0.19V 0.094V
Table 8: Discussion Table

35
 Since full system is a board system with numerous types of loads, we
cannot make a discussion about all the loads. That is why we pick some
part of the system to make a discussion as shown in table 8.

We can see that there are slightly different in terms of result between
hand calculation in excel and ETAP software. First of all, it is
calculation tolerance. As we know that some of number, we left out
because we only take 2 digits when the rest is remained untouched and
some of value, we increase to its maximum for easy calculation. With
that being said, we will see the difference at the end result. Secondly,
we use difference type of cable. For instance, we wish to use Cu cable
for this install unfortunately, the manufacturing doesn’t have the cable
we need so we end up using difference type of cable. Thirdly, we use
difference c.s.a of cable. We know that using different c.s.a can result
in difference in current flow, and difference in voltage drop.

▪ Conclusion

After discussion, we can conclude that there are 3 factors that leads error happen such
as

✓ Tolerance in calculation.
✓ Differences type of cables are used.
✓ Difference C.S.A of cable are used.

36
▪ Reference

✓ LV Cable PDF (KEYSTONE)

✓ MV Cable PDF (KEYSTONE)
✓ Copper Busbar PDF (AUSTRAL WRIGHT METALS)
✓ Electrical Installation Guide (SCHEIDER ELECTRIC)
✓ Medium Voltage Technical Guide (SCHEIDER ELECTRIC)

37