CH4050 - Unit Operations II

Design of Sieve Tray Column for Benzene-Ethylbenzene mixture

Group 7

Group members:
180312H Karunasena D.I.
180323R Kavindhya W.P.G.S.
180345K Kuruwita K.H.M.
180347T Lahiru W.C.
180360C Madhuhansi U.P.R.

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering

University of Moratuwa

1
 Contents
Question ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1. The given problem................................................................................................................. 1
2. Available data ........................................................................................................................ 2
Detailed calculations ..................................................................................................................... 2
3 Determination of minimum reflux ratio............................................................................... 2
3.1 Construction of equilibrium graph ................................................................................ 2
3.2 Construction of q-line (feed line) .................................................................................... 4
3.3 Determination of minimum reflux ratio ........................................................................ 4
4. Determination of optimum reflux ratio ............................................................................... 6
4.1 Top Operating Line (TOL) ............................................................................................. 6
4.2 Bottom Operating Line (BOL) ....................................................................................... 6
4.3 Selection of the most suitable reflux ratio ..................................................................... 6
5. Equilibrium stages for the selected reflux ratio ................................................................. 7
6. Column efficiency .................................................................................................................. 9
7. Determination of column diameter .................................................................................... 10
7.1 Calculation of required Flow rates .............................................................................. 10
7.2 Temperature - composition equilibrium graph .......................................................... 11
7.3 Required physical properties (From above calculations and ASPEN plus V10) ..... 12
7.3 Calculation of required physical properties for the mixture ..................................... 12
7.4 Checking the flooding condition ................................................................................... 15
7.5 Corrections for surface tension .................................................................................... 16
7.6 Flooding velocity ............................................................................................................ 16
7.7 Volumetric flow rates .................................................................................................... 17
7.8 Net area required ........................................................................................................... 17
8. Hydraulic design of trays .................................................................................................... 17
8.1 Liquid flow pattern ........................................................................................................ 17
8.2 Provisional plate design................................................................................................. 18
8.4 Stripping section ....................................................................................................... 25
9. Column height ..................................................................................................................... 30
Summary of the design ............................................................................................................... 31

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References .................................................................................................................................... 33
Annexe 1 .......................................................................................................................................... I
Annexe 2 ...................................................................................................................................... III
Annexe 3 ....................................................................................................................................... IV
Annexe 4 ........................................................................................................................................ V
Annexe 5 ....................................................................................................................................... VI
Annexe 6 ....................................................................................................................................... IX
Annexe 7 ........................................................................................................................................ X
Annexe 8 ....................................................................................................................................... XI

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 List of Tables
Table 1: Required data for the calculations ............................................................................... 2
Table 2: No. of equilibrium data obtained for each reflux ratio .............................................. 6
Table 3: Equilibrium compositions and boiling point temp. for each stage .......................... 11
Table 4: Physical properties required for the calculations ..................................................... 12
Table 5: Physical properties taken from ASPEN plus V10 (see Annexe 7 and 8) ................ 12
Table 6: Calculation of density of liquid mixture – Rectifying section .................................. 12
Table 7: Calculation of density of vapour mixture– Rectifying section................................. 13
Table 8: Calculation of surface tension of liquid mixture– Rectifying section ..................... 13
Table 9: Calculation of density of liquid mixture – Stripping section ................................... 13
Table 10: Calculation of density of vapour mixture– Stripping section ................................ 14
Table 11: Calculation of surface tension of liquid mixture– Stripping section .................... 14
Table 12: Summary of the properties of mixture at stripping and rectifying sections ........ 15

List of Figures
Figure 1: Graph of XA vs YA equilibrium graph ...................................................................... 3
Figure 2: q-line construction on equilibrium graph .................................................................. 5
Figure 3: q-line, TOL, and BOL for equilibrium graph ........................................................... 8
Figure 4: Temperature composition diagram .......................................................................... 11
Figure 5: Relation between down comer area and weir length .............................................. 19
Figure 6: Weep-point correlation .............................................................................................. 21
Figure 7: Entrainment correlation for sieve plates .................................................................. 22
Figure 8: Discharge coefficient, sieve plates ............................................................................. 23
Figure 9: Down comer back-up configuration ......................................................................... 24

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Question
1. The given problem
Design a distillation column with a total condenser and a partial reboiler for the following
separation.

System: Benzene-Ethylbenzene Operating pressure: 1 bar

Feed rate: 85 kmol/hr Feed condition: saturated vapour
Feed composition: 45 mol% benzene Distillate composition: 95 mol% benzene
Bottom product composition: 5 mol% benzene

Column type: Sieve tray column

Operating condition: 75% of flooding

Obtain equilibrium data for the system from ‘Vapour Pressure Data’ available on Moodle page.

Estimate the tray and/or column efficiency, assume a suitable reflux ratio, down comer type, and
area, and calculate the Actual number of stages required the Height and Diameter of the column,
Size and Number of holes in a tray, tray spacing, and the feed tray location. Check the design for
satisfactory operation.

The report should include the given problem, detailed calculations, graphical constructions, data
used for the calculation, assumptions made, and references. Mechanical design and drawings are
not required. McCabe and Thiele's method or the Ponchan-Savarit method can be used. All the
important information should be summarized on the last page of the report.

1
2. Available data
Table 1: Required data for the calculations

Data Nomenclature Value

Operating pressure PT 1 bar
Feed condition f 1 (sat. vapour)
Feed rate F 85 kmol/hr
Feed composition XF 0.45 (benzene)
Distillate composition XD 0.95 (benzene)
Bottom product composition XW 0.05 (benzene)

Detailed calculations
3 Determination of minimum reflux ratio
3.1 Construction of equilibrium graph
According to the given vapour pressure data for the corresponding temperature of each component,
the equilibrium graph was constructed using Ms Excel. So, for that, Rault’s law and Dalton’s law
of partial pressure were used at 1 atm (1.01325 bar).
Assumptions:
Under 1 atm pressure and considered temperature ranges;

 Benzene – Ethylbenzene system behaves as an ideal gas (Dutton, 1961).

 Benzene – Ethylbenzene system behaves as an ideal solution (Schmitz, 2017).
Let benzene and ethylbenzene be represented as A and B respectively.

From Rault’s law; From Dalton’s law of partial pressure;

𝐏𝐀𝟎 𝐗 𝐀 + 𝐏𝐁𝟎 𝐗 𝐁 = 𝐏𝐓 (01) 𝐏𝐀 + 𝐏𝐁 = 𝐏𝐓 (03)
𝐗𝐀 + 𝐗𝐁 = 1 (02) 𝐘𝐀 + 𝐘𝐁 = 1 (04)

From eqn (1) and (2); From eqn (1) and (3); From eqn (3) and (4);
PT − P0B PA
XA = PA = PA0 XA YA =
P0A − P0B PT
PB
YB =
XB = XA − 1 PB = PB0 XB PT

According to the above-derived equations, all necessary data required for the equilibrium graph
construction were found (see Annexe 1). And, the constructed equilibrium graph (see Figure 1) is
as follows;

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 XA vs YA
1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60
YA

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
XA

Figure 1: Graph of XA vs YA equilibrium graph

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3.2 Construction of q-line (feed line)
According to the given data, the feed that enters the column is saturated vapour. Therefore, by
determining the fraction of vapour in feed (f), the q-line could be constructed as follows;

f = fraction of vapour in the feed = 1 (according to available data)

q = 1 – f = 1-1 = 0

Assumptions:
 Constant molar overflow
 Heat effects are negligible

q-line equation (see Annexe 2);

𝐪 𝟏
𝐘𝐪 = 𝐗𝐪 + 𝐗𝐅 (05)
𝐪−𝟏 𝐪−𝟏

Substituting values for the eqn (5);

Yq = 0 × Xq + 1 × 0.45

𝐘𝐪 = 0.45 (06)

Therefore, the determined eqn (6) was plotted in an equilibrium graph using Ms Excel (see Figure
2).

3.3 Determination of minimum reflux ratio

Assumptions:
 Constant molar overflow
 Heat effects are negligible
 Reflux is saturated liquid.

𝐑 𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝟏
Yn+1 = ( )Xn + (𝐑 )XD (07)
𝐑 𝐦𝐢𝐧 +𝟏 𝐦𝐢𝐧 +𝟏

At minimum reflux ratio, the top operating line (see Annexe 3) goes through the point (0.15, 0.45)
where the q line intersects the equilibrium graph (see Figure 2). Therefore, by substituting values
for the above eqn (7), Rmin can be determined.
Rmin 1
0.45 = (R )×0.15 + (R )×0.95  Rmin = 1.67
min +1 min +1

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 XA vs YA
1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60
YA

0.50
q-line

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
XA

Figure 2: q-line construction on equilibrium graph

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4. Determination of optimum reflux ratio
Although there are no hard and fast rules for determining the design reflux ratio, for many systems
the optimum will be between 1.2 and 1.5 times the minimum reflux ratio (Rmin) (Coulson &
Richardson, p.495). Therefore, for the column under design, the reflux ratio will lie between 2 and
2.5. So, six graphs were constructed for six different ratios lying between optimum ranges to
determine the most suitable reflux ratio for the column under design.
4.1 Top Operating Line (TOL)
The derived TOL equation was determined (see Annexe 3) and each TOL for the specific reflux
ratios mentioned above can be determined by applying the reflux ratio value to the R indicated in
the TOL equation.
𝐑 𝟏
Yn+1 = ( )Xn + (𝐑+𝟏)XD (08)
𝐑+𝟏
Applying R-value, the TOL can be obtained for each case.
4.2 Bottom Operating Line (BOL)
The BOL (see Annexe 4) can be simply plotted on the graph based on the point where the TOL
intersects the q-line and the conditions of the point (XW, XW) = (0.05, 0.05). From this, BOL can
be plotted for each reflux ratio.
𝐋′ 𝐖
Ym-1 = ( )Xm + (𝐋′−𝐖)Xw (09)
𝐋′ −𝐖

4.3 Selection of the most suitable reflux ratio

As mentioned above, q-line, TOL and BOL were drawn (see Annexe 5) for each reflux ratio
mentioned in 4. Then, the following data were obtained by drawing equilibrium stages for each
reflux ratio.
Table 2: No. of equilibrium data obtained for each reflux ratio

Reflux ratio (R) No. of equilibrium stages Feed plate position

2 7 4
2.1 7 4
2.2 6 4
2.3 6 4
2.4 6 4
2.5 6 3

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In real design, the cost analysis must be done when selecting the optimum reflux ratio for the
column under design. But in this case, when analyzing the values in Table 2, there were no
significant changes between each reflux ratio condition. Therefore, the minimum reflux ratio,
which is 2 is simply selected for the column under design.
The optimum reflux ratio = 2
5. Equilibrium stages for the selected reflux ratio
TOL for R=2;
2 1
Yn+1 = ( )Xn + (2+1)×0.95
2+1

Y = 0.67 X + 0.32` (10)

q-line;
Y = 0.45 (11)
BOL for R=2;
The intercept of TOL and q-line is at (0.15, 0.45). Therefore, the BOL goes through (0.15, 0.45)
and (XW = 0.05, XW = 0.05). Then, the BOL can be constructed using MS Excel by those two
points. So, the no. of equilibrium stages and feed plate location could be determined by the
following graph (see Graph 3).

Total no. of equilibrium stages = 7

No. of equilibrium stages in the column (since the column have partial reboiler) = 6

Feed stage location = 4 (from the top of the column)

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 XA vs YA
1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60
YA

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
XA

Figure 3: q-line, TOL, and BOL for equilibrium graph

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6. Column efficiency
Using O’Connell’s correlation ((Coulson & Richardson, p.548-549) and (Salunke, 2011)), the
efficiency of the column was calculated to identify the actual no. of stages. In Coulson and
Richardson’s Chemical Engineering Design, this correlation has used for multicomponent systems
but literature has shown that this correlation even can be used for binary system’s column
efficiency calculations (Digieneni et al., 2020). The required data (such as viscosity, vapour and
liquid density) for the calculations were obtained using Aspen plus V10 pure analysis and
calculated using MS Excel (see Annex 6). So from the data obtained, 𝜇𝑎 (the molar average liquid
viscosity – m Ns/m2) = 0.267 m Ns/m2 and ∝𝑎 (Average relative velocity of benzene) = 4.79.

From O’Connell’s correlation;

E = 51 – 32.5 log (𝝁𝒂 ∝𝒂 ) (12)

= 51 – 32.5 log (0.267×4.79)

= 47.53%

The efficiency of the column (E) = 47.53%

Normally, plate and column efficiencies lie between 30% - 70% for columns (Coulson &
Richardson, p.547), therefore calculated column efficiency is valid.

Actual no. of stages = Ideal no. of stages / Column efficiency

= 7 / 0.4753

= 14.72

≈ 15

Actual no. of stages (for the column with total condenser and partial reboiler) ≈ 14

By considering the relative position with respect to the theoretical stages calculated above;

Actual feed tray location = 9 (from the top of the column)

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7. Determination of column diameter
7.1 Calculation of required Flow rates
Applying the material balance for the whole column;

F=D+W

85 = D + W

Material balance for Benzene;

F. XF = D. XD + W. XW

85 × 0.45 = 0.9D + 0.05W

Applying material balance for Ethyl-Benzene;

F. (1-XF) = D. (1-XD) + W. (1-XW)

85 × (1 − 0.45) = (1-0.9)D + (1-0.05)W

Solving the above equations;

D = 37.778 kmol/hr

W = 47.222 kmol/hr

Then considering the rectifying section;

L
=R
D

L = R × D = 2 × 37.778

L = 75.556

V=L+D

V = 75.556 + 37.778 = 113.334 kmol/hr

Considering the stripping section;

L W
Y = ( ) X − ′ XW
V′ V

Considering the BOL of the graph,

Gradient (m′) = 2.667

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 ′
L′
m = ′ = 2.667
L −W

L′ = 75.5552 kmol/hr

V′ = L′- W′ = 28.3332 kmol/hr

7.2 Temperature - composition equilibrium graph

XA vs Temperature

130

120
Temperature (°C)

110

100

90

80
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
XA

Figure 4: Temperature composition diagram

Table 3: Equilibrium compositions and boiling point temp. for each stage

Stage Ya Xa Temperature
1 0.95 0.77 87
2 0.83 0.48 99
3 0.636 0.26 112
4 0.49 0.17 119
5 0.37 0.11 122.5
6 0.23 0.06 129.4
Reboiler 0.08 0.02 133.7

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7.3 Required physical properties (From above calculations and ASPEN plus V10)
Table 4: Physical properties required for the calculations

(Temperature)℃ (Temperature)K
Top stage 87.5 360.5
Feed 119 392
Bottom stage 132.5 405.5
Operating pressure of the column = 1 bar
Distillate composition = 95% benzene
Table 5: Physical properties taken from ASPEN plus V10 (see Annexe 7 and 8)

Property Component Top Bottom

Vapor density Benzene 2.68 2.34
(Kg/m3) Ethyl benzene 3.727 3.238
Liquid density Benzene 815.304 749.174
(Kg/m3) Ethyl benzene 807.363 760.446
Surface tension Benzene 0.0202 0.0148
(N/m) Ethyl benzene 0.0217 0.017

7.3 Calculation of required physical properties for the mixture

7.3.1 For rectifying section
Taking the equilibrium distillate composition of benzene as 95% and Operating pressure as 1 bar.

Table 6: Calculation of density of liquid mixture – Rectifying section

ρL (Density of liquid mixture)

Ρ benzene(kg/m3) 815.304 Assuming the basis as 100 kmol/hr

ρ ethyl- 807.363 Mass of benzene 78.11 x 95 = 7420.45 kg

benzene(kg/m3)
Mw(benzene) 78.11 g/mol Mass of ethyl-benzene 106.167 x 5 = 530.835 kg
Mw(ethyl-benzene) 106.167 g/mol
m
ρ=
v

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 m 7420.45 Mtotal
Vbenzene = = ρ avg =
ρ = 9.10145 m3 Vtotal
815.304
m 7420.45+530.835
Vethyl-benzene = ρ = 530.835 =
= 0.6575 m3 9.10145+0.6575
807.363
ρL = 814.769 kg/m3

ρL= 𝟖𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟔𝟗 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

Table 7: Calculation of density of vapour mixture– Rectifying section

ρV (Density of vapour mixture)

ρ benzene(kg/m3) 2.68 2.68×8.314×360.5
P benzene = = 103 kPa
78.11×0.001

ρ ethyl- 3.727 3.727×8.314×360.5

P ethyl − benzene = 106.167×0.001
benzene(kg/m3) = 105.224kPa
Avg. Molecular =78.11x0.95 + 106.167x0.05 = P avg.= (103x0.95)+(105.224x0.05) =
weight 79.5129 g/mol 103 kPa
PM ρRT PM
ρ avg= RT =
103×105.325×0.001
ρ= P= 8.314×360.5
RT M
ρV = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟑 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

Table 8: Calculation of surface tension of liquid mixture– Rectifying section

𝝈L (Surface tension of liquid mixture)

Benzene 0.0202 Avg. surface tension = (0.0202 x 0.95) + (0.0217x 0.05)
Ethyl-benzene 0.0217 = 0.02028 N/m

𝝈L = 0.02028 N/m

7.3.2 For stripping section

Taking the equilibrium composition of reboiler is 2% of benzene.
Table 9: Calculation of density of liquid mixture – Stripping section

ρL (Density of liquid mixture)

Ρ benzene(kg/m3) 749.174 Assuming the basis as 100 kmol/hr

13
 ρ ethyl- 760.446 Mass of benzene = 78.11 x 2 = 156.22 kg
benzene(kg/m3)
Mw(benzene) 78.11 g/mol Mass of ethyl-benzene = 106.167 x 98 = 10404.4 kg
Mw(ethyl-benzene) 106.167 g/mol
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑣
𝑚 234.33 𝑀𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Vbenzene = = = 0.31278 𝑚3 ρ avg =
𝜌 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
749.174
234.33+10298.2
𝑚 10298.2 = 0.31278+13.5423
Vethyl-benzene = = = 13.5423 𝑚3
𝜌
760.446
= 760.191 kg/m3

ρL = 𝟕𝟔𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟏 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

Table 10: Calculation of density of vapour mixture– Stripping section

ρV (Density of vapour mixture)

ρ benzene(kg/m3) 2.34 2.34×8.314×405.5
𝑃 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = = 101 kPa
78.11×0.001

ρ ethyl- 3.238 3.238×8.314×405.5

𝑃 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 − 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 106.167×0.001
benzene(kg/m3) = 105.224kPa
Avg. Molecular =78.11x0.02 + 106.167x0.98= P avg.= (103x0.98)+(105.224x0.02) =
weight 105.606 g/mol 103.044 kPa
𝑃𝑀 𝜌𝑅𝑇 ρ avg=
𝑃𝑀
=
103.044×105.606×0.001
𝜌= 𝑃= 𝑅𝑇 8.314×405.5
𝑅𝑇 𝑀
ρV = 3.23 kg/m3

ρV = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 𝐤𝐠/𝐦𝟑

Table 11: Calculation of surface tension of liquid mixture– Stripping section

𝝈L (Surface tension of liquid mixture)

Benzene 0.0148 Avg. surface tension = (0.0148 x 0.02) + (0.017x 0.98)
Ethyl-benzene 0.017 = 0.01696 N/m

𝝈L = 0.01696 N/m

14
7.3.3 Summary of average properties of mixture
Table 12: Summary of the properties of mixture at stripping and rectifying sections

ρL (kg/m3) ρV (kg/m3) Surface tension (N/m)

Rectifying 814.769 2.73 0.02028
Stripping 760.191 3.23 0.01696

7.4 Checking the flooding condition

LW ρv
FLV = √
VW ρL

LW = Liquid mass flow rate (kg/s)

VW = Vapor mass flow rate (kg/s)

For rectifying section,

6410.45 2.73
FLV = 9011.509 √814.769 = 0.04115

For stripping section,

7957.87 3.61
FLV = √ = 0.188
2924.582 760.191

The plate spacing will determine the overall height of the column. The typical plate spacing ranges
from 0.15 m (6 in.) to 1 m (36 in.). The column diameter and operational circumstances will
determine the spacing. Plate spacings of 0.3 to 0.6 m are often utilized for columns larger than 1
m in diameter, and 0.5 m (18 in.) can be used as a rough approximation. Taking plate space as
0.6m;

Figure 5-Flooding velocity

15
From the Figure 5;
For rectifying section; K1 = 0.11
For stripping section; K1 = 0.09
7.5 Corrections for surface tension
Liquid surface tension 0.02 N/m, for other surface tensions σ multiply the value of K1 by
[σ /0.02]0.2 (Coulson Richardson, pg.569).
σ 0.2
C = Co ( )
20
Where, C = Corrected K value
Co = K1 value from the Figure 5
σ = Surface tension in mNm
20.275 0.2
Top K1 = 0.11 × ( ) = 0.11
20

16.9 0.2
Base K1 = 0.09 × ( 20 ) = 0.085

7.6 Flooding velocity

ρL − ρV
Uf = K 1 × √
ρV
Where, Uf = flooding vapour velocity, m/s, based on the net column cross-sectional area An, m/s
K1 = Corrected constant from the flooding curve

814.769 − 2.73
Top Uf = 0.11 × √ = 1.9m/s
2.73

760.191 − 2.73
Base Uf = 0.085 × √ = 1.23m/s
3.61

Operating condition = 75% flooding

The maximum vapor velocity is fixed by the flooding state. High plate efficiencies require a
high vapor velocity, which is typically between 70% and 90% of the velocity required to
prevent flooding. The flooding velocity should be considered as the design parameter with a
range of 80 to 85% (Coulson & Richardson, pg. 567).
Top Ua = 0.75 × 1.9 = 1.43m/s
Base Ua = 0.75 × 1.23 = 0.92m/s

16
Where Ua = Actual velocity

7.7 Volumetric flow rates

Considering top and bottom vapour flow rates;
113.334 ×79.513
Top = = 0.9181 m3/s
2.73 ×3600
28.3332 ×103.9224
Bottom = = 0.226 m3/s
3.62 ×3600

7.8 Net area required

Volumetric flow rate
Net area required =
Flooding velocity
0.9181
Top = 1.43
= 0.643 m2
0.226
Bottom = = 0.245 m2
0.923

As the first trial, let take the down comer area as 12% of the total and assume that the hole
active area is 10% (Coulson & Richardson, pg.586).
Column cross sectional area;
0.643
Top = =0.731 m2
0.88
0.245
Bottom = = 0.278 m2
0.88

Column diameter;
0.731×4
Top = √ = 0.9648 m
𝜋

0.278 ×4
Bottom = √ = 0.5952 m
𝜋

Diameter of the column rectifying section ≈ 0.96 m

Diameter of the column striping section ≈ 0.60 m

8. Hydraulic design of trays

8.1 Liquid flow pattern
113.33 ×79.51
Maximum volumetric liquid rate = = 0.918 m3/s
2.73 ×3600

17
 Figure 6: Selection of liquid flow arrangement (Coulson & Richardson, pg. 586):

The plate type depends on the liquid flow-rate and column diameter. Liquid flow rate goes beyond
the double pass region shown in the Figure 6. Because of that multiple pass can be used.
8.2 Provisional plate design
The segmental or chord down comer type can be used. The downcomer's job is to direct liquid
flow from an upper tray to a lower tray. The most common type is the segmental type.

8.3 Rectifying section

8.3.1 Number of holes in a tray
Column diameter, Dc = 0.965m
Column area, Ac = 0.73m2
As the first trial, take the down comer area as 12% of the total and assume that the hole
active area is 10% (Coulson & Richardson, pg.586).
Down comer area, Ad = 12% × Ac = 0.12 × 0.73 = 0.088m2
Net area, An = Ac − Ad = 0.73 − 0.088 = 0.643m2
Active area, Aa = Ac − 2Ad = 0.73 − 2 × 0.088 = 0.555m2
Hole area, Ah = 10% × Aa = 0.10 × 0.555 = 0.056m2

18
The hole sizes used vary from 2.5 to 12 mm; 5 mm is the preferred size (Coulson &
Richardson, pg.590).
Hole diameter, dh = 5mm
4×A 4×0.056
Number of holes, n = π×Dh2 = π×0.0052 = 2828.558

𝐧 ≈ 𝟐𝟖𝟐𝟗

8.3.2 Weir Length (Lw)

Ad 0.088
× 100% = × 100 = 12%
Ac 0.73
The relationship between weir length and down comer area is given in Figure 7.
Lw
= 0.76 ; Dc = 0.965m
Dc
Lw = 0.76 × 0.965 = 0.733m

Figure 7: Relation between down comer area and weir length

8.3.3 Checking for Weeping

Liquid flow rate below feed = 75.556 kmol/hr
75.556×106.167
Maximum liquid flow rate below feed = = 2.228 kg/s
3600

The ratio of the highest to the lowest flow rates is often referred to as the “turn-down” ratio.
Sieve plates rely on the flow of vapor through the holes to hold the liquid on the plate and

19
cannot operate at very low vapor rates. But, with good design, sieve plates can be designed
to give a satisfactory operating range; typically, from 50 percent to 120 percent of the design
capacity (Coulson & Richardson, pg.578).
The turn-down ratio was taken as 90 percent for the calculations.
The minimum liquid rate at 90% turn-down = 0.9 × 2.228 = 2.005 kg/s
2
Lw 3
how = 750 ( )
ρL lw
where, lw = weir length, m
how = weir crest, mm liquid
Lw = liquid flow rate, kg/s
2
2.228 3
Maximum how = 750 × (0.733×814.769) = 18.037 mm liquid
2
2.005 3
Minimum how = 750 × (0.733×814.769) = 16.8135 mm liquid

At minimum rate hw + how = 66.813 mm liquid

The minimum design vapor velocity is given by,
[K 2 − 0.90(25.4 − dh )]
Uh,min =
ρv 1/2
Where, Uh, min = minimum vapor velocity through the holes, m/s
dh = hole diameter, mm
K2 = a constant, dependent on the depth of clear liquid on the plate, obtained from Figure 8.

20
 Figure 8: Weep-point correlation
K 2 = 30.3
[30.3 − 0.90(25.4 − 5)]
Uh,min = = 7.23 m/s
2.731/2
minimum vapor rate 0.9 × 0.918
𝐴ctual minimum vapor velocity = = = 14.878 𝑚/𝑠
Ah 0.055
The minimum operating rate is well above the weeping point. Therefore, no weeping occurs.

8.3.4 Check for Entertainment

Vv
Uv =
An
Where, Uv = vapor velocity, m/s
Vv = Maximum volumetric flow rate, m3/s
An = Net area required, m2
0.918 1.428m
Uv = =
0.643 s
Uv 0.9239
Operating percentage of flooding, = × 100% = × 100 = 75%
Uf 1.23

FLV = 0.0411
According to the Figure 9, the Entrainment correlation for sieve plates can be obtained as follows.

21
Fractional entrainment, Ψ = 0.058
Since Ψ < 0.1 the obtained value is satisfactory.

Figure 9: Entrainment correlation for sieve plates

8.3.5 Plate Pressure Drop

Dry plate drop
Maximum vapor velocity through holes,
0.918
Uh = = 16.531m/s
0.055
From Figure 10, for (plate thickness / hole diameter) = 1, and Ah/Ap ≈ Ah/Aa = 0.1,
𝐶𝑜 = 0.84

22
 Figure 10: Discharge coefficient, sieve plates

Using formulas developed for flow through orifices, the pressure drop through the dry plate can
be approximated.
𝑈ℎ 2 𝜌𝑣
ℎ𝑑 = 51 ( )
𝐶𝑜 𝜌𝐿
Where, Co = orifice coefficient
16.531 2 2.73
hd = 51 × ( ) × = 66.1 mm liquid
0.84 814.769

23
Residual Head (hr),
12.5 × 103
hr =
ρL
12.5 × 103
hr = = 15.342 mm liquid
814.769
Total Drop (ht),
ht = hd + (hw + how ) + hr
ht = 66.1 + 50 + 18.037 + 15.342 = 149 mm liquid
Note:
The base pressure was calculated using a 100 mm assumption. The computation might be done
with a new estimate, but the design of the plate won't be much impacted by the slight change in
physical characteristics. The acceptable pressure drop per plate is 118 mm.

8.3.6 Down comer Liquid back-up

It is necessary for the down comer area and plate spacing to be set
up so that the liquid and froth level in the down comer is significantly
lower than the top of the outflow weir on the plate above. The
column will flood if the level rises above the outflow weir. As seen
in Figure 11, the pressure decrease across the plate and the down
comer's internal flow resistance are what cause the liquid to back up
in the downcomer.

Figure 11: Down comer back-up configuration

Downcomer pressure loss,
hap = hw − (5 − 10mm)
hap is the distance between the plate and the apron's bottom edge. Typically, this height is set
between 5 and 10 mm below the outflow weir height.
hap = 50 − 10 = 40mm
The clearance area under the down comer is determined by,
Aap = hap lw
Aap = 40 × 0.001 × 0.733 = 0.029m2
The below equation can be used to estimate the head loss in the down comer.

24
 𝐿𝑤𝑑 2
ℎ𝑑𝑐 = 166 ( )
𝜌𝐿 𝐴𝑚
Where, Lwd = liquid flow rate in the downcomer, kg/s
Am = either the downcomer area Ad or the clearance area under the downcomer Aap; whichever
is the smaller, m2
2
2.288
hdc = 166 × ( ) = 1.44mm
0.029 × 814.769
Back-up in the downcomer,
ℎ𝑏 = (ℎ𝑤 + ℎ𝑜𝑤 ) + ℎ𝑡 + ℎ𝑑𝑐
Where, hb = downcomer back-up, measured from plate surface, mm
hdc = head loss in the downcomer, mm
hb = 50 + 18.037 + 149 + 1.44 = 219mm

1
hb < (plate spacing + weir height)
2
1
219mm < (600 + 50) = 325mm
2
Therefore, plate spacing is acceptable.
8.3.7 Residence Time (tR)
To avoid strongly "aerated" liquid from being carried under the downcomer, the entrained vapor
must be given enough time to disengage from the liquid stream. A minimum of 3 seconds is
recommended.
Ad hb ρL
tR =
Lwd
0.088 × 0.219 × 814.769
tR = = 7.02 s > 3 s, 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲
2.288
Stripping section
8.4.1 Number of holes in a tray
Column diameter, Dc = 0.615m
Column area, Ac = 0.3m2
As a first trial take the downcomer area as 12% of the total and assume that the whole active
area is 10% (Coulson & Richardson, pg.586).
Down comer area, Ad = 12% × Ac = 0.12 × 0.3 = 0.0356m2

25
Net area, 𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑑 = 0.3 − 0.0356 = 0.2612𝑚2
Active area, 𝐴𝑎 = 𝐴𝑐 − 2𝐴𝑑 = 0.3 − 2 × 0.0356 = 0.2256𝑚2
Hole area, 𝐴ℎ = 10% × 𝐴𝑎 = 0.10 × 0.2256 = 0.02256𝑚2
The hole sizes used vary from 2.5 to 12 mm; 5 mm is the preferred size (Coulson &
Richardson, pg.590).
Hole diameter, 𝑑ℎ = 5𝑚𝑚
4×𝐴 4×0.02256
Number of holes, 𝑛 = 𝜋×𝐷ℎ2 = = 1149.062
𝜋×0.0052

𝐧~𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟎
8.4.2 Weir Length (Lw)
Ad 0.0356
× 100% = × 100 = 12%
Ac 0.3
The relationship between weir length and down comer area is given in Figure 4.
𝐿𝑤
= 0.76 ; 𝐷𝑐 = 0.615𝑚
𝐷𝑐
𝐿𝑤 = 0.76 × 0.615 = 0.4673𝑚

8.4.3 Check for Weeping

Liquid flow rate below feed = 75.5552 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙/ℎ𝑟
75.5552×78.11
Maximum liquid flow rate below feed = = 1.6393 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
3600

The ratio of the highest to the lowest flow rates is often referred to as the “turn-down” ratio.
Sieve plates rely on the flow of vapor through the holes to hold the liquid on the plate and
cannot operate at very low vapor rates. But, with good design, sieve plates can be designed
to give a satisfactory operating range; typically, from 50 percent to 120 percent of the design
capacity (Coulson & Richardson, pg.578).
The turn-down ratio was taken as 90 percent for the calculations.
The minimum liquid rate at 90% turn-down = 0.9 × 1.6393 = 1.4754 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
2
𝐿𝑤 3
ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 750 ( )
𝜌𝐿 𝑙𝑤
where, lw = weir length, m
how = weir crest, mm liquid
Lw = liquid flow rate, kg/s

26
 2
1.6393 3
Maximum ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 750 × (0.4673×760.1911) = 20.7867 𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
2
1.4754 3
Minimum ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 750 × (0.4673×760.1911) = 19.3768 𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

At minimum rate ℎ𝑤 + ℎ𝑜𝑤 = 69.3767 𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

The minimum design vapor velocity is given by,
[𝐾2 − 0.90(25.4 − 𝑑ℎ )]
𝑈ℎ,𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜌𝑣 1/2
Where, Uh, min = minimum vapor velocity through the holes, m/s
dh = hole diameter, mm
K2 = a constant, dependent on the depth of clear liquid on the plate, obtained from Figure 5.

K 2 = 30.5
[30.5 − 0.90(25.4 − 5)]
Uh,min = = 6.39 m/s
3.611/2
minimum vapor rate 0.9 × 0.2249
𝐴ctual minimum vapor velocity = = = 8.972 𝑚/𝑠
Ah 0.02256
The minimum operating rate is well above the weeping point. So, no weeping occurs.
8.4.4 Check for Entertainment
Vv
Uv =
An
Where, Uv = vapor velocity, m/s
Vv = Maximum volumetric flow rate, m3/s
An = Net area required, m2
0.2249 0.9239m
Uv = =
0.2434 s
𝑈 0.9239
Operating percentage of flooding, = 𝑈𝑣 × 100% = × 100 = 75%
𝑓 1.23

𝐹𝐿𝑉 = 0.188
According to the Figure 9, the Entrainment correlation for sieve plates can be obtained as follows.
Fractional entrainment, 𝛹 = 0.009
Since Ψ < 0.1 the obtained value is satisfactory.
8.4.5 Plate Pressure Drop
Dry plate drop

27
Maximum vapor velocity through holes,
0.2249
Uh = = 9.9688m/s
0.02256
From Figure 10, for (plate thickness / hole diameter) = 1, and Ah/Ap ≈ Ah/Aa = 0.1,
𝐶𝑜 = 0.845
Using formulas developed for flow through orifices, the pressure drop through the dry plate can
be approximated.
𝑈ℎ 2 𝜌𝑣
ℎ𝑑 = 51 ( )
𝐶𝑜 𝜌𝐿
Where, Co = orifice coefficient
9.9688 2 3.61
hd = 51 × ( ) × = 33.7 mm liquid
0.845 760.1911
Residual Head (hr),
12.5 × 103
hr =
ρL
12.5 × 103
hr = = 16.4432 mm liquid
760.1911
Total Drop (ht),
ht = hd + (hw + how ) + hr
ht = 33.7 + 50 + 20.78 + 16.44 = 121 mm liquid
Note that:
The base pressure was calculated using a 100 mm assumption. The computation might be done
with a new estimate, but the design of the plate won't be much impacted by the slight change in
physical characteristics. The acceptable pressure drop per plate is 118 mm.
8.4.6 Downcomer Liquid back-up
It is necessary for the down comer area and plate spacing to be set up so that the liquid and froth
level in the down comer is significantly lower than the top of the outflow weir on the plate above.
The column will flood if the level rises above the outflow weir. As seen in Figure, the pressure
decrease across the plate and the down comer's internal flow resistance are what cause the liquid
to back up in the down comer (see Figure 11).
Downcomer pressure loss,
hap = hw − (5 − 10mm)

28
hap is the distance between the plate and the apron's bottom edge. Typically, this height is set
between 5 and 10 mm below the outflow weir height.
hap = 50 − 10 = 40mm
The clearance area under the downcomer is determined by,
𝐴𝑎𝑝 = ℎ𝑎𝑝 𝑙𝑤
Aap = 40 × 0.001 × 0.4673 = 0.0186m2
The below equation can be used to estimate the head loss in the downcomer.
𝐿𝑤𝑑 2
ℎ𝑑𝑐 = 166 ( )
𝜌𝐿 𝐴𝑚
Where, Lwd = liquid flow rate in the downcomer, kg/s
Am = either the downcomer area Ad or the clearance area under the downcomer Aap; whichever
is the smaller, m2
2
1.6393
hdc = 166 × ( ) = 2.2088mm
0.0186 × 760.1911
Back-up in the downcomer,
ℎ𝑏 = (ℎ𝑤 + ℎ𝑜𝑤 ) + ℎ𝑡 + ℎ𝑑𝑐
Where, hb = downcomer back-up, measured from plate surface, mm
hdc = head loss in the downcomer, mm
hb = 50 + 20.7867 + 121 + 2.2088 = 194mm

1
hb < (plate spacing + weir height)
2
1
194mm < (600 + 50) = 325mm
2
Therefore, plate spacing is acceptable.
8.4.7 Residence Time (tR)
To avoid strongly "aerated" liquid from being carried under the downcomer, the entrained vapor
must be given enough time to disengage from the liquid stream. A minimum of 3 seconds is
recommended.
𝐴𝑑 ℎ𝑏 𝜌𝐿
𝑡𝑅 =
𝐿𝑤𝑑
0.0356 × 0.194 × 760.1911
tR = = 3.2 s > 3 s, 𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲
1.6393
29
9. Column height
Plate spacing = 0.6 m
Number of actual stages = 15
Therefore,
Column Height = Plate spacing x Number of actual stages
= 0.6 x 15 = 9m
Column height = 9m

30
Summary of the design
Table 13: Summary of the design

Minimum reflux ratio (Rmin) 1.67

Operating reflux ratio (R) 2

No. of theoretical stages Equilibrium stages = 7

Number of equilibrium stages in the column = 6

(Due to having a partial reboiler)

Theoretical Feed tray location 4th stage (from the top of the column)

Distillate rate (D) 37.778 kmol/hr

Bottom product rate (W) 47.222 kmol/hr

Rectifying section liquid rate (L) 75.556 kmol/hr

Rectifying section vapor rate (V) 113.334 kmol/hr

Stripping section liquid rate (L’) 75.5552 kmol/hr

Stripping section vapor rate (V’) 28.3332 kmol/hr

Top stage temperature 87.5 ℃

Bottom stage temperature 132.5 ℃

Assumed plate spacing 0.6 m

Rectifying section column diameter 0.965 m

Stripping section column diameter 0.594 m

Liquid flow pattern Multiple pass

Hole diameter 5 mm

Hole area of Rectifying section 0.056 m2

31
Hole area of Stripping section 0.021 m2

Number of holes per plate in rectifying 2829

section

Number of holes per plate in stripping section 1071

Down comer type Segmental down comer

Down comer area of rectifying section 0.088 m2

Down comer area of stripping section 0.033 m2

Efficiency of the column 47.53%

Actual total number of stages 15

Actual no. of stages in the column (since 14

column has a partial reboiler)

Actual Feed Tray location 9th (from the top of the column)

Column height 9m

32
References

[1] Dutton, F. B. (1961). Dalton's law of partial pressures. Journal of Chemical Education,
38(8). doi:10.1021/ed038pa545.1
[2] Schmitz, K. S. (2017). Thermodynamics of the Liquid State. In Physical Chemistry
Concepts and Theory (Second ed., pp. 203-260). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-
800514-9.00005-5
[3] SINNOTT, R. K. “Optimum Reflux Ratio.” Coulson & Richardson's CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING, 3rd ed., vol. 6, 1993, pp. 495.
[4] Salunke, Dadasaheb Baburao (2011). “Oconnell Type Correlation for Prediction of
Overall Efficiency of Valve Tray Columns.” Oconnell Type Correlation for Prediction of
Overall Efficiency of Valve Tray Columns, Oklahoma State University,
https://shareok.org/handle/11244/9663
[5] Digieneni , Yousuo, et al. (2020) “Determination of the Actual Number of Stages in a
Binary Distillation ...” Ijarp.org, International Journal of Advanced Research and
Publications, http://www.ijarp.org/published-research-papers/jan2020/Determination-Of-
The-Actual-Number-Of-Stages-In-A-Binary-Distillation-Column-Using-Excel.pdf

33
Annexe 1

Temperature
(0C) 𝐏𝐀𝟎 𝐏𝐁𝟎 𝐗𝐀 𝐗𝐁 𝐘𝐀 𝐘𝐁 𝐏𝐀 𝐏𝐁 𝐏𝐓
135.93 4.22 1.013 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.01 1.01325
135.936 4.22229381 1.010037825 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.01 1.01325
135.818 4.211786408 1.006840534 0.00 1.00 0.01 0.99 0.01 1.00 1.01325
135.7 4.2013398 1.003657155 0.00 1.00 0.01 0.99 0.01 1.00 1.01325
135.583 4.190903325 1.000488747 0.00 1.00 0.02 0.98 0.02 1.00 1.01325
135.349 4.170182363 0.994193968 0.01 0.99 0.02 0.98 0.03 0.99 1.01325
135.116 4.149613388 0.987956543 0.01 0.99 0.03 0.97 0.03 0.98 1.01325
134.884 4.1291964 0.981775794 0.01 0.99 0.04 0.96 0.04 0.97 1.01325
133.739 4.029477401 0.951694029 0.02 0.98 0.08 0.92 0.08 0.93 1.01325
132.617 3.93350405 0.922932864 0.03 0.97 0.12 0.88 0.12 0.90 1.01325
131.518 3.841104094 0.895422746 0.04 0.96 0.15 0.85 0.15 0.86 1.01325
129.386 3.666377575 0.843901431 0.06 0.94 0.22 0.78 0.22 0.79 1.01325
127.339 3.504109809 0.796653495 0.08 0.92 0.28 0.72 0.28 0.73 1.01325
125.372 3.353229285 0.753252302 0.10 0.90 0.33 0.67 0.34 0.68 1.01325
120.783 3.019545795 0.659197801 0.15 0.85 0.45 0.55 0.45 0.56 1.01325
116.615 2.738054813 0.582048797 0.20 0.80 0.54 0.46 0.55 0.47 1.01325
112.815 2.498609652 0.518130116 0.25 0.75 0.62 0.38 0.62 0.39 1.01325
109.339 2.293278593 0.464666318 0.30 0.70 0.68 0.32 0.69 0.33 1.01325
106.146 2.115848385 0.419543177 0.35 0.65 0.73 0.27 0.74 0.27 1.01325
103.204 1.961416419 0.381139054 0.40 0.60 0.77 0.23 0.78 0.23 1.01325
100.482 1.826090408 0.348198757 0.45 0.55 0.81 0.19 0.82 0.19 1.01325
97.9577 1.706754777 0.319745223 0.50 0.50 0.84 0.16 0.85 0.16 1.01325
95.608 1.600905524 0.29500436 0.55 0.45 0.87 0.13 0.88 0.13 1.01325
93.4148 1.506508544 0.273362184 0.60 0.40 0.89 0.11 0.90 0.11 1.01325
91.3619 1.42189996 0.254329803 0.65 0.35 0.91 0.09 0.92 0.09 1.01325
89.4355 1.345710353 0.237509178 0.70 0.30 0.93 0.07 0.94 0.07 1.01325

1I
 87.623 1.276807133 0.22257779 0.75 0.25 0.95 0.05 0.96 0.06 1.01325
85.9134 1.214244603 0.209271589 0.80 0.20 0.96 0.04 0.97 0.04 1.01325
84.297 1.157228057 0.197372319 0.85 0.15 0.97 0.03 0.98 0.03 1.01325
82.7649 1.105088728 0.186700432 0.90 0.10 0.98 0.02 0.99 0.02 1.01325
82.1737 1.085468292 0.182739638 0.92 0.08 0.99 0.01 1.00 0.01 1.01325
81.5943 1.066503833 0.178943328 0.94 0.06 0.99 0.01 1.00 0.01 1.01325
81.0261 1.048164906 0.175303142 0.96 0.04 0.99 0.01 1.01 0.01 1.01325
80.746 1.039220538 0.17353899 0.97 0.03 0.99 0.01 1.01 0.01 1.01325
80.4686 1.03042252 0.17181123 0.98 0.02 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
80.1937 1.021766417 0.170118596 0.99 0.01 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
80.139 1.020051645 0.16978397 0.99 0.01 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
80.0845 1.018343773 0.169450864 0.99 0.01 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
80.03 1.016639708 0.169119531 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
80.0028 1.015790747 0.168954371 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
79.9756 1.014942473 0.168789212 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
79.9485 1.014095896 0.168625065 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325
79.9078 1.01325 0.168 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.01 0.00 1.01325

II
2
Annexe 2

III
1
Annexe 3

2
IV
Annexe 4

3V
Annexe 5

1.00 1.00

0.90 0.90

0.80 0.80

0.70 0.70

0.60 0.60

YA
YA

0.50 0.50

0.40 0.40

0.30 0.30

0.20 0.20

0.10 0.10

0.00 0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
XA XA

1VI
1.00 1.00

0.90 0.90

0.80 0.80

0.70 0.70

0.60 0.60

YA
YA

0.50 0.50

0.40
0.40

0.30
0.30

0.20
0.20

0.10
0.10

0.00
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
XA
XA

2
VII
1.00 1.00

0.90 0.90

0.80 0.80

0.70 0.70

0.60 0.60
YA

YA
0.50 0.50

0.40 0.40

0.30 0.30

0.20 0.20

0.10 0.10

0.00 0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
XA XA

3
VIII
Annexe 6
Viscosity
stage Ya Xa temperature benzene ethylbenzene Viscosity P°(A) P°(B) α
1 0.95 0.76 87.5 2.97E-04 3.38E-04 0.000308 1.276807 0.222578 5.736453
2 0.82 0.47 99.5 2.63E-04 3.07E-04 0.000288 1.82609 0.348199 5.244391
3 0.63 0.26 112 2.35E-04 2.80E-04 0.00027 2.49861 0.51813 4.822359
4 0.485 0.17 119 2.20E-04 2.67E-04 0.00026 3.019546 0.659198 4.580637
5 0.37 0.12 123.5 2.12E-04 2.59E-04 0.000254 3.353229 0.753252 4.451668
6 0.24 0.07 128 2.03E-04 2.51E-04 0.000248 3.50411 0.796653 4.398537
Reboiler 0.105 0.03 132.5 2.44E-04 2.44E-04 0.000244 3.933504 0.922933 4.261961
0.000267 4.785144

Liquid viscosity of benzene and ethylbenzene values from ASPEN plusV10.

1
IX
Annexe 7
Surface tension of benzene

Surface tension of ethyl-benzene

2X
Annexe 8
Liquid and vapour density of pure components

3
XI