Leecheeyinaa 010187 D 06 TTT

PSZ 19:16 (Pind.
1/97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

JUDUL:
COMPARISON OF WEIGHT OF STEEL FRAMES USING

SEVERAL STANDARD SECTIONS
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2005/2006
LEE CHEE YIN
Saya
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara
institusi pengajian tinggi.
**Sila tandakan (9)
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau

kepentingan malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam
AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan

oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
53, LRG. ISAP JAYA 12,
EN. ZAINUDIN BIN TAIB
SG. ISAP JAYA,

25150, KUANTAN, PAHANG.
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh:
24 APRIL 2006
CATATAN: *
**
Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh
tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafa dan Sarjana
secara penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan
penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).
Tarikh:
24 APRIL 2006
ii
I hereby declare that I have read this project report and in my opinion this project
report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering.
Signature
..
Name of Supervisor :
En. Zainudin Taib
Date
24 April 2006
iii
COMPARISON OF WEIGHT OF STEEL FRAMES USING SEVERAL

STANDARD SECTIONS
LEE CHEE YIN
This thesis is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
MARCH, 2006
iv
I declare that this project report entitled Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames
Using Several Standard Sections is the result of my own research except as cited in
the references.
Signature
..
Name
LEE CHEE YIN
Date
24 April 2006
Specially dedicated to my beloved mother, father, and brothers for everlasting love
and care all these years.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In particular, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my project

supervisor, En. Zainudin Bin Taib for the encouragements, guidance, advices and
friendship.
Apart from that, sincere appreciation is conveyed to my parents for their

endless supports and love that motivated me to accomplish this project.
Finally, I would also like to thank you to all of those who had directly or
indirectly helped me out with the STAAD.Pro software.
vii
ABSTRACT
This study is about optimization of steel frames using several standard

sections. The frame optimization was conducted to identify the lightest weight of the
structures subjected to various parameters under certain design constraints. The most
commonly used type of cross sectional I-shape has been used in the frames. The
frames are analyzed, designed and optimized by using STAAD Pro. 2004 software.
The frames members are designed according to BS 5950-1:2000. The design
parameters in this study consist of load, length of span, storey height, and number of
stories and bays in three-dimensional frames. By varying the design parameters, 20
models of frame structures were set up to identify the most optimum weight of frames
in different circumstances. The analysis results for the effects of those design
parameters are shown graphically and a direct mathematical method is used to obtain
the percentages of different of weight in steel frames. Based on the comparisons those
have been made, it is found that Canadian sections produce the lightest frame,
followed sequentially by American, European, Australian and British sections.
viii
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini adalah mengenai pengoptimuman berat kerangka keluli dengan

menggunakan beberapa jenis keratan paiwai. Kerangka keluli yang dikaji adalah
menggunakan keratan berbentuk I. Semua kerangka dianalisis, direkabentuk, dan
dioptimum dengan menggunakan perisisan STAAD.Pro 2004. Selain itu, semua
kerangka direkabentuk berdasarkan kod amalan BS 5950-1:2000. Bagi menjalankan
analisisi secara berkesan, beberapa parameter dipelbagaikan nilai dalam kajian ini
seperti pembebanan, ketinggian tingkat, panjang rentang, bilangan tingkat, dan
bilangan bay dalam sesuatu kerangka. Bagi membuat perbandingan berat kerangka,
sebanyak 20 buah kerangka dimodelkan bagi setiap keratan British, American,
Australian, Canadian, dan European dengan mempelbagaikan nilai-nilai parameter
yang terlibat. Selepas analisis dan rekabentuk dijalankan, data yang dikumpulkan
adalah bilangan keratan yang berbeza saiz yang digunakan dalam pengoptimuman
kerangka, dan berat bagi setaip kerangka. Bagi memudahkan penjelasan terhadap
keputusan analisis, data yang didapati dipersembahkan dalam bentuk jadual, graf,
dan carta bar. Selain itu, peratus perbezaan berat kerangka dijalankan dengan
membangdingkan keempat-empat jenis keratan piawai dengan keratan British.
Berdasarkan keputusan analisis, didapati bahawa kerangka yang menggunakan
keratan piawai Canada adalah paling ringan, diikuti oleh kerangka yang
menggunakan keratan piawai America, European, Australia, dan British.
ix
CONTENT
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
CERTIFICATION BY SUPERVISOR
ii
TITLE PAGE
iii
AUTHOR DECLARATION
iv
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
CONTENT
ix
LIST OF TABLES
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvii
LIST OF APPENDIX
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of The Problem
1.2
Statement of The Problem
1.3 Objectives of The Study
1.4
Importance of The Study
1.5
Scope of The Study
x
2
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1
Review of Related Researches and Findings
2.2
Theoretical Design of Steel Beams
2.2.1
2.3
Example of Beam Design
Theoretical Design of Steel Columns
16
2.3.1
17
Example of Column Design
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES
21
3.1
Tools and Instrumentation
21
3.2
Limitation of The Study
22
3.3
STAAD.Pro 2004
22
3.3.1
Background of STAAD.Pro
23
3.3.2
Types of Structures
23
3.3.3
Coordinate Systems
24
3.4
3.5
Material and Physical Properties of Steel Sections
25
3.4.1
Beam Properties
25
3.4.2
Column Properties
26
Modeling, Analyzing and Designing of Frame Structures27

3.5.1
Modeling of Frame Structures
27
3.5.1.1
Setup Model
28
3.5.1.2
Define and Assign Supports
31
3.5.1.3
Multiply Structural Elements
33
3.5.1.4
Define and Assign Loads
34
3.5.1.5 Define and Assign Connections
36
Between Elements
3.5.1.6
Define and Assign Geometrical
37
Properties Including Section Types
3.5.2
3.5.1.7 Duplicate Model
38
Analyzing of Frame Structures
39
xi
3.5.3
3.6
Designing of Frame Structures
41
3.5.3.1
Define and Select Design Parameters
41
3.5.3.2
Run The Analysis
43
Flow Chart of Design of Frame Structures Using
44
STAAD.Pro
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
45
4.1
Calculation of Loads
45
4.2
Analysis Results
47
4.2.1
48
Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based

On Loadings Case 1
4.2.1.1
Percentage of Difference of Weight
51
In Steel Frames
4.2.1.2
4.2.2
Interpretation of Analysis Results
52
53
On Storey Height Case 2

4.2.2.1
4.2.3
56
57
On Span Case 3
4.2.3.1
4.2.4
60
61
On Number of Frame Stories Case 4

4.2.4.1
4.2.5
64
65
On Number of Bays Case 5

4.2.5.1
4.3
Overall Discussions
68
69
xii
5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
71
5.1
Conclusions
71
5.2
Recommendations
72
REFERENCES
74
APPENDIX
76
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Physical properties of several standard beams
26
3.2
Physical properties of several standard columns
27
3.3
Suiting the dimensions of the frame structures
30
3.4
Multiplying structural elements
33
3.5
Defining beam specifications
36
3.6
Duplicating number of stories in frame structures
38
3.7
Simplified actions in Steel Design Whole Structure
42
dialogue
4.1
Parameters of frames analysis for Case 1
48
4.2
Weight of frames (kN) for Case 1
49
4.3
Percentages of difference of weight in steel frames based 51

on loadings
4.4
53
4.5
54
4.6

on storey height
4.7
57
4.8
58
4.9

on span
xiv
4.10
61
4.11
62
4.12

on number of frames stories
4.13
66
4.14
67
4.15

on number of bays
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
Example of cross section of British universal beam (UB)
26
3.2
Example of cross section of British universal column (UC) 26
3.3
Window of New when starting STAAD.Pro
28
3.4
Window of selecting Add Beam
29
3.5
Window of displaying a grid on the structure
29
3.6
Window of beams and columns generated
30
3.7
Window of creating structural supports
31
3.8
Window of options available for creating supports
32
3.9
Window of assigning fully fixed support
32
3.10
Window of multiplying structural elements
33
3.11
Window of creating load case
34
3.12
Window of creating uniformly distributed load
35
3.13
Window of loads acting on the beams
35
3.14
Window of defining beam specifications
36
3.15
Window of assigning section properties
37
3.16
Window of five stories height frame structures
39
3.17
Window of defining method of analysis
40
3.18
Window of selecting analysis engine
40
3.19
Window of STAAD Analysis and Design
41
3.20
Window of defining and selecting parameters
42
xvi
3.21
Window of obtaining the weight of frame and number
43
of sections used in the analysis

3.22
Flow chart of design procedures
44
4.1
Load distributions on internal and external beams
46
4.2
Illustration of frames for Case 1
49
4.3
Plot of weight in steel frames based on loadings
50
4.4
Chart of number of steel sections used versus loads on
50
internal beams
4.5
54
4.6
Plot of weight in steel frames based on storey height
55
4.7
Chart of number of steel sections used versus storey height 55
4.8
58
4.9
Plot of weight in steel frames based on span
59
4.10
Chart of number of steel sections used versus length of span 59
4.11
62
4.12
Plot of weight in steel frames based on number of stories
63
4.13
Chart of number of steel sections used versus number of
64
stories
4.14
66
4.15
Plot of weight in steel frames based on number of bays
67
4.16
Chart of number of steel sections used versus number of
68
bays
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Ag
Gross cross-sectional area
Av
Shear area of a member
Width
b/T
Local buckling ratio of flange
b1
Stiff bearing length
be
Distance to the nearer end of the member from the end the
stiff member
Depth of section
Depth of web
d/t
Local buckling ratio of web
Fc
Compressive axial force
Fv
Shear force in a member
Ix
Second moment of area about the major axis
Length or span
LE
Effective length
LEx
Effective length for flexural buckling about the major axis
LEy
Effective length for flexural buckling about the minor axis
Mb
Buckling resistance moment
Mc
Moment capacity
Mcx
Major axis moment capacity
Mcy
Minor axis moment capacity
xviii
MLT
Maximum major axis moment in the segment length L

governing Mb
Mmax
Maximum moment at the middle of beam span
mx
Factor for major axis flexural buckling
my
Factor for minor axis flexural buckling
Pbw
Bearing capacity of web
Px
Buckling resistance
Pc
Compression resistance
Pv
Shear capacity of a member
py
Design strength of steel
pyw
Design strength of the web
pc
Compressive strength
pcx
Compressive strength about the major axis
pcy
Compressive strength about the minor axis
r1, r2
Stress ratio
Root radius
Sx
Plastic modulus about the major axis
Flange thickness
Web thickness
Buckling parameter of a cross section
Unfactored distributed load
Unfactored point load
Factored distributed load
Factored point load
Zx
Elastic modulus about the major axis
Zy
Elastic modulus about the minor axis
Constant (275/py) 0.5
actual
Actual deflection
allowable
Allowable deflection
xix
Slenderness factor for a beam
Slenderness about the major axis
Slenderness about the minor axis
Equivalent slenderness
xx
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX NO.
TITLE
Example of Staad.Pro Output
PAGE
76
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of The Problem
In the civil engineering field, steel is the most widely used structural metal.
Its popularity may be due to the various sizes and shapes of steel sections to be used
for small, simple buildings as well as for much complicated infrastructures
construction [Adeli and Karim, 1997]. However, the usage of steel in construction
industry in Malaysia is still relatively low if compared to developed countries such as
United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and other European countries.
The most popular optimization criterion in steel structural design is cost. For
building applications in which the ratio of strength to weight must be kept high, thus
steel offers feasible options. Typically, cost is a function of the total structural weight.
Other factors that may be involved in estimating the cost of steel structures include
materials, designs, ease and speed of constructions, and corrosion resistance [Owens
and Cheal, 1989].
In recent years, some researchers have focused on the finding for steel frames
design in order to obtain optimum design solution. Because of discrete character of
the optimization problem, the solution techniques of mathematical programming are
2
complex and not very efficient for large scale structures. Thus, the genetic algorithms
which are applications of biological principles into computational algorithms have
been used to obtain the optimum structural design solutions. However, the procedure
for genetic algorithm is time consuming and the optimum solutions may not be
global ones even though they are feasible both mathematically and practically.
Besides, it takes a long time for an engineer to analyze and design complex structures
[Grierson et al., 1995]. As a result, this will significantly slow the analysis process.
However, the analysis processes become easier and faster nowadays with the use of
computational software analysis.
Recently, there are a number of methods available in structural analysis. On
behalf of that, some of the structural analysis softwares even consist of many
standards or codes of practice all over the world for the steel structural designs such
as British Standard (BS5950:2000 Part 1), and Eurocode 3 (EC3 : Design of Steel
Structure). Today, STAAD.Pro 2004 is one of the developed software which has
been designed for steel structural designers with sufficient accuracy.
1.2
Statement of The Problem
The problem of the proposed study is stated below:

What is the difference of weight of steel frames using several standard steel
sections?
3
1.3
Objectives of The Study
The main objectives of the proposed study are stated below:

a) Identifying the optimum weight of steel frames using several standard steel
sections
b) Obtaining the percentage of difference of weight between frames using
several standard steel sections with British sections
1.4
Importance of The Study
The analysis results from STAAD.Pro will be used for adapting an idea and
significant facts for a better decision. It is useful by providing quantitative facts on
the number of sections available and percentage of difference of weight in the
designed steel frames analysis. This will be a very useful for the decision making
process for identifying the lightest weight of steel frames among the selected
standard steel sections in this study. Typically, cost is a function of the total steel
structural weight. Thus, the study will give us an understanding for choosing the
most economic steel section.
4
1.6
Scope of The Study
The proposed study will concentrate on few major parts as follow:

a) Conducting a series of analysis and designs of steel frames by using
STAAD.Pro 2004
b) Analyzing and designing of beams and columns according to the
specifications in BS 5950-1:2000
c) Dead loads and imposed loads will only be included for the analysis
d) Assuming that the loads distribute uniformly along the beam elements
e) Type of connections between elements involved are pinned
f) Assuming that the frame structures are only considered as braced
g) Assuming that the frames structures are not subjected to any wind load
h) For more accurate analysis, a three-dimensional frames is carried out and the
analysis is simplified to a manageable size
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1
Review of Related Researches and Findings
During the last decades, many mathematically programming methods have

been developed for structural optimization [Gallagher & Zienkiewicz, 1973]. Some
of these are Linear Programming (LP), Nonlinear Programming (NLP), Integer
Linear Programming (ILP), and Discrete Nonlinear Programming (DNLP).
The steel structure is defined by a series of sizes and dimensions.
Combinations of these sizes and dimensions are sought that achieve the structural
optimization criteria. Srinivasan and Pandian [1981] have developed equations which
contributing to the minimum cross sectional area by designing web and flange areas
due to bending moments.
In recent years, genetic algorithms (GA) have been used in structural
optimization by many researchers. The first contribution to optimal design of steel
structures using GAs is the work of Goldberg and Samtani [1986]. The Simulated
Annealing (SA) algorithm was applied to discrete optimization of a three
dimensional six-storey steel frame by Balling [1991]. Jenkins [1992] performed a
plane frame optimization design based on the genetic algorithm.
6
Besides, the optimal design of structural engineering has been linked to
discrete design variables. Such problems in structural engineering are encountered
when standards sections are used for design of steel structures. Therefore, Camp et al.
[1998] developed a GA-based design procedure FEAPGEN as a module in Finite
Element Analysis Program (FEAP). In addition, several special features of
FEAPGEN are included such as the discrete design variables, an open format for
prescribing constraints, design checking using the American Institute of Steel
Construction Allowable Stress Design, AISC-ASD specifications, multiple loading
conditions, and a comprehensive AISC database of available structural steel
members. This optimization method is particularly used for designing of two
dimensional structures.
There is no explicit guarantee that all structural member will sustain their
design loads, thus optimal design of steel frame using nonlinear inelastic analysis is
developed. One of the nonlinear inelastic analyses called as plastic-zone method is
used to discretize the frame members into several finite elements and the cross
section of each finite element is further subdivided into many fibers. This is a direct
method used for minimum weight optimization.
A large number of steel frame structures have been modeled and analyzed in
recent years on the subject of structural optimization. Most of these models deal with
the design variables or parameters, thus it is important to carefully choose the loads
acting on the internal and external beams, span of beams, storey height or number of
stories and bays to be used in the modeling process. Therefore, the choice for the
input parameters have to be restricted according to the researches carried out by
Chan [1992], Chan and Grierson [1993], Soegiarso and Adeli [1994], and Camp et al.
[1998]. The designs ware based on the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) codes.
Structures should be designed such that they can resist applied forces and do
not exceed certain deformations. Theoretically, the best design is the one that
satisfies the stress and displacement constraints, and results in the least cost of
construction. Therefore, minimizing the weight of the steel structure is undoubtedly
the goal of structural optimization [Adeli and Sarma 2000].
7
Moreover, due to the availability of faster and cheaper computers, and the
reduction in computation cost makes the structural design feasible to perform more
computations for better results.
2.2
Theoretical Design of Steel Beams
In checking the strength of a steel beam, the design is divided into two main
parts which are under the ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states.
For ultimate limit states, each specific load should be multiplied by the
relevant partial factors, f and checking will be done for shear capacity, moment
capacity, web bearing and buckling resistance. According to the specifications in BS
5950-1:2000, the actual bearing and moment capacities should not be greater than the
design bearing and moment capacities. When the local compressive forces applied
through a flange by loads or reactions, checking should be done to ensure that the
web bearing and buckling resistance are not exceeded.
Besides, it is also necessary to check the deflection under serviceability limit
states in which the actual deflection should not exceed the allowable deflection in
accordance with Clause 2.5.2, BS 5950.
Details of a design procedure for steel beam are as follow [Steel Design
Guide to BS 5950-1:2000, Volume 2]:
a) Calculate the factored loads, maximum moment and shear in accordance with
Clause 2.1.3 BS 5950-1:2000
8
b) For a simply supported restrained beam, the maximum moment occurs at the
centre of the beam while the maximum shear occurs at the both ends of
support.
c) Initial trial section is selected to give a suitable moment capacity.
d) Classify the cross section in accordance with Table 9, Table 11 and Clause
3.5.2
e) Check the shear capacity in accordance with Clause 4.2.3. Step c) should be
repeated if the shear capacity is not adequate.
f) Check the moment capacity in accordance with Clause 4.2.5. Step c) should
be repeated if the moment capacity is not adequate.
g) Identify whether the beam is fully restrained or not. For a fully restrained
beam, just proceed with step i). Otherwise, for a beam without full lateral
restrained, the lateral-torsional buckling should be checked in accordance
with Clause 4.3.6
h) Step c) should be repeated if the lateral-torsional buckling is not adequate.
i) Check the web bearing and buckling resistance in accordance with Clause
4.5.1. Step c) should be repeated if the web bearing and buckling resistance
are not adequate.
j) Check the deflection in accordance with Clause 2.5.2. Step c) should be
repeated if the shear deflection is not satisfactory.
9
2.2.1
Example of Beam Design
In accordance with BS 5950-1: 2000, the example shown below is a simply

supported restrained beam:
Reference
Calculation
Point Load
Distributed Load
3m
3m
Figure 2.1: Simply Supported Restrained Beam

Loading
Distributed load:
Dead load, Gk = 20 kN/m & Imposed load Qk = 30 kN/m
Point load:
Dead load, Gk = 40 kN & Imposed load Qk = 50 kN
Factored loads
Distributed load, w = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
= 1.4 x 20 + 1.6 x 30
= 76 kN/m
Point load, W = 1.4 x 40 + 1.6 x 50
= 136 kN
Maximum moment and shear
Maximum moment occurs at the centre:
Results
10
M =
=
w' L2 W ' L
+
8
4
76 6 2 136 6
+
8
4
= 546 kNm
Shear force at the ends:
Fv =
w' L W '
+
2
2
76 6 136
+
2
2
= 296 kN
Shear force at the centre:
Fv = Fv
w' L
2
= 296
76 6
2
= 68 kN
Trial section
Sx = Mmax / p y
= 546 x 103 / 275
= 1986 cm3
Section
property
tables
Try 533 x 210 x 82 UB in grade S275

Depth, D = 528.3 mm
Width, B = 208.8 mm
Web thickness, t = 9.6 mm
Flange thickness, T = 13.2 mm
Depth between fillets, d = 476.5 mm
Plastic modulus, Sx = 2060 cm3
Elastic modulus, Zx = 1800 cm3
11
Ratios for local buckling:
Flange, b / T = 7.91
Web, d / t = 49.6
3.1.1
Section classification
Table 9
Grade of steel = S275

T < 16 mm
2
p y = 275 N/ mm
275
py
275
275
= 1.0
3.5.2
Table 11
For the outstand element of a compression flange, the

limiting b / T for a class 1 plastic flange is 9.
Limiting b / T = 9 = 9
Actual b / T = 7.91 < 9
Therefore, the flange is class 1
Since the section is symmetrical and subject to pure
bending, the neutral axis is at mid depth. So, the limiting
4.2.3
d / t for a class 1 plastic web is 80.
Cross
Limiting d / t = 80 = 80
section is
Actual d / t = 49.6 < 80
class 1
Therefore, the web is class 1
plastic
Shear capacity
Basic requirement Fv Pv
Pv = 0.6 p y Av
2
p y = 275 N/ mm
Av = tD
12
= 9.6 x 528.3
= 5072 mm2
Pv = 0.6 x 275 x 5072 x 10-3

= 837 kN
At the ends of the member, Fv = 296 kN < 837 kN
4.2.5
Shear
capacity is
adequate
Moment Capacity
Basic requirement M x M cx
At the centre of the moment, Fv = 68 kN
0.6 Pv = 0.6 x 837
= 502.2 kN
68 kN < 502.2 kN
Therefore, the shear is low
4.2.5.2
For low shear, the moment capacity for a class 1 section

is given by:
Mcx = py Sx
Mcx = 275 x 2060 x 10-3
= 566.5 kNm
4.2.5.1
To avoid irreversible deformation under serviceability

loads, for a simply supported beam Mcx 1.2 py Zx
1.2 py Zx = 1.2 x 275 x 1800 x 10-3
= 594 kNm
566.5 kNm < 594 kNm
4.5.2.1
Web Bearing & Buckling Under The Point Load

Bearing capacity of the unstiffened web
Basic requirement Fx Pbw
Pbw
= (b1 + nk) t pyw
Moment
capacity is
adequate
13
b1
= 75 mm
= 5 (not at the end of the member)
=T+r
= 13.2 + 12.7
= 25.9 mm
(b1 + nk) = 75 + (5 x 25.9)

= 204.5 mm
Pbw
= 204.5 x 9.6 x 275 x 10-3
Bearing
= 540 kN
capacity is
Fx = 136 kN < 540 kN
adequate
Buckling resistance of the unstiffened web
4.5.3.1
Basic requirement Fx Px
Px =
=
25t
(b1 + nk )d
Pbw
25 1.0 9.6
204.5 476.5
540
= 415.2 kN
Fx = 136 kN < 540 kN
4.5.2.1
Web Bearing & Buckling At The Support

Bearing capacity of the unstiffened web
Basic requirement Fx Pbw
Pbw
= (b1 + nk) t pyw
b1
= 50 mm
be
= 0 mm
= 2 + 0.6 be / k but < 5

(at the end of the member)
= 2.0
=T+r
Buckling
resistance
is adequate
14
= 13.2 + 12.7
= 25.9 mm
(b1 + nk) = 50 + (2 x 25.9)

= 101.8 mm
Pbw
= 101.8 x 9.6 x 275 x 10-3

= 269 kN
capacity is
not
Fx = 296 kN > 269 kN
4.5.3.1
Bearing
adequate
Buckling resistance of the unstiffened web
Basic requirement Fx Px
0.7d = 0.7 x 476.5
= 333.6 mm
ae = 25 mm < 0.7d
Since ae < 0.7d, the buckling resistance is given by:
Px =
=
a e + 0.7 d
1.4 d
25t
(b1 + nk )d
Pbw
25 1.0 9.6
25 + 333.6
269
1.4 476.5
101.8 476.5
= 158 kN
Deflection
To check the maximum deflection under working loads,

the serviceability loads are taken as the unfactored
imposed loads:
Distributed load, w = 30 kN/m
Point load, W
resistance is
not
Fx = 296 kN > 158 kN

2.5.2
Buckling
= 50 kN
= 205 kN/mm2
= 55200 cm4
adequate
15
Actual deflection,
=
=
1 5wL4 WL3
+
48
EI 384
5 30 6 4 50 6 4
1
5
+
x 10
205 55200 384
48
= 16.4 mm
Assume that the beam carries a plaster finish
Allowable deflection, =
=
L
360
6000
360
= 16.67 mm
16.4 mm < 16.67 mm
Adopt 533 x 210 x 82 UB In Grade S275
(with load carrying stiffeners at the supports)
Deflection
is adequate
16
2.3
Theoretical Design of Steel Columns
For a simple structure, it is assumed that the structure is composed of

members connected by nominally pinned joints with resistance to horizontal forces
being provided by bracing, shear walls or a lift core. In actual application, design of a
column is not as straight forward as it is generally use the same column size and
weight through at least several stories. However, the major concern of designing a
column will be focused on the compressive strength, nominal moment due to
eccentricities and buckling resistance of both axes.
Details of a design procedure for steel column are as follow [Steel Design Guide to
BS 5950-1:2000, Volume 2]:
a) Calculated the factored axial compression within the length due to all loads
b) Initial trial section and steel grade is selected
c) Determine whether the section is class 4 slender or not class 4 slender
d) Classify the cross section in accordance with Table 9, Table 11 and Clause
3.5.2
e) Determine the effective lengths for axial compression
f) Calculate the slenderness for compression
g) Determine the compression strength and the compression resistance
If there are nominal moments applied to the column, calculate the equivalent
slenderness for lateral torsional buckling.
17
2.3.1
Example of Column Design
In accordance with BS 5950-1: 2000, the example shown below is a pinended column at both axes and it has no intermediate restraint.
Reference
Calculation
1000 kN
L = 6000 mm
1000 kN
Figure 2.2: Pin-ended Restrained Column
4.7.3
Effective Length
Table 22
Not restrained in direction at either end

Therefore, LE = 1.0 L = 6000 mm
Section
Trial Section
property
Try 254 x 254 x 73 UC in grade S275
tables
Depth, D = 254.0 mm
Width, B = 254.0 mm
Web thickness, t = 8.6 mm
Flange thickness, T = 14.2 mm
Depth between fillets, d = 200.2 mm
Radius of gyration about x-x axis, rx = 11.1 cm
Results
18
Radius of gyration about x-x axis, ry = 6.46 cm
Area of section, Ag = 93.9 cm2
Ratios for local buckling:
Flange, b / T = 8.94
Web, d / t = 23.3
3.1.1
Section classification
Table 9
Grade of steel = S275
T < 16 mm
2
p y = 275 N/ mm
275
py
275
275
= 1.0
4.7.4
Determine whether the section is class 4 slender or

not class 4 slender:
3.5.2
Table 11
For the outstand element of compression flange, the

limiting b / T for a class 3 semi-compact flange is 15.
Limiting b / T = 15 = 15
Actual b / T = 8.94 < 15
Therefore, the flange is not class 4 slender
3.5.2
For the web of an H-section under axial compression,
Table 11
the limiting d / t for a class 3 semi-compact web is
120
but 40
1 + 2r2
r2 =
Fc
Ag p y
19
=
1000 1000
9290 275
= 0.39
Limiting d / t =
4.7.2
4.7.4
120
= 67.3
1 + (2 0.39)
Cross
section is
Actual d / t = 23.3 < 67.3
not class 4
Therefore, the web is not class 4 slender
slender
Slenderness
x =
L Ex 6000
=
= 54.1
111
rx
y =
L Ex 6000
=
= 92.9
64.6
ry
Compression Resistance
Basic requirement Fc Pc
Pc = Ag p c (for class 4 slender cross section)
Ag = 92.9 cm2
The compression strength p c is obtained from the
relevant strut curve for buckling about the x-x and y-y
axes. For a rolled H-section with T < 40 mm :
Table 23
Buckling about the x-x axis
Table 24b
Use strut curve b

For x = 54.1 and p y = 275 N/mm2, p cx = 229.9 N/mm2
Table 23
Buckling about the y-y axis
Table 24c
Use strut curve c

For y = 92.9 and p y = 275 N/mm2, p cy = 140.7 N/mm2
20
Therefore, p c = 140.7 N/mm2
Compression
Pc = 9290 140.7 10 3
resistance is
= 1307 kN
Fc = 1000 kN < 1307 kN
Adopt 254 x 254 x 73 UC in S275
adequate
21
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES
3.1
Tools and Instrumentation
To initiate the proposed study, the following hardwares and softwares should be
available:
a) Personal computer equipped with Pentium IV with 256 MB RAM running on
Microsoft Window XP
b) Microsoft Word software
c) Microsoft Excel software
d) STAAD.Pro 2004 software
22
3.2
Limitation of The Study
The majority of the proposed study will focus on two parts. The first part
consists of identifying the load cases and magnitude of loadings. It is also necessary
to consider pattern loading in continuous frames. While the second part of study is
the assessment of design for comparison and weight optimization. The subjects that
to be studied will be confined to the following areas such as:
a) Steel section types are chosen from several standard steel sections
b) Dead loads and imposed loads will be included only for the analysis
c) Frame structures are not subjected to any wind load and considered as braced
d) Type of connections between structural elements are considered as bolted
e) The material of steel used in this study is grade S275 with modulus Young,
Es = 205 kN/mm2
3.3
STAAD.Pro 2004
STAAD.Pro is widely used software around the world for structural analysis
and design. Considering the complexity of design of an entire project, current design
approaches favour the use of computational software analysis. Today, STAAD.Pro
2004 is one of the developed software which has been designed to be
computationally and easily to use for the structural designers with sufficient accuracy.
23
3.3.1
Background of STAAD.Pro
STAAD.Pro 2004 is the next generation of the STAAD product line, the most
powerful structural engineering software with over 150,000 installations, 15,000
clients, design codes for 30 countries and NRC/NUPIC certification. The
STAAD.Pro 2004 software consists of the following:
a) Graphical User Interface (GUI) is used to generate the model which can then
be analyzed by using the STAAD.Pro engine. Besides, the GUI can be used
to view the results graphically after the analysis and design is completed.
b) Analysis and design engine is a general purpose calculation engine for
structural analysis and integrated steel, concrete, timber and aluminum design.
Generally, GUI is used to create all input specifications, output reports and
displays. These structural modeling and analysis input are stored in a text file with
extension .STD. The .STD file is then processed by the STAAD analysis engine
to produce results that are stored in several files with extensions such as ANL, BMD
and TMH. These files are used by the GUI in post processing mode. Besides, the
STAAD.Pro also offers a second analysis engine, STARDYNE which is an
Advanced Analysis Engine.
3.3.2
Types of Structures
There are four types of structures available in STAAD.Pro:

a) Space Structure
This is the most general of three dimensional framed structures with loads
applied in any plane.
24
b) Plane Structure
This is bound by a global X-Y coordinate system with loads in the same
plane.
c) Truss Structure
This consists of truss members with only axial member forces and no bending
in the members.
d) Floor Structure
This is a two or three dimensional structure having no horizontal movement
of the structure in the global X or Z directions with FX, FZ & MY restrained
at every joint.
3.3.3
Coordinate Systems
STAAD.Pro uses two types of coordinate systems to define the structure

geometry and loading patterns such as follow:
a) Global Coordinate System
b) Local Coordinate System
The Global Coordinate System is an arbitrary coordinate system in space which
is utilized to specify the overall geometry and loading pattern of the structure. This
system follows the orthogonal right hand rule which can be used to define the joint
locations and loading directions. On the other hand, the Local Coordinate System is
associated with each member and is utilized in Member End Force output or local
load specification. The right hand rule may be applied to obtain the positive
directions of the local axes.
25
3.4
Material and Physical Properties of Steel Sections
The values of some properties such as grade of steel, yield strength py,
modulus of elasticity have be taken as same and apply to all selected standard steel
sections for analysis proposes. The physical properties should be determined from
the specified I-shape and nominal dimensions of the section according to the
standards respectively.
3.4.1
Material Properties of Steel Sections
The material properties of steel sections used in frames are as follows:

a) Yield Strength, py
275 N/mm2
b) Modulus of Elasticity, E
205000 N/mm2
c) Poissons Ratio, v
0.30
d) Density,
7833.41 kg/m3
e) Coefficient of linear thermal expansion,
1.2 x 10-5 per 0C
3.4.2
Physical Properties of Steel Sections
Examples of British universal beam and universal column are shown

respectively in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2. Examples of physical properties of beams
and columns of selected standard sections are shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2
26
respectively. Alternatively, the values of physical properties of steel sections can be
obtained from STAAD.Pro.
Figure 3.1: Example of cross section of British universal beam (UB)

Table 3.1: Physical properties of several standard beams
Standard
Section
British
Section
Designation
UB
Area
of
Section
A
(mm2)
Depth
of
Section
D
(mm)
Width
of
Section
Bf
(mm)
16.50
127.00
10.78
Thickness
Second Moment
of Area
Elastic
Modulus
Flange
Tf
(mm)
Web
Tw
(mm)
Axis
x-x
(cm4)
Axis
y-y
(cm4)
Axis
z-z
(cm4)
Axis
x-x
(cm3)
Axis
y-y
(cm3)
76.00
7.60
4.00
56.00
473.00
84.00
23.00
76.20
59.18
6.60
4.32
1.32
20.81
104.06
32.77
11.47
17.80
150.00
75.00
7.00
5.00
2.81
49.50
666.00
102.00
20.80
10.77
76.20
59.18
6.60
4.32
1.32
19.15
104.89
32.77
11.47
16.40
140.00
73.00
6.90
4.70
2.50
45.00
541.00
88.00
19.00
127x76x13
American
S-Shape
S 3x5
Australian
UB
150x14.0
Canadian
S-Shape
S 75x8
European
IPE 140
Figure 3.2: Example of cross section of British universal column (UC)
27
Table 3.2: Physical properties of several standard columns
Standard
Section
British
Section
Designation
UC
Area
of
Section
A
(mm2)
Depth
of
Section
D
(mm)
Width
of
Section
Bf
(mm)
29.20
152.40
152.40
Thickness
Second Moment
of Area
Flange
Tf
(mm)
Web
Tw
(mm)
Axis
x-x
(cm4)
Axis
y-y
(cm4)
Axis
z-z
(cm4)
Axis
x-x
(cm3)
Axis
y-y
(cm3)
6.80
5.80
400.00
1250.0
182.00
80.00
152x152x23
American
W-Shape
Elastic
Modulus
0
24.71
105.66
103.12
8.76
7.11
5.79
162.33
470.34
103.24
49.52
18.90
97.00
99.00
7.00
5.00
3.49
114.00
318.00
74.40
35.20
17.29
149.86
100.08
5.46
4.32
1.47
91.16
682.62
101.60
27.86
23.00
128.00
140.00
6.00
4.30
3.50
275.00
719.00
124.00
60.00
W 4x13
Australian
UC
100x14.8
Canadian
W-Shape
W 150x14
European
3.5
HE 140AA
Modeling, Analyzing and Designing of Frame Structures
The procedures of modeling, analyzing and designing of frame structures are

shown in this section is based on the frames model in Chapter IV, Case 1 with
loading of 60 kN/m using British steel sections.
3.5.1
Modeling of Frame Structures
Ideally, the modeling stage of design of frame structures should be on the

basis of design sequence. No doubt, it is important to sketch out the frame structures
before the start of the modeling stage. It is recognized that sketching will reduce or
avoid many potential problems, including the possibilities of making mistakes when
key in parameters, arranging the position of steel members, assigning section
28
properties and many others. There are several steps prepared and should be followed
sequentially in order to increase the design and analysis efficiency.
3.5.1.1 Setup Model
a) By starting a STAAD.Pro analysis, a New window will be displayed as

shown in Figure 3.3. Within the window, point and click Space, follow by
entering a file name such as Loading 60 kN/m - British. Also, the Space
structure is based on Meter and KiloNewton.
Figure 3.3: Window of New when starting STAAD.Pro

b) By clicking Next in Figure 3.3, a new Where do you want to go? window will
be displayed. There are several options available which required user to select
Add Beam in this proposed study as shown in Figure 3.4.
29
Figure 3.4: Window of selecting Add Beam

c) By clicking Finish in Figure 3.4, the main STAAD window containing a
Geometry Page will be displayed. As there is no structure yet defined, the
Snap Node / Beam dialogue is automatically opened displaying a grid on the
structure as shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5: Window displaying a grid on the structure
30
d) The grid on the structure can be displayed in various views, however, set the
grid plane to the X-Y plane by clicking View From +Z button. To set the grid
to suit the dimensions of the frame structures, the Construction Lines in the
Snap Node / Beam dialogue is used to modify the X-axis as 4 bays at 5 meter
spacing while Y-axis as 1 bay at 4 meter spacing. These actions can be

simplified and shown in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Suiting the dimensions of the frame structures
Instructions
View
Actions
View From +Z is clicked
X-axis Right = 4
Spacing = 5 meter
Construction Lines
Y-axis Right = 1
Spacing = 4meter
e) Within the Geometry Page, point and click the Snap Node / Beam button and
then follow by clicking on the grid line to generate beams and columns as
shown in Figure 3.6.
Figure 3.6: Window of beams and columns generated
31
3.5.1.2 Define and Assign Supports
a) Change to General Page, and go to the Support Sub-Page. A SupportsWhole

Structure dialogue is automatically opened as shown in Figure 3.7.
Figure 3.7: Window for creating structural supports

b) By clicking Create in Figure 3.7, a Create Support dialogue will be displayed
which required user to select desired supports. Create a fully fixed support by
clicking on the Add button as shown in Figure 3.8.
32
Figure 3.8: Window of options available for creating supports

c) To attach this fully fixed support to the structure, select the support in the
dialogue box as shown in Figure 3.9. Also, ensure that the assignment method
is set to Use Cursor To Assign to assign and click on the Assigning button for
creating supports over the bases of the columns.
Figure 3.9: Window of assigning fully fixed support
33
3.5.1.3 Multiply Structural Elements
a) Ideally, the structures are set to Isometric View. Go to the Geometry Page,
and use cursor to select all the elements. By clicking the Translational Repeat
button on the generate toolbar or selecting the Translational Repeat item
from geometry menu, a 3D Repeat window will be displayed as shown in
Figure 3.10.
Figure 3.10: Window for multiplying structural elements

b) In the 3D Repeat dialogue box, set the direction to the Z-axis, 4 steps with 6
meter spacing. Point and click the Link Steps and Open Base options. These
actions can be simplified and shown in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4: Multiplying structural elements
Instructions
Actions
Global Direction
No. of Steps
Default Step Spacing
5 meter
Link Steps
Click
Open Base
Click
34
3.5.1.4 Define and Assign Loads
a) Change to General Page, and go to the Load Sub-Page. A Set Active Primary
Load Case window will be displayed as shown in Figure 3.11. For the first
time, load case must be created, thus entering a title name such as Loading
60 kN/m.
Figure 3.11: Window of creating load case

b) By clicking OK button in Figure 3.11, a LoadsWhole Structure dialogue is
automatically opened which required user to click Member button. Once this
action has been done, a Beam Loads dialogue will be displayed as shown in
Figure 3.12. Select the Uniform Force tab and enter the value -60 kN/m into
the W1 edit box, set the direction to GY, and click on the Add button.
35
Figure 3.12: Window of creating uniformly distributed load

c) Assign the loadings -60 kN/m and -30 kN/m to internal and external beams
respectively. With the assignment method set to Assign To Selected Beams,
click on the Assign button.
Figure 3.13: Window of loads acting on the beams
36
3.5.1.5 Define and Assign Connections between Elements
a) Staying in the General Page, and change to the Spec Sub-Page. A

SpecificationsWhole Structure dialogue is automatically opened which
required user to click Beam button. Once this action has been done, a Beam
Loads dialogue will be displayed as shown in Figure 3.14.
Figure 3.14: Window of defining beam specifications

b) In the Beam Specs dialogue box, set the Location to the Start and Release
Type to the Release. Also, point and click the FZ and MZ options. These steps
can be simplified and shown in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Defining beam specifications
Instructions
Location
Start
Release Type
Release
Actions
Release
FZ
Click
MZ
Click
37
c) The Step b) is being repeated with only Location set to the End while other
actions unchanged.
d) With the assignment method set to Assign To Selected Beams, assign both the
Start and End specifications to all beams while columns are only subjected to
End specification.
3.5.1.6 Define and Assign Geometrical Properties Including Section Types
a) Staying in the General Page, and change to the Property Sub-Page. A

PropertiesWhole Structure dialogue is automatically opened which required
user to click Database button as shown in Figure 3.15. Once this action has
been done, a Select Country dialogue will be displayed which required user to
select desired country.
Figure 3.15: Window of assigning section properties
38
b) With the assignment method set to Assign To Selected Beams, assign UB and
UC to all beams and columns respectively.
3.5.1.7 Duplicate Model
a) The process of duplicating the number of stories in frame structures is same

as those processes in multiplying structural elements in Clause 3.4.1.3.
b) In the 3D Repeat dialogue box, set the direction to the Y-axis, 4 steps with
3.5 meter spacing. Point and click the Link Steps option. All these actions can
be simplified and shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.6: Duplicating number of stories in frame structures
Instructions
Actions
Global Direction
No. of Steps
Default Step Spacing

Link Steps
3.5 meter
Click
39
Figure 3.16: Window of five stories height frame structures
c) Refer to Clauses 3.4.1.4 and 3.4.1.5, remember and assign the beams
specification and geometrical properties to all the new columns created
linking the frame structures.
3.5.2
Analyzing of Frame Structures
The analyzing stage of design of frame structures must be undertaken to

design for a typical new model. This procedure is necessarily generalized in order to
check and avoid any potential problems. It will need to be adjusted to suit each
individual problem.
a) Once the Analysis/Print button is clicked, an Analysis/Print Command
dialogue is automatically opened as shown in Figure 3.17. To define the
40
method of analysis and additional information that is required in the standard
output file. There are several Print Options available under Perform Analysis
which required user to select Statics Check.
Figure 3.17: Window of defining method of analysis

b) Staying in the Analysis/Print Page, click on the Analyze menu and select Run
Analysis. On the Select Analysis Engine dialogue, ensure that the STAAD
Analysis option has been selected, and point and click on the Run Analysis
button as shown in Figure 3.18.
Figure 3.18: Window of selecting analysis engine

c) Select View Output File and click on the Done button to close the analysis
engine as shown in Figure 3.19.
41
Figure 3.19: Window of STAAD Analysis and Design
3.5.3
Designing of Frame Structures
Once the analysis has been completed, weight optimization can be performed
using STAAD Pro. 2004. Thus, it will identify and provide quantitative facts on the
weight and number of sections selected in each model.
3.5.3.1 Define and Select Design Parameters
a) Change to Design Page, and go to the Steel Sub-Page. A Steel DesignWhole

Structure dialogue is automatically opened as shown in Figure 3.20.
42
Figure 3.20: Window of defining and selecting parameters
b) The following actions can be simplified and shown in Table 3.7.

Table 3.7: Simplified actions in Steel Design Whole Structure dialogue
Instructions
Actions
Current Code
BS 5950 2000 is clicked
Select Parameters
Beam Parameter and Track Parameter are
selected
Define
Parameter
Beam (0) Design members at beam ends or the sections

defined by a section command is clicked
Track (1) Print all critical member stress is click
Commands
Check Code, Select Optimized and Take Off are
selected
c) With the assignment method set to Assign To View, assign Beam 0, Track 1,
Check Code and Take Off to all members.
43
3.5.3.2 Run The Analysis
a) Staying in the Design Page, click on the Analyze menu and select Run
Analysis. On the Select Analysis Engine dialogue, ensure that the STAAD
Analysis option has been selected, and point and click on the Run Analysis
button.
b) Once the analysis has been completed, the structures now have results which
can be viewed as shown in Figure 3.21.
Figure 3.21: Window of the weight of frame and the number of sections used
in the analysis
44
3.6
Flow Chart of Design of Frame Structures Using STAAD.Pro
A flow chart of the typical procedures in modeling, analyzing and designing

of frame structures is shown in Figure 3.22.
Start
Modeling of
Frame
Setup Model
Define and Assign Supports
Multiply Structural
Define and Assign Loads
Define and Assign Connections between
Define and Assign Geometrical Properties
Duplicate Model
Analyzing of
Frame
Designing of
Frame
Define and Select Design

Run the Analysis
Obtaining Weight
of Frame and
Number of Sections
End
Figure 3.22: Flow chart of design procedures
45
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1
Calculation of Loads
The design loading for the structures is specified in BS6399 Part 1: 1984
Design Loading for Buildings. A structure is generally subjected to two types of load
which is imposed dead loads and live loads. Dead loads consists of the weight of the
various structural members and the weight of any objects permanently attached to the
structure whereas live loads may be caused by the weight of objects temporarily
placed in a structure.
Assumed that the loads distribute uniformly along the beams, two different
types of beams will be subjected to different value of loads. By considering the
beams as a continuous beams, the loads from both sides will act on the internal
beams while the external beams should be taken as half of the actual value. This can
be simply said as load acting on beams for uniformly loaded rectangular two-way
slabs.
46
External Beams
Internal
Beams
Figure 4.1: Load distributions on internal and external beams

In accordance with BS 6399 Part 1: 1984, a stationary stores is subjected to a
maximum load of 4.0 kN/m for each meter of storage height. And, a toilet room is
subjected to a minimum load of 2.0 kN/m.
An example of load distribution is presented in this section. Because of the
complexity of the real structure, simplified assumptions are necessary such as:
Length of span
5m
Storey height (wall)
3.5 m
Thickness of concrete slabs =
175 mm
Height of storage
3.2 m
Calculation:
For 3.2 m of storage height,
Maximum uniformly distributed load
Self weight of beam
4.0 x 3.2
12.80 kN/m2
100 kg/m x 9.81
0.981 1.00 kN/m
47
Weight of brickwork
Minimum live load per unit length
Maximum live load per unit length
Dead load on beams supporting slabs
Minimum factored load
1.0 x 3.5
3.50 kN/m
2.0 x 5 x 5 / (4 x 5)
2.50 kN/m
12.8 x 5 x 5 / (4 x 5)
16.00 kN/m
24 x 5 x 5 x 0.175 / (4 x 5)
5.25 kN/m
1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
1.4 (5.25 x 2 + 1.00) +

1.6 (2.5 x 2)
Maximum factored load
24.1 kN/m
1.4 (5.25 x 2 + 1.00 + 3.50) +

1.6 (16.00 x 2)
4.2
72.2 kN/m
Analysis Results
In order to meet the objectives of the proposed study, the sequence of the
analysis and design processes will be carried out by the detail modeling in five cases
with several standard steel sections respectively. By varying the design parameters,
20 models of frame structures will be set up to identify the optimum weight in some
circumstances. The design parameters included in this paper consist of loads acting
on the internal and external beams, span of beams, storey height, and number of
stories and bays in three-dimensional frames.
At the end of an analysis, data of the number of sections used and more
importantly the weight of frames will be obtained. Subsequently, the results of the
analysis will be shown graphically for each case. Besides, the percentages of
difference of weight in steel frames will also be presented in this study. Thus, it
48
provides us some quantitative facts on choosing the lightest sections according to
some circumstances.
4.2.1
Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based On Loadings Case 1
The loads calculated in Clause 4.1 were applied for comparing of weight of
steel frames based on loadings. In this case, however, the loads varied from 30 to 75
kN/m were used to increase the effort of finding the optimum sections by observing
the pattern of solutions. Modulus of elasticity of steel is E = 205 kN/mm2, Poissons
ratio is 0.3, and grade of steel with yield stress of 275 N/mm2 are considered. Each
model was set up simultaneously for all selected standard steel sections. Values of
other parameters chosen are as follows:
Table 4.1: Parameters of frames analysis for Case 1
Parameter
Value
No. of Bays
No. of Stories
Height of Ground Level
Storey Height
3.5 m
Length of Span
5.0 m
Loads on Internal Beams 30 to 75 kN/m with 15 kN/m intervals
49
Figure 4.2 : Illustration of frames for Case 1

The weight of frames (kN) using any particular standard steel sections and
the corresponding number of sections used for designing optimized frames is shown
in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Weight of frames (kN) for Case 1
Loads
British
American
Australian
Canadian
European
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
30
286.519
231.844
11
296.654
230.247
10
220.541
10
45
349.928
274.913
11
342.285
274.757
13
297.222
12
60
422.930
10
346.388
12
404.974
10
345.496
12
366.304
11
75
490.541
10
402.847
11
507.209
10
402.648
11
439.188
12
50
Plot of Weight in Steel Frames Versus Loads

600
Weight of Frames (kN)
500
400
British
American
300
Australian
Canadian
200
European
100
0
30
45
60
75
Loads (kN/m)
Figure 4.3: Plot of weight in steel frames based on loadings
Chart of Number of Steel Sections Used Versus Loads On Internal

Beams
Number of Steel Sections
14
12
British
10
American
8
Australian
Canadian
European
4
2
0
30
45
60
75
Loads On Internal Beams (kN/m)
Figure 4.4: Chart of number of steel sections used versus loads on internal beams
51
4.2.1.1 Percentage of Difference of Weight In Steel Frames
This section consists of evaluating the comparison of those selected standard

steel sections, comparing to British sections, to obtain the percentage of difference of
weight in frames analysis. Thus, the following equation is applied:
Percentage of Difference
Wx WB
100 %
WB
Equation 4.1
Where;
Wx
= Weight of frames using any particular steel sections
WB
= Weight of frames using British sections
Since the design variables or parameters included in all cases of analysis are
kept unchanged accordingly throughout the design processes, therefore, the
possibility of obtaining negative value exists by using Equation 4.1. The negative
sign indicates there are cases where the frames produce smaller weight than the
weight of frames using British sections.
Table 4.3: Percentages of difference of weight in steel frames based on loadings
Loadings on Beams
Average
Standard Section
30 kN/m
45 kN/m
60 kN/m
75 kN/m
Percentage
American
-19.08
-21.44
-18.10
-17.88
-19.13
Australian
3.54
-2.18
-4.24
3.40
0.13
Canadian
-19.64
-21.53
-18.31
-17.92
-19.35
European
-23.03
-15.06
-13.34
-10.49
-15.48
52
4.2.1.2 Interpretation of Analysis Results for Case 1
Various interesting observations have been made for Case 1. Curves of

weight of steel frames versus loadings are presented in Figure 4.3. It can be seen that
all curves of weight of frames, for all selected standard steel sections, increase
linearly when subjected to increasing loads. Thus, the observation shows that the
weight of frames was influenced by the values of load in the analysis.
Table 4.2 shows that the lightest weight of frames for load 30 kN/m is made
up from European sections. However, Canadian section contributes to be the best
alternative with respect to the increasing loads. Besides, there is only a minute
difference between the optimal weight of steel frames by using Canadian and
American sections. By checking and comparing the physical properties for both
sections that used in designing the optimized frames, it can be found that there are
similar physical properties such as area of the section, flange and web thickness, and
second moment of area. This can be expressed as only a minute difference exists
between both of them. Table 4.3 shows that the percentages of different of weight in
frames for Canadian and European sections trend to decrease constantly when
subjected to higher loadings.
It could often be found that British and Australian sections produce heavier
weight of steel frames in all load cases. There can often be not much difference of
weight of steel frames between British and Australian steel sections. The average
percentage of different of weight is only 0.13%. However, Figure 4.4 shows that
British section is often the less in number of steel sections used in modeling
optimized frames. Anticipating that the available sizes of British sections are less
than the other standard sections, thus, this may be one of the reason British sections
produce heavier weight of steel frames. Whereas, Australian sections produce
heavier weight of steel frames for load cases of 30kN/m and 75 kN/m.
In this study, the number of load cases to be included for comparing the
weight of steel frames was lesser. However, the difference in percentages of weight
for different types of standard steel sections do show us that Canadian section is the
53
best alternative, followed sequentially by American, European, British and
Australian sections.
4.2.2
Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based On Storey Height Case 2
The second case of analysis was carried out by varying the storey height of
frame structures referring to the previous researches. By the lately 1980s, AlSaadoun and Arora [1989] have had modeled their frames using 180 inches of storey
height, which is equal to 4.57 meter. Since then numerous research studies have been
conducted in this area. Arciszewski and Ziarko [1991] used the same 15 ft of storey
height for the purpose of structural optimization. Soegiarsoand and Adeli [1997]
performed frames analysis with 12 ft of storey height, corresponding to 3.66 meter.
In this study, however, the storey heights varied from 3.0 m to 4.5 m were used to
increase the effort of finding the optimum sections. Each model was set up
simultaneously for all selected standard steel sections. Values of other parameters
chosen are as follows:
Parameter
Value
Loads on Internal Beams
40 kN/m
Loads on External Beams
20 kN/m
No. of Bays
No. of Stories
4.0 m
Length of Span
5.0 m
Storey Height
3.0 m to 4.5 m with 0.5 m intervals
54
Figure 4.5: Illustration of frames for Case 2

in Table 4.6. By using Equation 4.1, Table 4.6 shows the percentages of different of
weight in steel frames with British sections as the control point.
Storey
British
American
Australian
Canadian
European
Height
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
3.0 m
310.229
229.654
12
303.657
228.243
11
239.513
11
3.5 m
336.598
260.843
11
329.882
259.512
10
261.308
10
4.0 m
363.107
10
289.998
12
355.600
10
288.908
11
289.637
12
4.5 m
395.996
10
322.828
12
390.753
321.638
12
318.088
10
Table 4.6: Percentages of difference of weight in steel frames based on storey height
Storey Height
Average
Standard Section
3.0 m
3.5 m
4.0 m
4.5 m
Percentage
American
-25.97
-22.51
-20.13
-18.48
-21.77
Australian
-2.11
-1.99
-2.06
-1.32
-1.70
Canadian
-26.43
-22.90
-20.43
-18.78
-22.14
European
-22.79
-22.34
-20.23
-19.67
-21.26
55
Summaries of the analysis result for the effect on the weight of frames based
on storey height are shown graphically in Figure 4.6 and Figure 4.7.
Plot of Weight in Steel Frames Versus Storey Height

450
400
350
300
British
250
American
Australian
200
Canadian
150
European
100
50
0
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Storey Height (m)
Figure 4.6: Plot of weight in steel frames based on storey height
Chart of Number of Steel Sections Used Versus Storey Height

14
12
10
British
American
Australian
Canadian
European
4
2
0
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Storey Height (m)
Figure 4.7: Chart of number of steel sections used versus storey height
56
Various interesting observations have been made for Case 2. Figure 4.6
shows that all curves of weight of frames based on storey height, for all selected
standard steel sections, increase linearly when subjected to increasing storey height.
Thus, the observation shows that the weight of frames was influenced by the values
of storey height.
Again, it can be clearly seen that the Canadian, American or European
sections produce lightest sections regardless of any value of the storey height.
However, Canadian section contributes the most optimum weight of steel frames for
storey height of 3.0 m, 3.5 m and 4.0 m. With the increased storey height, it can be
found that European section is the best alternative to be chosen for optimizing steel
frames.
There were obvious facts that the British sections produce heavier weight of
steel frame regardless of any value of storey height. However, the differences
between the lightest and heaviest weight of steel frames is decreasing with respect to
the increased value of storey height. Table 4.6 shows that the percentages of different
of weight in steel frames for Canadian, American and European sections trend to
decrease when subjected to higher values of storey height. Whereas, the increasing
value of storey height to be involved in the analysis does not give significant effect
on the differences of weight of steel frames for Australian section.
Figure 4.7 shows that the number of steel sections used for British sections
was increasing constantly with respect to increased storey height. While the others
can be simply said as there were not significant effects for the number of steel
sections used in designing optimized frames.
The number of models to be included for comparing the weight of steel
frames based on storey height was lesser. However, the difference in percentages of
weight for different types of standard steel sections do show us that Canadian section
57
is the best alternative, followed sequentially by American, European, Australian and
British sections.
4.2.3
Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based On Span Case 3
The third case of analysis was carried out by varying the span of frame
structures referring to the previous researches. By the lately 1980s, Al-Saadoun and
Arora [1989] have had modeled their frames using 240 inches of span, which is equal
to 6.10 meter. Arciszewski and Ziarko [1991] have had carried out their structural
optimization using 18 to 30 ft of span which are equal to 5.49 meter and 9.14 meter
respectively. Chan et al. [1995], for the first time, using 4.57 meter of span for
modeling frame structural optimization. Camp et al. [1998], used 20 ft and 30 ft to
perform his frames optimization, corresponding to 6.10 meter and 9.14 meter
respectively. Sarma and Adeli [2000], used span of 4.57 meter for modeling 36
stories steel frames. In this paper, however, the spans varied from 6.0 to 9.0 m were
used to increase the effort of finding the optimum sections. Each model was set up
simultaneously for all selected standard steel sections. Values of other parameters
Parameter
Value
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
No. of Bays
No. of Stories
4.0 m
Storey Height
4.0 m
Length of Span
6.0 m to 9.0 m with 1.0 m intervals
58

in Table 4.8. By using Equation 4.1, Table 4.9 shows the percentages of different of
weight in steel frames with British sections as the control point.
Length
British
American
Australian
Canadian
of
Weight No Weight No Weight No Weight No
Span
6.0 m 405.719 9 324.274 11 375.185 8 323.414 10
European
Weight
No
323.077
11
7.0 m
467.542
11
368.021
12
465.665
11
367.327
12
395.748
13
8.0 m
540.359
10
434.188
12
552.081
10
433.177
12
499.686
12
9.0 m
625.325
10
511.374
12
652.754
511.255
12
564.749
12
Table 4.9: Percentages of difference of weight in steel frames based on span

Length of Span
Average
Standard Section
6.0 m
7.0 m
8.0 m
9.0 m
Percentage
American
-20.07
-21.29
-19.65
-18.22
-19.81
Australian
-7.52
-0.04
2.17
4.39
-0.25
Canadian
-20.29
-21.43
-19.84
-18.24
-19.95
European
-20.37
-15.36
-7.53
-9.69
-13.24
59
on length of span are shown graphically in Figure 4.9 and Figure 4.10.
Plot of Weight in Steel Frames Versus Span
700
600
British
500
American
Australian
400
Canadian
300
European
200
100
0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Length of Span (m)
Figure 4.9: Plot of weight in steel frames based on span
Chart of Number of Steel Sections Used Versus Length of Span

14
12
10
British
American
Australian
Canadian
European
4
2
0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
Length of Span (m)
Figure 4.10: Chart of number of steel sections used versus length of spans
60

weight of steel frames versus length of spans are presented in Figure 4.9. It can be
seen that all curves of weight of frames, for all selected standard steel sections,
increase linearly when subjected to increasing length of span. Thus, the observation
shows that the weight of frames was influenced by the lengths of span in the analysis.
There can often be not much difference of weight of steel frames between
Canadian and American sections. By comparing to British section, both of Canadian
and American contribute for structural weight savings by 19.95 % and 19.81 %
respectively. However, European section produces the most optimum weight of steel
frames for 6.0m span.
The heaviest weight of steel frames is British section. However, the frame has
the larger length of spans such as 8.0 m, the weight of steel frames with Australian
sections is heaviest. Thus, there is an indication of the possibility trend of Australian
section will be uneconomical in term of weight with respect to the increased length
of spans. This phenomenal can be clearly expressed in Table 4.9, where the value of
percentages of different of weight in steel frames increased constantly.
For all selected standard steel sections, the higher the values of span, the
higher the values of weight of steel frames. Ideally, therefore, Canadian section
becomes the best alternative to be chosen in designing optimized frames with larger
spans.
61
4.2.4
Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based On Number of Frame

Stories - Case 4
The fourth case of analysis was carried out by varying the number of frame
stories referring to the previous researches. Numerous researches have been
conducted with respect to the number of stories for structural optimization. Most of
the researchers performed frames optimizations with a larger number of stories in
their analysis. However, Camp et al. [1998] used only 8 stories for the purpose of
frames optimization. Anticipating that the analysis results obtained in this case can
be compared more ideally with previous models in this study, the number of stories
varies from 4 to 10 was used to increase the effort of finding the optimum sections.
Each model was set up simultaneously for all selected standard steel sections. Values
of other parameters chosen are as follows:
Parameter
Value
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
No. of Bays
4.0 m
Storey Height
3.5 m
Length of Span
5.0 m
No. of Stories
4 to 10 stories with 2 intervals
62

in Table 4.11. By using Equation 4.1, Table 4.12 shows the percentages of different
of weight in steel frames with British sections as the control point.
No. of
British
American
Australian
Canadian
European
Stories
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
253.424
197.864
12
247.171
196.593
11
196.758
423.043
11
335.311
15
415.746
11
333.921
14
335.664
13
628.664
15
495.443
18
608.332
12
493.933
17
501.176
16
10
837.588
16
684.670
20
830.297
14
683.042
19
691.181
19
63
Table 4.12: Percentages of difference of weight in steel frames based on
number of frames stories
Number of Stories
Average
Standard Section
10
Percentage
American
-21.29
-20.74
-21.19
-18.26
-20.53
Australian
-2.46
-1.72
-3.23
-0.09
-1.87
Canadian
-22.43
-21.07
-21.43
-18.45
-20.85
European
-22.36
-20.65
-20.28
-17.48
-20.19
on number of stories are shown graphically in Figure 4.12 and Figure 4.13.
Plot of Weight in Steel Frames Versus Number of Stories

900
800
700
600
British
500
American
Australian
400
Canadian
European
300
200
100
0
4
10
Number of Stories
Figure 4.12: Plot of weight in steel frames based on number of stories
64
Chart of Number of Steel Sections Used Versus Number of Stories

20
18
16
14
British
12
American
10
Australian
Canadian
European
6
4
2
0
4
10
Number of Stories
Figure 4.13: Chart of number of steel sections used versus number of stories

weight of steel frames versus number of stories are presented in Figure 4.12. It can
be seen that all curves of weight of frames, for all selected standard steel sections,
increase linearly when subjected to increasing number of frame stories. Thus, the
observation shows that the weight of frames was influenced by the number of stories.
There can often be not much difference of weight of steel frames among
Canadian, American and European sections. However, it can be found that Canadian
sections produce the lightest sections regardless of the number of stories included in
the analysis.
65
British section is found to produce the heaviest weight of steel frames
regardless of any value of number of stories. However, the differences between the
lightest and heaviest weight of steel frames is reducing with respect to the increased
number of stories.
Figure 4.13 shows that the number of steel sections used for all standard
sections were increasing constantly with respect to increased of the number of stories.
Besides, for all cases of number of stories, American section is often the large in
number of steel sections used in designing optimized frames. The increased number
of stories in a frame will result a wider range of column sizes for frames optimization.
In this study, the number of stories to be included for comparing the weight
of steel frames was lesser. However, the difference in percentages of weight for
different types of standard steel sections do show us that Canadian section is the best
alternative, followed sequentially by American, European, Australian and British
sections.
4.2.5
Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based On Number of Bays

Case 5
The fifth case of analysis was carried out by varying the number of bays
referring to the previous researches. Chan and Grierson [1993] performed frames
analysis with live and seven bays simultaneously. Eventually, in year 1995, they
continued their research in this area by increasing the number of bays. The number of
bays was increased one by one until the structure satisfied with 10 bays for meeting
their optimization purposes. Soegiarso and Adeli [1997] applied three and live bays
for their frame structures. In this paper, however, the number of bays varied from 6.0
to 9.0 m was used for the effort of finding the optimum sections. Each model was set
up simultaneously for all selected standard steel sections. Values of other parameters
66
Parameter
Value
40 kN/m
20 kN/m
No. of Stories
4.0 m
Storey Height
3.5 m
Length of Span
5.0 m
No. of Bays
5 to 8 bays with 1 intervals

in Table 4.13. By using Equation 4.1, Table 4.14 shows the percentages of different
of weight in steel frames with British sections as the control point.
67
No.
of
Bays
5
British
American
Australian
Canadian
European
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
Weight
No
510.492
396.445
11
498.192
394.701
10
401.947
10
720.576
560.383
11
701.023
558.176
10
572.858
10
966.823
752.657
11
938.375
749.937
10
774.038
10
1249.936
14
973.266
11
1210.249
969.985
10
1005.490
10
Table 4.14: Percentages of difference of weight in steel frames based on number

bays
Number of Bays
Average
Standard Section
Percentage
American
-22.34
-22.23
-22.15
-22.13
-22.21
Australian
-2.41
-2.71
-2.94
-3.17
-2.81
Canadian
-22.68
-22.54
-22.43
-22.40
-22.51
European
-21.26
-20.50
-19.94
-19.56
-20.32
on number of bays are shown graphically in Figure 4.14 and Figure 4.15.
Plot of Weight in Steel Frames Versus Number of Bays
1400
1200
1000
Brit ish
800
American
Australian
600
Canadian
European
400
200
0
4
10
Numbe r of Bays
Figure 4.14: Plot of weight in steel frames based on number of bays
68
Chart of Number of Steel Sections Used Versus Number of Bays

16
14
12
British
10
American
8
Australian
Canadian
European
4
2
0
4
10
Number of Bays
Figure 4.15: Chart of number of steel sections used versus number of bays

weight of steel frames versus number of stories are presented in Figure 4.14. It can
be seen that all curves of weight of frames, for all selected standard steel sections,
increase linearly when subjected to increasing number of bays. Thus, the observation
shows that the weight of frames was influenced by the number of bays in the analysis.
There can often be not much difference of weight of steel frames among
Canadian, American and European sections. Again, it can be found that Canadian
sections produce the lightest frame regardless of the number of stories included for
the optimization analysis.
69
British section is found to produce heaviest weight of steel frames regardless
of any value of number of bays. However, the differences between the lightest and
heaviest weight of steel frames is reducing with respect to the increased value of
number of bays.
Figure 4.15 shows that the number of steel sections used for American,
Australian, Canadian and European standard sections are unchanged regardless of the
number of bays included for the optimization analysis. Whereas, there is a significant
different in the number of British sections used which is 9 and 14 for designing
optimized 8-bays and 10-bays of frames respectively.
In this study, the number of stories to be included for comparing the weight
of steel frames was lesser. However, the difference in percentages of weight for
different types of standard steel sections do show us that Canadian section is the best
alternative, followed sequentially by American, European, Australian and British
sections.
4.3
Overall Discussions
The optimization of frame models using STAAD Pro.2004 software provides

us to find the optimum solution automatically based on selected criterions such as
Select Optimized and Take Off of the steel sections used in the frame analysis.
The optimal designs with various standard steel sections were carried out and
the analysis results for the effects based on its parameters were shown graphically.
For each model, the weight of steel frames and the number of sections used were
compared as listed in tables accordingly.
For Case 1, the lightest weight of frame for load 30 kN/m is made up from
European sections. While for the remaining loads cases, Canadian section contributes
70
to be the best alternative with respect to the increasing loads. However, the
corresponding number of sections used was reduced.
For the following cases in comparing the weight of steel frames accordingly
to storey height, number of stories and bays were presented in this paper. The
differences in percentages of weight for different types of standard steel sections do
show us that Canadian section is the best alternative, followed sequentially by
American, European, Australian and British sections.
It could be found that British section produces heaviest height of steel frames
for most circumstances. However, there is an indication of the possibility trend of
Australian section becomes the heaviest frames with respect to the increased length
of spans.
In contrast, the analysis results are adaptive to give us an understanding in
choosing the most economic steel sections among those selected standard sections.
71
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Conclusions
The following conclusions are made in this study:

a) The Canadian or American standard sections produce the lightest weight of
steel frames.
b) For frame structures those subjected to lower value of load of 30 kN/m and
6.0 m spans, the European sections produce the lightest weight of steel frame.
c) The heaviest weight of steel frame is British sections. However, the frame has
the higher length of span such as 8 m, the weight in steel frame with
Australian sections is heaviest.
d) The lightest frame with either Canadian or American sections is not affected
by number of frame stories and bays.
e) The average percentage of different of weight in steel frames with respect to
British sections is ranged between 0.13 % and 22.51 %.
72
5.2
Recommendations
The following recommendations are made in this study:

a) In frames optimization, often the aim is to minimize the weight of the
structure subjected to various parameters under certain design constraints.
The parameters studied in this paper are loads acting on the internal and
external beams, spans length, storey height, and number of stories and bays.
It is recommended that comprehensive parameters are applied to perform
optimized frames analysis.
b) The trend in the future, the frames analysis should be more toward optimized
solution of large-scale and complicated real life engineering problems, the
kind of problems that hardly be solved by tradition computational software.
c) The grade of steel sections with yield stress of 275 N/mm2 is used to perform
the optimized frames analysis in this paper. Instead of using this value, higher
strength steel sections can be used as it produces significantly lighter
structures, especially for heavier loads and longer spans. Thus, structure
weight savings can further achieved by using higher strength steel sections.
d) There is no guarantee that minimum weight obtained at each model is
feasible because the analysis carried out has been restricted only to the
uniformly distributed loads along the beams, whereas various load
combinations should be an important consideration in optimum structural
design.
e) The effects of floor slabs in this analysis are being neglected for various
result output purposes. In order to simulate the effects of floor slab to the
main structure, floor bracings should be added to the slab panels.
f) The type of connection between elements in this frames analysis is
considered as pinned. Because of the complexity of the real structure, and
73
advancement for practical use of optimization, the modeling of frames
structure should be consisted of pinned, semi-rigid, and rigid in connections.
g) With the current available steel sections in STAAD Pro. 2004, the frames
analysis can be perform using different types of sections such as angle,
channel, tube, pipe, and square, rectangular or circular hollow sections.
h) For verifying proposes, the analysis results obtained in this paper can be used
to compare with other analysis results using other methods such as
GTSTRUDL, PROKON, FORTRAN and TEKLA. The variations occur can
be taken into considerations during design stage, so that more desirable
outcomes can be obtained.
74
REFERENCES
Adeli H., and Kumar S. (1995). Distributed Genetic Algorithm for Structural
Optimization. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 156-163
Adeli H., and Kumar S. (1995). Concurrent Structural Optimization on Massively
Pallarel Supercomputer. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 11, pp.
1588-1597
Asim Karim, and Hoijet Adeli (1999). Global Optimum Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Z-Shaped Beams. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and
Construction. Vol. 4, No. 1 ASCE, Paper No. 17794
Asim Karim, and Hoijet Adeli (2000). Global Optimum Design of Cold-Formed
Steel I-Shaped Beams. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and
Construction. Vol. 5, No. 2 ASCE, Paper No. 16474
Camp C., Pezeshk S. and Cao G. (1998). Optimized Design of Two-Dimensional

Structures Using A Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.
124, No. 5, pp. 551-559
Charles G. Salmon & John E. Johnson (1996), Steel Structures Design and
Behaviour. Published by Harper Collins College Publishers.
Hafifi Hafidz Bin Mohd. (2005). Perbandingan Berat Kerangka Keluli

Menggunakan Keratan British & Keratan Tempatan. Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia: Tesis Ijazah Sarjana Muda.
75
Kamal C. Samal, and Hojjat Adeli (2005). Comparative Study of Optimum Designs
of Steel High Rise Building Structures Using Allowable Stress Design and Load,
and Resistance Factor Design Codes. Practice Periodical on Structural Design
and Construction. Vol. 10, No. 1 ASCE, Feb 2005
L. D. Psarras, N. D. Lagaros and M. Papadrakakis (2005). Sizing and Shape

Optimization of 3D Steel Structures With Web Openings. 5th GRACM
International Congress on Computational Mechanics. 29 June 1 July 2005.
Limassol.
Leonard Spiegel and George F. Limbrunner (1996). Applied Structural Steel Design.
Published by Prentice Hall.
M. A. Gizejowskia, A..M. Barszczb, C. .J. Branickia and H. C. Uzoegboc (2004).
Review of Analysis Methods for Inelastic Design of Steel Semi-continuous
Frames. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 135-147
M. D. Heywood and J. B. Lim. Steel (2003). Design Guide to BS 5950-1:2000,
Volume 2: Worked Examples. Published by The Steel Construction Institute
Peter Knowles (1977). Design of Structural Steelwork. Published by Survey

University Press.
R. Soegiarso, and H. Adeli (1997). Optimum Load and Resistance Factor Design of
Steel Space-Frame Structures. Journal of StructuralEngineering, Vol. 123, No. 2,
Paper No. 10662
Se-Hyu Choi, and Seung-Eock Kim (2002). Optimal Design of Steel Frame Using
Practical Nonlinear Inelastic Analysis. Journal of Engineering Structures. Vol.
24, pp. 1189-1201.
S. N. Patnaik, D. A. Hopkins and R. Coroneos (1994). Structural Optimization With
Approximate Sensitivities. Journal of Computers & Structures, Vol. 58, No. 2,
pp. 407-418
76
****************************************************
*
*
*
STAAD.Pro
*
*
Version 2004 Bld 1001.INDIA
*
*
Proprietary Program of
*
*
Research Engineers, Intl.
*
*
Date= MAR 4, 2006
*
*
Time= 17:46:23
*
*
*
* USER ID: Snow Panther [LZ0]
*
****************************************************
INPUT FILE: Loads - British 60.STD

1. STAAD SPACE
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE 04-MAR-06
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 4 0; 2 5 4 0; 3 10 4 0; 4 15 4 0; 5 20 4 0; 6 20 0 0; 7 15 0 0; 8 10 0 0
9. 9 5 0 0; 10 0 0 0; 11 0 4 5; 12 5 4 5; 13 10 4 5; 14 15 4 5; 15 20 4 5
10. 16 20 0 5; 17 15 0 5; 18 10 0 5; 19 5 0 5; 20 0 0 5; 21 0 4 10; 22 5 4 10
11. 23 10 4 10; 24 15 4 10; 25 20 4 10; 26 20 0 10; 27 15 0 10; 28 10 0 10
12. 29 5 0 10; 30 0 0 10; 31 0 4 15; 32 5 4 15; 33 10 4 15; 34 15 4 15; 35 20 4 15
13. 36 20 0 15; 37 15 0 15; 38 10 0 15; 39 5 0 15; 40 0 0 15; 41 0 4 20; 42 5 4 20
14. 43 10 4 20; 44 15 4 20; 45 20 4 20; 46 20 0 20; 47 15 0 20; 48 10 0 20
15. 49 5 0 20; 50 0 0 20; 51 0 7.5 0; 52 5 7.5 0; 53 10 7.5 0; 54 15 7.5 0
16. 55 20 7.5 0; 56 0 7.5 5; 57 5 7.5 5; 58 10 7.5 5; 59 15 7.5 5; 60 20 7.5 5
17. 61 0 7.5 10; 62 5 7.5 10; 63 10 7.5 10; 64 15 7.5 10; 65 20 7.5 10
18. 66 0 7.5 15; 67 5 7.5 15; 68 10 7.5 15; 69 15 7.5 15; 70 20 7.5 15
19. 71 0 7.5 20; 72 5 7.5 20; 73 10 7.5 20; 74 15 7.5 20; 75 20 7.5 20; 76 0 11 0
20. 77 5 11 0; 78 10 11 0; 79 15 11 0; 80 20 11 0; 81 0 11 5; 82 5 11 5
21. 83 10 11 5; 84 15 11 5; 85 20 11 5; 86 0 11 10; 87 5 11 10; 88 10 11 10
22. 89 15 11 10; 90 20 11 10; 91 0 11 15; 92 5 11 15; 93 10 11 15; 94 15 11 15
23. 95 20 11 15; 96 0 11 20; 97 5 11 20; 98 10 11 20; 99 15 11 20; 100 20 11 20
24. 101 0 14.5 0; 102 5 14.5 0; 103 10 14.5 0; 104 15 14.5 0; 105 20 14.5 0
25. 106 0 14.5 5; 107 5 14.5 5; 108 10 14.5 5; 109 15 14.5 5; 110 20 14.5 5
26. 111 0 14.5 10; 112 5 14.5 10; 113 10 14.5 10; 114 15 14.5 10; 115 20 14.5 10
27. 116 0 14.5 15; 117 5 14.5 15; 118 10 14.5 15; 119 15 14.5 15; 120 20 14.5 15
28. 121 0 14.5 20; 122 5 14.5 20; 123 10 14.5 20; 124 15 14.5 20; 125 20 14.5 20
29. 126 0 18 0; 127 5 18 0; 128 10 18 0; 129 15 18 0; 130 20 18 0; 131 0 18 5
30. 132 5 18 5; 133 10 18 5; 134 15 18 5; 135 20 18 5; 136 0 18 10; 137 5 18 10
31. 138 10 18 10; 139 15 18 10; 140 20 18 10; 141 0 18 15; 142 5 18 15
32. 143 10 18 15; 144 15 18 15; 145 20 18 15; 146 0 18 20; 147 5 18 20
33. 148 10 18 20; 149 15 18 20; 150 20 18 20
34. MEMBER INCIDENCES
35. 1 1 2; 2 2 3; 3 3 4; 4 4 5; 5 5 6; 6 4 7; 7 3 8; 8 2 9; 9 1 10; 10 1 11
36. 11 2 12; 12 3 13; 13 4 14; 14 5 15; 15 11 12; 16 12 13; 17 13 14; 18 14 15
37. 19 15 16; 20 14 17; 21 13 18; 22 12 19; 23 11 20; 24 11 21; 25 12 22; 26 13 23
38. 27 14 24; 28 15 25; 29 21 22; 30 22 23; 31 23 24; 32 24 25; 33 25 26; 34 24 27
39. 35 23 28; 36 22 29; 37 21 30; 38 21 31; 39 22 32; 40 23 33; 41 24 34; 42 25 35
40. 43 31 32; 44 32 33; 45 33 34; 46 34 35; 47 35 36; 48 34 37; 49 33 38; 50 32 39
41. 51 31 40; 52 31 41; 53 32 42; 54 33 43; 55 34 44; 56 35 45; 57 41 42; 58 42 43
42. 59 43 44; 60 44 45; 61 45 46; 62 44 47; 63 43 48; 64 42 49; 65 41 50; 66 1 51
43. 67 2 52; 68 3 53; 69 4 54; 70 5 55; 71 11 56; 72 12 57; 73 13 58; 74 14 59
77
44. 75 15 60; 76 21 61; 77 22 62; 78 23 63; 79 24 64; 80 25 65; 81 31 66; 82 32 67
45. 83 33 68; 84 34 69; 85 35 70; 86 41 71; 87 42 72; 88 43 73; 89 44 74; 90 45 75
46. 91 51 52; 92 52 53; 93 53 54; 94 54 55; 95 51 56; 96 52 57; 97 53 58; 98 54 59
47. 99 55 60; 100 56 57; 101 57 58; 102 58 59; 103 59 60; 104 56 61; 105 57 62
48. 106 58 63; 107 59 64; 108 60 65; 109 61 62; 110 62 63; 111 63 64; 112 64 65
49. 113 61 66; 114 62 67; 115 63 68; 116 64 69; 117 65 70; 118 66 67; 119 67 68
50. 120 68 69; 121 69 70; 122 66 71; 123 67 72; 124 68 73; 125 69 74; 126 70 75
51. 127 71 72; 128 72 73; 129 73 74; 130 74 75; 131 51 76; 132 52 77; 133 53 78
52. 134 54 79; 135 55 80; 136 56 81; 137 57 82; 138 58 83; 139 59 84; 140 60 85
53. 141 61 86; 142 62 87; 143 63 88; 144 64 89; 145 65 90; 146 66 91; 147 67 92
54. 148 68 93; 149 69 94; 150 70 95; 151 71 96; 152 72 97; 153 73 98; 154 74 99
55. 155 75 100; 156 76 77; 157 77 78; 158 78 79; 159 79 80; 160 76 81; 161 77 82
56. 162 78 83; 163 79 84; 164 80 85; 165 81 82; 166 82 83; 167 83 84; 168 84 85
57. 169 81 86; 170 82 87; 171 83 88; 172 84 89; 173 85 90; 174 86 87; 175 87 88
58. 176 88 89; 177 89 90; 178 86 91; 179 87 92; 180 88 93; 181 89 94; 182 90 95
59. 183 91 92; 184 92 93; 185 93 94; 186 94 95; 187 91 96; 188 92 97; 189 93 98
60. 190 94 99; 191 95 100; 192 96 97; 193 97 98; 194 98 99; 195 99 100; 196 76 101
61. 197 77 102; 198 78 103; 199 79 104; 200 80 105; 201 81 106; 202 82 107
62. 203 83 108; 204 84 109; 205 85 110; 206 86 111; 207 87 112; 208 88 113
63. 209 89 114; 210 90 115; 211 91 116; 212 92 117; 213 93 118; 214 94 119
64. 215 95 120; 216 96 121; 217 97 122; 218 98 123; 219 99 124; 220 100 125
65. 221 101 102; 222 102 103; 223 103 104; 224 104 105; 225 101 106; 226 102 107
66. 227 103 108; 228 104 109; 229 105 110; 230 106 107; 231 107 108; 232 108 109
67. 233 109 110; 234 106 111; 235 107 112; 236 108 113; 237 109 114; 238 110 115
68. 239 111 112; 240 112 113; 241 113 114; 242 114 115; 243 111 116; 244 112 117
69. 245 113 118; 246 114 119; 247 115 120; 248 116 117; 249 117 118; 250 118 119
70. 251 119 120; 252 116 121; 253 117 122; 254 118 123; 255 119 124; 256 120 125
71. 257 121 122; 258 122 123; 259 123 124; 260 124 125; 261 101 126; 262 102 127
72. 263 103 128; 264 104 129; 265 105 130; 266 106 131; 267 107 132; 268 108 133
73. 269 109 134; 270 110 135; 271 111 136; 272 112 137; 273 113 138; 274 114 139
74. 275 115 140; 276 116 141; 277 117 142; 278 118 143; 279 119 144; 280 120 145
75. 281 121 146; 282 122 147; 283 123 148; 284 124 149; 285 125 150; 286 126 127
76. 287 127 128; 288 128 129; 289 129 130; 290 126 131; 291 127 132; 292 128 133
77. 293 129 134; 294 130 135; 295 131 132; 296 132 133; 297 133 134; 298 134 135
78. 299 131 136; 300 132 137; 301 133 138; 302 134 139; 303 135 140; 304 136 137
79. 305 137 138; 306 138 139; 307 139 140; 308 136 141; 309 137 142; 310 138 143
80. 311 139 144; 312 140 145; 313 141 142; 314 142 143; 315 143 144; 316 144 145
81. 317 141 146; 318 142 147; 319 143 148; 320 144 149; 321 145 150; 322 146 147
82. 323 147 148; 324 148 149; 325 149 150
83. DEFINE MATERIAL START
84. ISOTROPIC STEEL
85. E 2.05E+008
86. POISSON 0.3
87. DENSITY 76.8195
88. ALPHA 1.2E-005
89. DAMP 0.03
90. END DEFINE MATERIAL
91. CONSTANTS
92. MATERIAL STEEL MEMB 1 TO 325
93. MEMBER PROPERTY BRITISH
94. 1 TO 4 10 TO 18 24 TO 32 38 TO 46 52 TO 60 91 TO 130 156 TO 195 221 TO 260 95. 286 TO 325 TABLE ST UB127X76X13
96. 5 TO 9 19 TO 23 33 TO 37 47 TO 51 61 TO 90 131 TO 155 196 TO 220 261 TO 284 97. 285 TABLE ST UC152X152X23
98. SUPPORTS
99. 6 TO 10 16 TO 20 26 TO 30 36 TO 40 46 TO 50 FIXED
100. MEMBER RELEASE
101. 1 TO 4 10 TO 18 24 TO 32 38 TO 46 52 TO 60 66 TO 325 START FZ MZ
102. 1 TO 65 91 TO 130 156 TO 195 221 TO 260 286 TO 325 END FZ MZ
103. LOAD 1 60 KN/M
78
104. MEMBER LOAD
105. 11 TO 13 15 TO 18 25 TO 27 29 TO 32 39 TO 41 43 TO 46 53 TO 55 96 TO 98 100 106. 101 TO 103 105 TO 107 109 TO 112 114 TO 116 118 TO 121 123 TO 125 161 TO 163 107. 165 TO 168 170 TO 172 174 TO 177 179 TO 181 183 TO 186 188 TO 190 108. 226 TO 228 230 TO 233 235 TO 237 239 TO 242 244 TO 246 248 TO 251 109. 253 TO 255 291 TO 293 295 TO 298 300 TO 302 304 TO 307 309 TO 311 110. 313 TO 316 318 TO 320 UNI GY -60
111. 1 TO 4 10 14 24 28 38 42 52 56 TO 60 91 TO 95 99 104 108 113 117 122 112. 126 TO 130 156 TO 160 164 169 173 178 182 187 191 TO 195 221 TO 225 229 234 113. 238 243 247 252 256 TO 260 286 TO 290 294 299 303 308 312 317 321 TO 324 114. 325 UNI GY -30
115. PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT STATICS CHECK
PROBLEM STATISTICS
----------------------------------NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 150/ 325/ 25
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH
= 50/ 24/ 132 DOF
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES
= 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX
= 99 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE
= 13.5/ 1377.8 MB, EXMEM
= 750
= 75.9 MB
**NOTE** STAAD DETECTS INSTABILITIES AS EXCESSIVE LOSS OF SIGNIFICANT

DIGITS DURING DECOMPOSITION. WHEN A DECOMPOSED DIAGONAL IS
LESS THAN THE BUILT-IN REDUCTION FACTOR TIMES THE ORIGINAL
STIFFNESS MATRIX DIAGONAL, STAAD PRINTS A SINGULARITY NOTICE.
THE BUILT-IN REDUCTION FACTOR IS 1.000E-09
THE ABOVE CONDITIONS COULD ALSO BE CAUSED BY VERY STIFF OR
VERY WEAK ELEMENTS AS WELL AS TRUE SINGULARITIES.
***WARNING - INSTABILITY AT JOINT 121 DIRECTION = FZ
PROBABLE CAUSE SINGULAR-ADDING WEAK SPRING
K-MATRIX DIAG= 3.8629142E+02 L-MATRIX DIAG= 0.0000000E+00 EQN NO
***NOTE - VERY WEAK SPRING ADDED FOR STABILITY
291
315
387
411
429
79
K-MATRIX DIAG= 3.8629142E+02 L-MATRIX DIAG= -1.8850145E-35 EQN NO
***WARNING - INSTABILITY AT JOINT 150 DIRECTION = MZ
483
507
525
537
567
591
609
621
627
630
651
669
80
681
687
690
705
717
723
726
735
741
744
747
750
81
STATIC LOAD/REACTION/EQUILIBRIUM SUMMARY FOR CASE NO.
60 KN/M
***TOTAL APPLIED LOAD ( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING 1 )

SUMMATION FORCE-X
=
0.00
SUMMATION FORCE-Y
= -48000.00
SUMMATION FORCE-Z
=
0.00
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX
= 480000.06
MY
=
0.00
MZ=
***TOTAL REACTION LOAD( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING

SUMMATION FORCE-X
=
0.00
SUMMATION FORCE-Y
= 48000.00
SUMMATION FORCE-Z
=
0.00
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGINMX
= -480000.06
MY
=
0.00
MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS ( CM /RADIANS) (LOADING
MAXIMUMS
AT NODE
X =
0.00000E+00
0
Y =
-5.51286E+00
132
Z =
.00000E+00
0
RX =
0.00000E+00
0
RY =
0.00000E+00
0
RZ =
0.00000E+00
0
-480000.06
1)
MZ=
480000.06
1)
************ END OF DATA FROM INTERNAL STORAGE ************

116. PARAMETER
117. CODE BS5950
118. BEAM 0 MEMB 1 TO 325
119. TRACK 1 MEMB 1 TO 325
120. CHECK CODE MEMB 1 TO 325
STAAD.Pro CODE CHECKING - (BSI )
***********************
PROGRAM CODE REVISION V2.9_5950-1_2000
ALL UNITS ARE - KN METE (UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED)
MEMBER
TABLE
RESULT/ CRITICAL COND/ RATIO/ LOADING/
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
1 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| CALCULATED CAPACITIES FOR MEMB 1 UNIT - kN,m SECTION CLASS 1
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 0.0 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
| BUCKLING CO-EFFICIENTS mLT = 1.00, mx = 0.00, my = 0.00, myx = 0.00
|
| PZ= 0.00 FX/PZ = 0.00
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
82
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
2 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 0.0 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 0.00 FX/PZ = 0.00
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
3 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 0.0 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 0.00 FX/PZ = 0.00
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
4 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 0.0 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 0.00 FX/PZ = 0.00
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*
5 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)

2.275
1
750.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= NaN PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*
6 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)

4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*
7 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)

4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
83
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
*
8 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)

4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
*
9 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)

2.275
1
750.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
10 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 1466.4 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 3571.92 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 11 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 6522.9 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 15888.70 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 12 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 29015.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 70676.47 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 13 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=129065.8 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=314384.59 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
84
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
14 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=574113.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 15 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 16 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 17 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 18 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 19 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
85
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 20 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 21 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 22 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 23 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
24 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 1466.4 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 3571.92 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 25 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 6522.9 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 15888.70 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
86
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 26 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 29015.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 70676.47 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 27 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=129065.8 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=314384.59 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
28 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=574113.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 29 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 30 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 31 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
87
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 32 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 33 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 34 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 35 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 36 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 37 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
88
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
38 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 1466.4 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 3571.92 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 39 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 6522.9 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 15888.70 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 40 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 29015.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 70676.47 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 41 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=129065.8 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=314384.59 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
42 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=574113.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 43 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
89
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 44 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 45 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 46 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 47 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 48 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 49 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
90
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 50 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
9.100
1
3000.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 3.74
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 51 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
52 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 1466.4 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 3571.92 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 53 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 6522.9 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 15888.70 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 54 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 29015.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 70676.47 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 55 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=129065.8 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=314384.59 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
91
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
56 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=574113.1 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
57 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
58 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
59 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
60 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 61 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
2.275
1
750.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
92
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 62 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 63 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 64 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
4.550
1
1500.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 329.7 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.87
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 65 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
2.275
1
750.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.93
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 66 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
1.530
1
600.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 67 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
93
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 68 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 69 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 70 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
1.530
1
600.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 71 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 72 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 73 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
94
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 74 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 75 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 76 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 77 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 78 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 79 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
95
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 80 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 81 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 82 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 83 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 84 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
6.120
1
2400.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 2.99
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 85 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
96
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 86 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
1.530
1
600.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 87 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 88 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 89 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
3.060
1
1200.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 392.2 PT= 0.0 MB= 10.5 PV= 145.8
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 1.49
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 90 ST UC1 52X152X23 FAIL BS-4.7 (C)
1.530
1
600.00 C
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|
|
| PZ= 803.00 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
91 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 1744.4 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 3571.92 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0 MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
97
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
92 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 7759.6 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ= 15888.70 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
93 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC= 34516.6 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
PZ= 70676.47 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
94 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=153537.3 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=314384.59 FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
95 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=682967.8 PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 96 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 97 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
98
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
* 98 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
99 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 100 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 101 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 102 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 103 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
99
MEMBER
TABLE
FX
MY
MZ
LOCATION
=======================================================================
104 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 105 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 106 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
* 107 ST UB1 27X76X13 FAIL BS-4.2.3-(Y)
1.790
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
108 ST UB1 27X76X13 PASS BS-4.2.3-(Y)
0.895
1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|
|MCZ= 0.0 MCY= 0.0 PC=******** PT= 0.0 MB= 7.7 PV= 83.8
|
|
| PZ=********* FX/PZ = 0.75
MRZ= 0.0
MRY= 0.0
|
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
******* CONTINUE UNTILL THE END OF TABULATED RESULT OF DESIGN *******
121. PARAMETER
122. CODE BS5950
123. SELECT OPTIMIZED
100
STEEL TAKE-OFF
-------------PROFILE
LENGTH(METE)
WEIGHT(KN )
ST UB127X76X13
400.00
50.701
ST UC203X203X46
58.00
26.154
ST UC254X254X73
79.50
56.858
ST UB254X102X22
600.00
129.057
ST UC305X305X118
36.00
41.483
ST UC152X152X37
87.50
31.659
ST UC203X203X52
73.50
37.435
ST UC305X305X97
31.50
29.764
ST UC152X152X30
14.00
4.119
ST UC152X152X23
70.00
15.702
PRISMATIC STEEL
0.00
0.000
---------------TOTAL =
422.930
************ END OF DATA FROM INTERNAL STORAGE ************
127. FINISH
****************************************************************************
**WARNING** SOME MEMBER SIZES HAVE CHANGED SINCE LAST ANALYSIS.
IN THE POST PROCESSOR, MEMBER QUERIES WILL USE THE LAST
ANALYSIS FORCES WITH THE UPDATED MEMBER SIZES.
TO CORRECT THIS INCONSISTENCY, PLEASE DO ONE MORE ANALYSIS.
FROM THE UPPER MENU, PRESS RESULTS, UPDATE PROPERTIES, THEN
FILE SAVE; THEN ANALYZE AGAIN WITHOUT THE GROUP OR SELECT
COMMANDS.
****************************************************************************
*********** END OF THE STAAD.Pro RUN ***********

**** DATE= MAR 4,2006 TIME= 17:46:27 ****
*************************************************************
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*
* Please contact : Research Engineers Ltd.
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PSZ 19:16 (Pind.

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

COMPARISON OF WEIGHT OF STEEL FRAMES USING

LEE CHEE YIN

Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan

SG. ISAP JAYA,

Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

En. Zainudin Taib

COMPARISON OF WEIGHT OF STEEL FRAMES USING SEVERAL

LEE CHEE YIN

This thesis is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the

Faculty of Civil Engineering

LEE CHEE YIN

In particular, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my project

Apart from that, sincere appreciation is conveyed to my parents for their

This study is about optimization of steel frames using several standard

Kajian ini adalah mengenai pengoptimuman berat kerangka keluli dengan

Background of The Problem

Statement of The Problem

1.3 Objectives of The Study

Importance of The Study

Scope of The Study

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Review of Related Researches and Findings

Theoretical Design of Steel Beams

Example of Beam Design

Theoretical Design of Steel Columns

Example of Column Design

RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES

Tools and Instrumentation

Limitation of The Study

Material and Physical Properties of Steel Sections

Modeling, Analyzing and Designing of Frame Structures27

Modeling of Frame Structures

Define and Assign Supports

Multiply Structural Elements

Define and Assign Loads

3.5.1.5 Define and Assign Connections

Define and Assign Geometrical

Properties Including Section Types

3.5.1.7 Duplicate Model

Analyzing of Frame Structures

Designing of Frame Structures

Define and Select Design Parameters

Run The Analysis

Flow Chart of Design of Frame Structures Using

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based

Percentage of Difference of Weight

Interpretation of Analysis Results

Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based

On Storey Height Case 2

Interpretation of Analysis Results

Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based

Interpretation of Analysis Results

Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based

On Number of Frame Stories Case 4

Interpretation of Analysis Results

Comparison of Weight of Steel Frames Based

On Number of Bays Case 5