; 7000

To
. 18 . ,
1816 , ,
. -. , ,
,
.
.
.
, -
, .
,
. ,
, .
,
,
, .
. 1

,
:

, , , ,
, .


.
, ( ),
,

 . ,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
,
. : ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
. ,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
.1

.

, ;

, .

terminus ante quern
.
, , 50.000 ,


,
.
.

. .
, ,
.2
, ,
.
, , ..
,
,
,
. ,
. ,
,
.3
,
, , .4
. -,
,
.5
(
.
Kenneth Oakley, ,
.
, .
1977:

.
, , 30
, ,
. ,

 , ,
, .
, (
5. 4. ), ,
3 . . Walker
(1966), ,
. .6


, 50.000
3 .

,7
,
, Mas -d' Azii (dip. Arige) .8
Mas -d' Azii
,
.
Arize, .
, ,
.
, ,

, .
,
. (9 .. )

.
. .
(),
( ).
(III: , ...: , ///: ), ,
.

 ka, .
, ,
17 .. .,
.9 ,
Obermaier, .
,
.10
, 9 ..;
,
, ;

. ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,

,
, , -
, .12

. ,
,
,
, ,
,
.13

,14 ,
.
C14 5.260 ..!
,

 ,
.
,
5 .. , ,
, .
1961
- (jud. Alba),
C14 5300-5200 ..15

!
Turdas, Vinca.16
, ,
2001 .
Nicolae
Ursulescu (/ ),
6000 ..17

, .
,
.

, 12,5 .
,
.18
,
,
.
4 ..,
-,
Bogdan Nikolov .

Bogdan
Nikolov. ,
5 .. 2,5 5,5

. ,
,
.

. ,
-- ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.

, .

. Vinca,
.
. .
, ,
, , .


.19
, ..20
20 ., Sir FI. Petrie,
,
. , 300 ,

. ,
34
. ,
, Sir FI. Petrie,
-
.21

 ,
. .
-
, 5000-4500 ..

, .
,
, , .
, ,
, ,
.22

, 1997, ,
.23
1996
. ,

, .

: . .
.

,
.

, .
, ,

. ,
,
3.200 ..24
5 4 ..
. 12

 .
.
, , . .
, -
. .25
,

, ,
. , .
, ,
,
3.200 ..


, Kis (2630-2450
..), .

, Sinclair Hood
.26
, ,
, ,
.
. MarieJoseph Steve, ,
,
3 ..
, F.Bork, Champollion
,
Puzur-lnsusinak, , Marie-Joseph Steve
.27
, 3
..

,

 . , 1890, Sir Arthur

Evans
,
. , , ,
Evans
.
, ,
.
,
,
.
;
George Thomson,

, .28 o George Thomson
, ,
.
,
. , Evans
,
, ,
.
. Evans ,

-
- .

, Evans
: ,
2000-1650 .., 1750 1450 ..
, 1400 ..
(-),

, , , , , ...

 ,
3 ..,29 ,
,
, ,
.
.
, Hood, 3
..
, ,
.30
. , , 7000
,
.
1997
,
,
.31 , .
, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
,
,

.
. ,

. o Louis Godart,
:


, .32
-

, ,
- Ventris
.

. :
,
,
. ,
, . .33
,
. ,
, , .
... .
Kapaja ,
. !

. -
; , ,
-
, ,
;34
, 12
(2000 ..), No 115 ;
, 150 , 40, 150
...
, . .
. . 8 .
. . , ,
. .
. .
.
. , , ,

 . ,
...

. ,
.
.
: , ,
. :
, , . ,
. , ,
, .35
, , ,
, , , , ,
, .

, , .
-, Colenischeff, Heibig, Victor Berard,
Alex Moret, .. ,
, .36

;
:
. , , ,
. 2 ..
, ,

. , ,
.
,
, . ,
Georgiev (.,
1953),
,
, (. 2000 ..)37

 . .
W. Wright,38

, ,39
,
. ,
Evans, Georgiev
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
Evans,
. :
The characters are so remarkably alphabetic that they might well be taken to belong to
much later times -Byzantine for instance.40
.
Evans, , ,
,
Sir Flienders Petrie , Kahun,
!41
Evans , , , .
, Evans,
, ,
ve.42
, , , Evans
Scripta Minoa I, ,
10 .. !43 Sir
Arthur Evans
: ,
; ,

 ,
. .
, ,
1750 .. 1450 ..
,

,
.44
.

. 2

(
, , , ), ,
, (,
, ).45
,46
, ,
, .
.

.
,
, .47

.

,
. , . .
, , Ventris,

(/, , ). Ventris,


.
6 1956,
Hatfield, . 48

,
.
, ,
, .
,
, - .49
,
, .
Ventris
1953, Chadwick,
. ,
Biegen, :
Ventris,
,
, .
. ,
641, . ,
, , .
, ---
-- (.
q--po-F, --.
. ;
Dr. Biegen
20 13

Sir Arthur Evans.
,

.

 - . 50
Arthur Evans
. , ,
Evans .
1901:

.

. , ,
- -
, , ...
, ,
, , , ,
...
,
.
. ,
,
.

, ,
.
.50
Arthur Evans,
, Ventris (40)
, . .
Alice Kober,
,
, ,
( Kober).51 ,
.
Alice Kober, ,
- , Ventris
. ,

 ,
,
. , ,
.
.
,
. Ventris ,
. ,
.
, ,
.52 ,
Biegen Ventris, 641,
Chadwick (1961) :
,
!

.
, .

,
,
,
, .
Chadwick
. ,
.
1996 .
, Ohlstadt :
, ,
2 .. ,
, , : ,
.
, .
,

 :

,
, , . 3 .
, ,
, ,
. :
,
7 8 ..
3 .. ,
. -
. ,
/,
, mar, ,
. , ,
, , , ,
. :
, ,
,
. 80% 90% ,
.53
.
, ,
, :
- -
.54
,

.
,
.
, .
, , ,
. ,

 , 1450
.. .

, G. Pugliese Caratelli (1945)
. ,

. Evans
, -
. , ,
.

,
, .
.55
, ; .
, ,
, .
.56


. .
, ,
.
.
, 16 .. .
, .
,
. Evans, Sundwall, Daniel,
Furumark, .
, ,
, 1960 , Ras-Samra,
. ,

( , ,

 , 1600-1100 1050
..57 .
1964 Deir Alla
, ,
. Trude Dothan,

, , ,
, . ,
Trude Dothan,
, 11
.. .,
, !58
Trude Dothan
(1300-1100 ..),
Ashdod .
.
.

.
,

,
, .
.
,
.
.
,
. ,
,
, .

. ,

 1984-1994,
, (.
)
, .
.
,
, ,
.

... .
,
.59 Kemal Pulak,

:

, ...
,
.60
, . , . .
, . , . -, . . .
-,
.61
,


.62
14 13 .. .
.
, ,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , ,

 .
,
10 1 .
10/1,
.63
,
,64
Chadwick
. . ,

. ,
,
, .
;
65 ,
Chadwick

.
,
. ,

, . ,

: .
.66
,
.
, : di-ptera-po-ro, . ,
(.
);67
.
, ,
.
.

 ,
. .
.
,
, ;
, ,
. 14 ..
. (, , ),
. ,
. ,
, ,
. -
. ,
,
.

,
. , ,
. ,
, , ,
. ,
15 ( .. ., .
.
Evans, .
, .
.
,
. ,
.

,
.
, ,

. .

, .
1936, Claude F. A. Schaeffer
Ras-Shamra, ,
.68
, 39-41 : .
.
, ,
.
,
Sor-, .
.
,
, ,
, .
Claude F. A. Schaeffer
. :
Krt, ,
Kret, , .
,
(,
. ,
.

.
,
, ,
.101 Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo,
8 . ..,
, , .
776 ..
7 .. .,
8 .. .102

 ,
. .
, ,
776 .. ,
, ,

. ,
, , .

, .
, 776 .. ,
, .
, 400 .. ,
. ,
,
8 .. . ,
. ,
,

, .
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
(),
(), ()
.
( ),
8 .. .,
. ,

 7 .. .,
.
. 103
.
,
(, ),
. ,
, , , ,
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .104
,
,
8 .. ., ,
,
.105 ,
,
.

14 .. . ,


...
.106

, .

, .
,
, ,

, .107

 , ,
. , , ,
, .
.
,
.

. :

. ,

. , , ,
, , ,
. .
, , ,

.
.108

, 24
,
: , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , . ,
,
. , , , , , , .


.109 ,
2.406 (2003 + 403/2), 403/2 .. -
- , ,

24
.
.

, ,
2.406 .110
,
(. 403 ..),
(. 403 ..).
, , ,
111
.112

.
, ,
(),
, , , .
.

.
. .
: Mathematic and geometric theorems and axioms, both practical and theoretic
were analyzed by mathematicians. Alphanumeric systems with cryptic or mnemonic
coding have been developed. Geometric schemes like the prism, the pyramid, the circle,
the parallilogram and other isometric schemes like the pentagon, hexagon, octagon, are
analyzed periodically. With diagrams, the periphery, the perimetry, the diameter and the
dichotomy are studied.113
.
,
;114
, ,
( ) 8 .. .
,

.
,
lingua franca ,
.

 , (. .
). ,
,
, .
, .

. ,
, -
,

. :
.
, !
, !

1 : ,
, , (375 b). .

.....

, 1989, . 267.
2 John Noble Wilford, The New York Times, . . :
, . 3. . 2002
3 .-. , , , 1937, . 12-13.
4
5 .-, , . .58, 1996, . 85.
6 . , , , .13, 1991-1997, . 52.
7 . 260, . Winn M., The Signs of the Vinca culture: an internal
analysis; their role, chronology and independence from Mesopotamia. Ph. D. Diss.
University of California, Los Angeles, 1973.
8 .., , , 1982, . 184-5,
. 32, 33, . 120-123. . Leroi-Gourn, Prihistoire de l'art, 310-311; Kuehn,
Erwachen und Aufstieg, 211-213; Narr, Handbuch, l, 324-326; Mueller-Karpe,

Handbuch, l, 276, no. 74; Bordes, Le Pateolithique, 166; Sonneville-Bordes, L'ge de la

pierre, 107-108; Hawkes-Wooley, History, 175-6.
9 . , , , 2001, . 230, . 8. .
Sarianidis V., Margiana and Protozoroastrism, , 1999, . 88.
10 .., . Khn, Erwachen und Aufstieg, 212, .
11 . Eleni Karantzola, Adamadlos Sampson, loannis Liritzis, Some recorded signs
of early writing in Greek prehistory: theoretical considerations on a temporal and
spatial dimension, :
9000-1000 .., 7-11 2002,
, . 30. .
, ,
,
: :
,
2002.
12 .., .
, , 1996, . 46.
13 .., 7500 , , 2002, . 260, 254.
14 ., '. ,
, , 2001, . 25.
15 Renfrew ., , , 1979. .
., '. ,
, , 2001, . 25, . 3.
16 Winn M., The signs of the Vinca Culture: an internal analysis: their role, chronology
and independence from Mesopotamia. Ph. D. Diss. University of California, Los
Angeles, 1973.
17 Hie Tudor, Tezaurul de la Isaiia, Mica Enciclopedie "AS", Anu XI,
nr. 493, 2001, . 15.
18 Bogdan Nikolov, , () 1984, . 46, 88.
19 . , , . , . 17.
2002. . 15 ' -
, 16 2002.
20 ., . ,
, , 2001, . 24-25.

21 .., . 24-25, . 1, 2. . Sir FI. Petrie, The Formation of the Alphabet,

Mason W.A. 329, London, 1919.
22 . , , . , .17.
2002. . ., .
, , , 2001, . 25, .
4. . . , . 21.9.1995.
23 ., . ,
, , 2001, . 25.

, , .
24 . , , . , . 17.
2002.
25 Dr. Eleni Karantzola, Prof. Dr. Ad. Sampson, Prof. Dr. I. Liritzis, Some recorded
sgns of early writing in Greek Prehistory : theoretical considerations on a temporal and
spatial dimension, , , 7-11
' 2002, . , . 30.
26 . .. , . 7500 , , 2002, .
260, . 9, ..., . ', . 151.
27 Marie-Joseph Steve, Le Syllabaire proto-lamite linaire, .
, ' , 14-15
1996, , 2000, . 73-84.
28 George Thomson, ' . , , 1989, ', ., .
69.
29 ..., .', . 147. 30..... ',. 151.
31 " , ,
, . 13 1991-1997, . 298-304.
32 Louis Godart, , . 31.
33 . , ', , 1996, . 337.
34 ., . ' , , 28. 2.
35 . , , .
, 1983, .32-36.
36 . , , .
, 1983, . 31.
37 .

38 W.Wright, The Empire of the Hittites, London, 1884; . ..., .', . 151.
39 S.N.Kramer, The Sumerians, London, 1963, fig.3.
40 A.Evans, Primitive Pictographs and Script, J.H.S., 1894, . 284.
41 ..
42 ..
43 Scripta Minoa, I.
44 I.E.E., . ', . 209.
45 I.E.E., . ', . 150.
46 ..
47 I.E.E., .', . 150, 209, . .
48 John Chadwick, '. , , 1962, . 3.
49 . , '.
, , , 2001.
50 , . IV, . 57-59.
51 John Chadwick, '. , , 1962, .
37..
52 ..., . ', . 296. . John Chadwick, '.
, , 1962, . 43 ..
53 , Die Geschichte der Hellenischen
Sprache und Schrift, 3-6.10. 1996, Ohlstadt, Oberbayern-Deutschland, . 27-38
( G.Neumann, Zur Vor-und Frueh-geschichte der
griechischen Sprache: Neuerungen in Morphologie und Wortschatz).
54 . " .
, , 2002.
55 . , ,
( , .
, . 29, 1988, . 58-63.
56 .
. . . 337-338.
57 . , ', , 2001, . 56.
58 Trude Dothan, Le premire apparition de l'criture en Philistine, .
' , ' ,
14-15 1996, , 2000,. 165-169.

59 ". , , , 1988, . 113.

14 ..
(.), ,
.
60 Kemal Pulak, To , ,
. , . 3 2000, . 24-26. .
., ,
' .
', , 2000, . 36.
61 . 4000 , " .
', . 24 1999, . 23.
62. : ' .
', , 2000, . 36.
63 Kemal Pulak, To , ,
. , . 3 2000, . 24-26, . :
. - ', , 2000,
. 36.
64 ', 169: ... .
65 , . ". ,
, , 1988, . 113.
66 . . , , , 1988, . 113.
67 . Trude Dothan, Le premire apparition de l' criture en
Philistine, . ' ,
, 14-15 1996, , 2000,.
165-169. , ,
, , .
;
68 Mission de Ras-Shamra, dirige par Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, La Legend de Keret,
Roi des Sidoniens, Paris, 1936.
69 . M' hamed Hassine Fantar, Les Phniciens en Mediterranee, 1997.
70 Stanislav Serget, A Grammar of Phoenician and Punic, Muenchen, 1976

71 Dr. Marta Guzowska, The Contexts of Cretan finds in Cyprus or "the case of a
musturd pot", , , 7-11
' 2002, . , . 9
72 N.Coldstream, , , 1977, , 1997, . 393,413-6.
73 . Pierre Grimal, , . .
74 . ,
, 1992, . 57
75 . , , , 2002.
76 , Die Geschichte der Hellenischen
Sprache und Schrift, 3-6.10.1996, Ohlstadt, Oberbayern-Deutschland, . 300
( . I. S.Lemos, What is not dark in the so called
Greek DarkAge).
77 Andre Lemaire, Les Hyksos et les debuts de l'criture alphabitique au ProcheOrient, . ,
, 14-15 1996, , 2000, .
103-133.
78 ..
79 ..
80 . ' , , , ,
2002, . 44-45.
81 . , . . , , , 2002.
82 Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo, La transmission de ('alphabet phnicien aux Grecs, 15
1996, , 2000,. 231.
83 Pierre Grimal, , . , . 336.
84 . , , . .
85 Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo, La transmission de ('alphabet phnicien aux Grecs, 15
1996, , 2000,. 239.
86 . -,
, . , ..49, 2001, .10-11.
87 . ,
, .
, , 7-11 2002, . 26.
88 J.-N.Coldstream, ', , 1977, , 1997, . 321-322.

89 .., . 322, . 86, 87.

90 , 18,2-3.
91 . , . ,
( )
92 .-., , , 1937, . ?, . 70-71.
93 Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo, La transmission de ('alphabet phnicien aux Grecs, 15
1996, , 2000,. 231. . J.-N.Coldstream,
', , 1977, , 1997, . 321-32,
.
94 .-. , , , 1937, . ', . 70, 76.
95 J.-N.Coldstream, .., .394, 397.
96 800-850 .., ., .., . 32.
97 Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo, La transmission de ('alphabet phnicien aux Grecs, 15
1996, , 2000,. 234.
98 .., . 240.
99 .., . 235. 100 .., . 236.
101 .-. , , , 1937, . ', . 47, .3.
102 .., . 238.
103 . 179
104 . . , . ,
.
105 . .-,
, . , .. 49, 2001, . 10-11.
106 .., . , , . 148.
107 .-., . , , . 14.
108 , 3930.
109 .-., , , 1937, . ', . 41-44.
110 .., . 44.
111 ., , , .
112 .-. , , , 1937, . ', . 45.
113 . ., . 12.11.2000, . . , ..
47, 2001, . 18-19, "., , .
, , 2002.

114 .., . 45.

.
1 ) .....
' , 1989, . 267.
2) John Noble Wilford, The New York Times, . . : , . 3. . 2002
3) .-., , , 1937
4) ,
5) .-, , . .58, 1996,.85.
6) . , , , .13, 1991-1997, . 52.
7) Winn M., The Signs of the Vinca culture: an internal analysis; their role, chronology
and independence from Mesopotamia. Ph. D. Diss. University of California, Los
Angeles, 1973.
8) .., , , 1982.
9) Leroi-Gourn, Prihistoire de l'ari, 310-311 ; Kuehn, Erwachen und Aufstieg, Narr,
Handbuch, l, 324
10) . , ', 2001
11) Sarianidis V., Margiana and Protozoroastrism, , 1999
12) Eleni Karantzola, Adamadlos Sampson, loannis Liritzis, Some recorded signs of
early writing in Greek prehistory: theoretical considerations on a temporal and spatial
dimension, :
9000-1000 .., 7-11 2002,
, . 30.
13) . . , . "
, , 1996
14) . . , 7500 , , 2002.
15) ., '. ,
, , 2001
16) Renfrew ., , , 1979.
17) Winn M., The signs of the Vinca Culture: an internal analysis: their role,
chronology and independence from Mesopotamia. Ph. D. Diss. University of California,
Los Angeles, 1973.

18) Hie Tudor, Tezaurul de la Isaiia, Mica Enciclopedie "AS", \Anul

XI, nr. 493, 2001
19) Bogdan Nikolov, , () 1984.
20) . , , . , . 17.
2002.
21) 15
, 16 2002.
22) ., '. ,
, , 2001
23) Marie-Joseph Steve, Le Syllabaire proto-Elamite linaire, .
' , - , 14-15
1996, , 2000, . 73-84.
24) George Thomson, . , , 1989, ',
25) " , ,
, . 13 1991-1997, . 298-304.
26) Louis Godart, , . 31.
27) . , , , 1996, . 337.
28) ., . ' , , 28. 2.
29) . , ,
. , 1983.
30) W.Wright, The Empire of the Hittites, London, 1884" . ..., . ', .
151.
31) S.N.Kramer, The Sumerians, London, 1963, fig.3.
32) A.Evans, Primitive Pictographs and Script, J.H.S., 1894, . 284.
33) John Chadwick, '. ' , , 1962, . 3.
34) , . IV, . 57-59.
35) John Chadwick, '. ' , , 1962, .
37..
36) , Die Geschichte der Hellenischen
Sprache und Schrift, 3-6.10. 1996, Ohlstadt, Oberbayern-Deutschland
37) . .
, , 2002.

38) . , ,
, .
, . 29, 1988, . 58-63.
39) Trude Dothan, Le premiere apparition de criture en Philistine, .
' , ' ,
14-15 1996, , 2000,. 165-169.
40) ". , , , 1988
41) Kemal Pulak, To , ,
. , . 3 2000, . 24-26
42) . .
', , 2000
43) . 4000 , .
', . 24 1999, . 23.
44) Mission de Ras-Shamra, dirige par Claude F.-A. Schaeffer, La Legend de Keret,
Roi des Sidoniens, Paris, 1936.
45) M'hamed Hassine Fantar, Les Phniciens en Mediterranee, 1997.
46) Stanislav Serget, A Grammar of Phoenician and Punic, Mnchen, 1976
47) Dr. Marta Guzowska, The Contexts of Cretan finds in Cyprus or "the case of
a musturd pot", , , 7-11
' 2002, . , . 9
48) N.Coldstream, , , 1977, , 199749)
49) Pierre Grimal, , ,
1992.
50) . ,
, 1992, . 57
51) , ' , , , 2002.
52) , Die Geschichte der Hellenischen
Sprache und Schrift, 3-6.10. 1996, Ohlstadt, Oberbayern-Deutschlani, . 300
53) Andre Lemaire, Les Hyksos et les debuts de criture alphabtique au ProcheOrient, . ,
, 14-15 1996, , 2000, .
103-133.
54) Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo, La transmission de ('alphabet phnicien aux Grecs,
15 1996, , 2000,. 231.

55) . ,
56) ". -,
, . , ..49, 2001, .10-11.
57) . ,
, . .
, , 7-11 2002, . 26.
58) ".-, , 2002.
59) .-., , , . 14.
60) ., . 12.11.2000, . . , .. 47,
2001, 63) .-,
.
61) Anna Michailidou (Ed.), Manufacture and Measurment, Counting, Measuring and
Recording. Craft items in early Aegean Societies, ,
, , 2001.
:
5 " "
" "