..................................................................................................................................................

2
1............................................................................................................................. 2
2......................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 ................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 ......................................................................... 4
.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1 ............................................................................................................. 4
2 ............................................................................................................. 4
3......................................................................................................................... 5
4......................................................................................................................... 5
5......................................................................................................................... 6
6......................................................................................................................... 6
7................................................................................................................. 6
8......................................................................................................................... 7
9......................................................................................................................... 7
10....................................................................................................................... 7
.................................................................................................................................................. 8
2..................................................................................................................... 8
3. ............................................................................................................ 9
.................................................................................................................................... 10
1 ................................................................................... 10
2 ............................................................. 11
3 ............................................................................. 11
3. .................................................................................................. 11
4. ............................................................................................................ 12
3.1 .................................................................................. 12
3.2 ....................................................................................... 13
3.3 ............................................................................................... 13
3.4 ........................................................................................... 13
3.5 ............................................................................................... 13
3.6 ....................................................................................... 14
4. ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.1 ............................................................................................... 14
4.2 ....................................................................................................... 15
4.3 ............................................................................................. 15
4.4 ....................................................................................... 16

5. .................................................................................................................................. 17
5.1 .................................................................................................. 17
5.2 not + ............................................................................. 18
5.3 ............................................................................................................ 18
5.4 .................................................................................................... 19
................................................................................................................................................ 19
1....................................................................................................................... 19
1.1 ...................................................................................... 19
1.2 that- ..................................................................................................... 20
1.3 wh- ...................................................................................................... 20
1.4 if, whether .................................................................................... 21
1.5 .................................................................................................................. 22
2........................................................................................................................... 22
2.1 ...................................................................................... 22
2.2 ...................................................................................... 23
2.3 ...................................................................................... 23
2.4 .................................................................................. 24
2.5 + ........................................................................................................... 25
2.6 as, which .................................................................................. 25
2.7 .......................................................................................... 26
2.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever................................................................... 26
2.9 that ............................................................................................. 26
3........................................................................................................................... 27
3.1 .......................................................................................................... 27
3.2 .......................................................................................................... 27
3.3 .......................................................................................................... 28
3.4 .......................................................................................................... 28
3.5 .......................................................................................................... 28
3.6 .......................................................................................................... 29
3.7 .......................................................................................................... 29
3.9 until till ....................................................................................................... 30

1.1
2

He likes watching
TV.
1.2
We study for the
people.
1.3

My sister is a nurse.
1.4

We like English. []
He gave me some ink.

1.5
We make him our monitor.

1.6

He is a new student.
1.7

He runs fast.

2
2.1

2.1.1
Light travels faster than sound.
The film is rather boring.
2.1.2
Can you finish the work in time?
Where do you live? Do you want tea or coffee?
He doesn't know her, does he?
2.1.3
Sit down, please. Don't be nervous!
2.1.4 What good news it is!

2.2
2.2.1
She is fond of collecting stamps.
() ()
2.2.2

The food was good, but he had little appetite. () ()

()()

2.2.3

The film had begun when we got to the cinema.

1
1.1 -s
every day, sometimes, always, never

We get up at six every morning.

1.2
The earth moves around the sun.
1.3
Pride goes before a fall.
1.4
I don't want so much.
Mr. Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
[]

Columbus proved that the earth is round..

-ed
yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 when, while

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

She died ten years ago.

3
3.1
soon, next week, tomorrow shall/will+shall
will
Which paragraph shall I read first
Next month, my sister will be twenty-one. 21
3.2 be going to
What are you going to do tomorrow?
3.3 be to do
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
3.4 be about to
He is about to leave for Beijing.
be about to tomorrow, next week

4
have (has) +
4.1
already, yet, never, before
I have been to Hong Kong many times.
They have already published the results of their experiments.
4.2
since, for two years, so far,
in recent years
He has lived here since 1949. 1949
He has learned English for about two years.

5
5.1
had +
We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
5000
5.2
no sooner ++ than +
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

by (the end of ) +
The experiment had been finished by 4 oclock yesterday afternoon.

by (the time / the end of ) + before

(the end of ) + when, after
will / be going to do sth
By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

I shall have finished this composition before 9 oclock.

9
When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

for hours, since this morning

have/has + been +
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still havent found it.

[]
1

We have been living here for ten years.()

We have lived here for ten years.
2
The students have been preparing for the exam.()
The students have prepared for the exam.()

8
be+
8.1 () nowright nowat the moment

We are waiting for you.

She is reading a newspaper now.
8.2
Mr. Green is writing another novel.(
)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
8.3 get, grow, turn, run, go, begin
The leaves are turning green.
It's getting warmer and warmer.

9
was/were +

We were talking about you a moment ago.

I was playing the piano when she came in.

10

shall/will + be +
What will you be doing this time tomorrow?

My grandfather planted this tree.

This tree was planted by my grandfather

1
be be

2.
2.1
The rubbish hasnt been collected

The streets are swept every day

Your hand will be X-rayed

X
2.2
The minister was murdered

My car has been moved


Youll be met at the station

2.3
He is suspected of receiving stolen goods

They are supposed to be living in New York

2.4
The house next door has been boughtby a Mr. Jones

2.5 """" believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see,
suppose, think, understand
It is said that

It is reported that
It is believed that
It is hoped that
It is well known that
It is thought that
It is suggested that
It is taken granted that
It has been decided that
It must be remember that

3.
3.1
() The price has been risen.
() The accident was happened last week.
3.2
() It is sounded good.
[]
1. to "to"
feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch

The teacher made me go out of the classroom.

-------I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
-------He was seen to play football on the playground.
2.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before.
9

3. wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel,
draw, write, sell, drive
The book sells well.

This knife cuts easily.

4. need, require, want, worth (), deserve

The door needs repairing.

This room needs cleaning.
This book is worth reading.

Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., )

Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. wearing ...

He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... )

1
1)
Miss Mary teaches us English.

teaches
Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week.
to have a talk....
2)
Larke likes the pop music.

Larke has nothing to do today.

do

1
Studying English is my favorite.

studying
To help him is my duty.

help

10

2
Working under such a condition is terrible.
(under such a condition working )
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.
for him

3
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.

to have kept...
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.

Seen from...
4
Our coming made him happy.

coming
There are two big swimming pools here.
(swimming )

3.

to write to be written
to be writing
/
to have writtento have been written
to have been writing/

writing being written
having written having been written
written

writing being written
having written having been written

11

4.
3.1
to +

3.1.1
To mast a language is not an easy thing.

To teach English is my favorite.

It's my pleasure to help you.

it
It's very kind of you to have given us much help.

It's necessary to find the witness.

3.1.2
decide, begin, help, begin, want,
wish, like, forget, learn, ask.
What I wish is to learn English well.

I like to help others if I can.

3.1.3
We expect you to be with us.

Please ask him to come here quickly.

3.1.4
What I should do is to finish the task soon.

The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.

3.1.5
There are many ways to solve the problem.

I have something important to tell you.

3.1.6
We went to the hospital to see our teacher.
12


She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.

3.2
not + to +
The teacher told us not to swim in that river.

It's unfair not to tell us.

3.3
who, what,which,when, where, how, why

Where to go is not known yet.

I don't know when to begin.

Can you tell me where to get the battery.

Do you know how to get to the station.

3.4
for + +
for

It's necessary for us to help each other.

There are much work for me to finish,

3.5

I helped him put the things into the car.

I want to see you again.

13


Would you like to have a rest.

We are sorry to have kept you waiting so long.

They seems to have known the answers.

They seem to be working hard.

3.6

He is the man to be examined.

There are much work to be done.

4.
4.1
+ ing

4.1.1
Talking like that is not polite.

Learning from others is important .

Putting on more clothes is not so good .

it
It's no use waiting here, let's go home.

It's very difficult climbing this mountain.

4.1.2
The nurse's job is looking after the patients.
14


Seeing is believing.

4.1.3
, begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss,
keep.
Please stop smoking in the house.

I like reading in the forest.

Do you mind my opening the windows?

She is found of collecting stamp.

4.1.4
She is studying in the reading room.

He slept in the sleeping bag.

not +
He pretend not knowing it at all.

We considered not doing it now.

4.2

I enjoy swimming in the big river.

I am used to watching TV in the evening.

She regret not having studied the computer hard.

Do you remember having promised me that?

4.3

15

His being looked down upon made him sick.

I can't really stand being treated like that.

4.4
1)

avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep,
mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help,

decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree,
manage,

love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need,
remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start,

I like to go with you.

I like reading.

He promised to help her.

We love watching VCD.

VCD
2) remember, forget, regret

I remember meeting him in the street.

I remember to write a letter to my parents.

3) "stop + " "stop + "

Stop smoking, please.

Let's stop to have a rest.

4)

16

reading text
developing country
a sleeping bag
boiled water

5.
5.1
+ing + ed

working worked washing

washed

ing ed.
5.1.1
China is a developing country.

That's an interesting story.

The girl singing for us is ten years old.

something, anything, everything, nothing

The working people have played a great role in the activity.

The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.

There is nothing interesting.

a swimming girl

a swimming pool
5.1.2
Being a student, he likes to help others.

Wearing a new pair of glasses, she can read easily.

She is there waiting for us.

Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.

17


5.1.3
The story is interesting .

We are interested in computer.

The glass is broken.

The water is boiled.

5.1.4
see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get
I saw him walking in the street.

I heard them singing in the classroom.

We found the boy sleeping.

have
I have my hair cut.

She has her bike repaired.

They have their house rebuilt.

5.2

not +

Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.

Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.

5.3

Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.

Coming into the room, he lied on his bed.

Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.

18


Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.

Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.

5.4

The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.

1
(Noun Clauses)
,

1.1

that,whether,if
what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose, which.
when, where, how, why

1.
2.
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
whether if "" whether if
1. whether
2.
3. whether
4. "or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
it
It is not important who will go.
19

It is still unknown which team will win the match.

1.2 that-
1 that that- That
that-

That he is still alive is sheer luck.

John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.

The fact is that he has not been seen recently.

The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.

I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.

2That- it that-
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.

It's a pity that you should have to leave.

it that-
a. It + be ++ that-
It is necessary that

It is important that

It is obvious that

b. It + be + -ed + that-
It is believed that

It is known to all that

It has been decided that

c. It + be ++ that-
It is common knowledge that
It is a surprise that

It is a fact that

d. It ++ that-
It appears that

It happens that

It occurred to me that

1.3 wh-
1 wh- wh-Wh- who, whom,. whose,
whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever where, when, how, why
Wh- that-
20


How the book will sell depends on its author.
In one's own home one can do what one likes.
The club will give whoever wins a prize.

My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.

She will name him whatever she wants to.

I have no idea when he will return.

I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.

That depends on where we shall go.

2Wh- it wh-
It is not yet decided who will do that job.

It remains unknown when they are going to get married.

1.4 if, whether

1yes-no
if, whether
yes-no wh-

Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.

Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.

The point is whether we should lend him the money.

They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.

She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.

I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.

2
if/whetheror whetheor not
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.

I don't care whether you like the plan or not.

21

1.5
1) think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine

I don't think I know you.

I don' t believe he will come.
hope,
I hope you weren't ill.
2) seem, appear
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.

3)
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
(not having)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.

(anyone )
4)
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. ()
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. ( because )

She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was
struck by her beauty. ( many weeks)

2
Attributive Clauses,

who, whom, whose, that, which

when, where, why

2.1

1who, whom, that

22


Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
who/that
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

whom/that
2) Whose (, of which ),
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.

3)which, that

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.

which / that
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
(which / that )

2.2

1when, where, why

when, where, why "+ which""+
which"
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?

2that
that when, where, why "
+ which" that
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.

2.3

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

23

 I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
where, when

()
/
1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where
B. that C. on which
D. the one
1 D 2 A
1 This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
2 This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
1 where, that, on which
the one D
2 , where
in the museum in + which on
A

(who, whom, that, which, whose)

( where when why )

2.4
1)

This is the house which we bought last month.

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.

2)

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

3) , ,

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
24


Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.

that why

2.5 +
1
2that
3 "+"
when where
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

2.6 as, which

as, which as which and this
and thatAs which
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

1Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it B. that C. which
D. he
C. that which.it he
he
2The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
Bwhich what That
it
3It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which
C. as D. it
B.
as which

(1) as which
(2) as
which.
prevent B
As
1. the same assuchas as ,
25

I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

2. as ''
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As 1 as know 2
know

2.7
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever anyone who )
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what all that )

2.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever

1what = the thing whichwhatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
Who breaks the law will be punished.
Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that what
that
that What

I think (that) you will like the stamps.

What we need is more practice.

2.9 that
1 that
a)
() The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b)
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) that
a) there be that which

26

b) anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little

that which
c) the only, the very that
d) that.
e)

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

3
3.1
where, wherever
Where I live there are plenty of trees.

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

3.2
as, (just) asso, as if, as though
1 as, (just) asso(just) asso
as """"
Always do to the others as you would be done by.

As water is to fish, so air is to man.

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

2 as if, as though

"""
"
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

27

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

as if / as though
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

3.3
because, since, as for
1 because why
as since
I didn't go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2 because for
for
He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.

3.4
that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.
He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

3.5
so that suchthat so
such
so such
so such such so
so many, few, much, little

so foolish
such a fool
so nice a flower
such a nice flower
so many / few flowers
such nice flowers

28

so much / little money. such rapid progress

so many people
such a lot of people
so many a lot of many a lot of
such

sothat suchthat so such

The boy is so young that he can't go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

3.6
if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that .
if

unless = if not.
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

You will be late ___ you leave immediately.

A. unless B. until C. if
D. or
A If you dong leave
immediately, you will be late. BD or You leave immediately or
you will be late.

3.7
though, although
though, although but though yet
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.

He is very old, but he still works very hard.

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.

1 ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When B. However
C. Although D. Unless
C
2) as, though
as / though

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
29

 a.
b.

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

= Though he tries hard, he never seems

3) ever if, even though.

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whetheror-
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
5) "no matter +" "+ ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
no matter
No matter what you say is of no use now.
Whatever you say is of no use now.
(Whatever you say )
Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.
3.8 while, when, as
1as, when
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.
2
when
as while
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.
3"" as when while
As the day went on, the weather got worse.

3.9 until till

""
""

I slept until midnight.

Wait till I call you.

before Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.

30


She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock.
6
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped.

I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how.

1)Until till
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

2)Until when until

---Until when are you staying?
--- Until next Monday.

(1)Not until
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.
19
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

(2) It is not until that

3.10 ""
hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan as soon as ""

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
hardly, scarcely no sooner
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

31