Advanced Engineering Mathematics

MATRIX
A rectangular array of numbers enclosed within a brackets and arranged in m rows and n columns. Each number in the matrix is
called an element. A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix (row vector) while a matrix having only one column is called a
column matrix (column vector). If the number of rows m and columns n are equal the matrix is called a square matrix. A matrix is said
to be real matrix or complex matrix according to its elements if it is either real or complex numbers.
PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
1. Equality of matrices: Two matrices A and B are equal if they are of the same order and corresponding elements are equal.
When m=n, we have a square matrix. An nxn or square matrix is said to be of order n. The number associated with a square
matrix is called a determinant.
2. Addition of Matrices: If A=(ajk) and B=(bjk) have the same order, we define the sum of A and B as A+B=(ajk+bjk).
3. Subtraction of Matrices: if A=(ajk) and B=(bjk) have the same order, we define the difference of A and B as A-B=(ajk-bjk).
4. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar: If matrix A is multiplied by scalar k, then the product is equal to Axk=(a jkxk).
5. Multiplication of Matrices: If A=(ajk) is an mxn matrix while B=(bjk) is an nxp matrix, then we define the product AB or
n
AB of A and B as the matrix C=(cjk) where c jk =  a ji blk .
l =1
6. Transpose of a matrix: If we interchange rows and columns of matrix A, the resulting matrix is called the transpose of A
and is denoted by AT. In symbols, if A=(ajk) then AT=(akj).
7. Symmetric and skew-symmetric Matrices: A square matrix A is called symmetric if AT=A and skew symmetric if AT=-A.
4 − 7 1 0 5 − 2
Ex.
− 7 3 2  and − 5 0 3 
 
1 2 − 5 2 −3 0 
8. Hermitian and skew hermitian matrix: A square matrix A is hermitian if the conjugate transpose of A is equal to A,
AH=A; and skew hermitian if the conjugate transpose of A is equal to the negative of A, AH=-A.
4 3 − 5i  4i 3 + 2i 
Ex. 3 + 5i − 7 and − 3 + 2i − 7i 
   
9. Orthogonal matrix: A real matrix A is said to be orthogonal if AAT=ATA=I.
1 8 −4 
1
Ex. 4 −4 − 7
9
8 1 4 
10. Unitary matrix: A square matrix A is said to be unitary if AAH=AHA=I.
1 2 2 
3 − 3 i 3
i 
Ex.  
− 2 i 1 2 
− − i
 3 3 3 
11. Normal matrix: A square matrix A is said to be normal if AAT=ATA for real matrix and AAH=AHA for complex matrix.
6 − 3 2 + 3i 1 
Ex. 3 6  and i 1 + 2i 
  
DETERMINANTS
1. Methods of evaluating determinants:
a. Using pivotal element method
Procedure:
1. Choose any unity as the pivotal element (if there is any).
2. Cross-out the row and column containing the pivotal element. However, if there is no unity as an
element divide all the elements in any row or column by aij and multiply the whole determinant by aij.
3. On each element of the resulting determinant subtract the product of the row and column met by the
row and column containing the pivotal element.
4. Multiply the resulting determinant by (-1)i+j.
5. Then the order of determinant is n-1.
a11 a12 a13 a14
a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24
A= Cross-out the row and column containing the element a11
a31 a32 a33 a34
a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44
a 22 − (a12 * a 21 ) a 23 − (a13 * a 21 ) a 24 − (a14 * a 21 )
1+1
Then det A = (−1) a11 a32 − (a12 * a31 ) a33 − (a13 * a31 ) a34 − (a14 * a31 )
a 42 − (a12 * a 41 ) a 43 − (a13 * a 41 ) a 44 − (a14 * a 41 )

b. Using laplace expansion

 a11 a12 a13 a14
a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24
A= then det A=
a31 a32 a33 a34
a 41 a 42 a 43 a 44
2. Properties of determinants
a. If the corresponding row and column of a determinant are interchanged, its value is unchanged.
b. If any two columns ( or rows) of a determinant are interchanged, the sign of the determinant are changed.
c. If all the elements in any two columns (or row) of a determinant are zero, the value of the determinant are zero.
d. If any two column (or rows) of a determinant have their corresponding elements identical or proportional, its value
is zero.
e. If each element of a column or row in determinant are multiplied by the same number k, the value of the determinant
is multiplied by k.
f. If three determinants D1, D2, D3 have corresponding elements equal, except for one column (or row) in which the
elements of D1 are the sums of the corresponding elements of D2 and D3, then D1=D2+D3.
g. If each element of any column (or row) of a determinant is multiplied by the same number k and added to the
corresponding elements of another column (or row), the value of the determinant is unchanged.

Minor of an element: Mij

Is the determinant of the remaining elements in the matrix when the row and column containing the element are crossed out.

Cofactor of an element: Cij

Cij = (-1)i+jMij

INVERSE OF A MATRIX:
The inverse of a matrix is a matrix when multiplied to another matrix the product is identity matrix (AA-1)=I.
Methods of Finding the Inverse of a matrix:
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
I. By The formula: A-1= det 𝐴 where Adj A= the transpose of the Cofactor of A.
II. Augmented row operated matrix
The inverse of a matrix can also be determine using row operation process in the following steps:
Step 1: Write the matrix in the form [ A│I ]
Step 2: Apply row operation to reduce the matrix in the form [ I│A-1 ]

Elementary Row Operations:

1. Interchanging two rows EX. R1 ↔ R2
2. Multiplying a row by a nonzero number EX. R2→ kR2
3. Adding a number times the elements of one row to the corresponding elements of another row. EX. R1→R1+kR2

APPLICATION OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1. SOLUTION TO SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS:

The system of linear equations in the form;
a11x1+a12x2+a13x3+………………….=b1
a21x1+a22x2+a23x3+………………….=b2
…………………………………………..
an1x1+an2x2+an3x3+………………….=bn

can be transformed into matrix form like:

𝑎11 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑏1
𝐴=[ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ] 𝐵= ⋮
𝑎𝑛1 ⋯ 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑛

1.A Cramer’s Rule:

A1 A2 A
x1 = ; x2 = ; x3 = 3
det A det A det A
WHERE: det A- determinant of the coefficient of the variables
A1- determinant taken from D replacing the coefficients of x by their corresponding constant terms
leaving all other terms unchanged.
A2- determinant from D replacing the coefficients of y by their corresponding constant terms leaving all
other terms unchanged.
A3- determinant from D replacing the coefficients of z by their corresponding constant terms leaving all
other terms unchanged.

1.B. Inverse Matrix Method

If AX = B then X = A-1B
1.C. Gaus-Jordan Method
Write the matrix in the form: [ A │ B ]
Apply row operation to change the matrix in the form: [ I │B’ ]
THEN X = B’
 Theorems on solution of simultaneous linear equations in m equations and n unknowns:
If [ J │ d ] is the row echelon form of the augmented matrix [ A │ B ] of a nonhomogeneous linear system
AX = B of m equations in n unknowns, then:
a. The system has a unique solution if and only if m ≥ n and the first rows of J are those of In, whereas the last
m – n rows of [ J │ d ] are zero vectors.
b. If J contains one or more zero rows that are not zero rows of [ J │ d ] , the linear system is inconsistent.
c. If every zero row of J is also a zero row of [ J │ d ], the linear system has a complete solution containing
n – r arbitrary constants, where r is the number of nonzero row in [ J │ d ].

Definition of row echelon form:

An mxn matrix is in row echelon form if and only if
a. The first nonzero entry in any row is 1,and all other entries in the column in which it lies are zero.
b. Every zero row vector has a higher row index than any nonzero row vector; that is, each zero row vector lies below every
nonzero row vector.
c. If there are r nonzero row vectors, and if for 1 ≤ i ≤ r, the first 1 in row 1 occurs in column ji, then j1<j2<…<jr (whence the
name echelon).

PROBLEMS SET:
1. A matrix whose elements are all zero is called;
a. identity b. row c. column d. zero
 x + y 2 z + w 3 5 
2. Find x, y, z, and w if  x − y z − w  = 1 4.
   
a. 2,1, 3, 4 b. 4,3,5,1 c. 4,5,2, 1 d. 2,1,3,-1
1 2 3 1 − 1 2 
3. Find A+B for A=  and B= 
 4 5 6 0 3 − 5
1 3 5  2 4 1 4 1 2  2 1 5
a.   b.   c. 7 − 1 3 d.  
 2 3 4 − 1 3 4    4 8 1 
1 − 2 3 
4. Find 3A if A =  .
 4 5 − 6
2 3 −1  4 − 1 − 2 2 − 3 − 1 3 − 6 9
a. b.   c.   d. 12 15 − 18
3 4 2 3 − 1 3  3 − 1 2   
1 − 2 3   3 0 2
5. Find 2A – 3B, where A=  B= .
 4 5 − 6 − 7 1 8 
2 −4 6  − 9 0 2 11 3 − 4 − 7 − 4 0 
a. 8 10 − 12
b.   c.   d.  
 21 − 3 − 24 − 9 7 1  29 7 − 36
2 − 1 
1 − 2 − 5
A = 1 0  B=
0 
6. Find the product AB, if .
− 3 4 3 4

1 − 3 6  − 1 3 2 3 1 2 − 1 − 8 − 10
a. 2 1 − 2 b. 2 1 3  c. 5 2 1  d .  1 − 2 − 5 
6 − 1 3  − 2 1 2 6 3 2 9 22 15 

7. If A2=A, then matrix A is;

a. nilpotent b. commute c. involutory d. idempotent
8. A square matrix whose nonzero entries occur only on the diagonal, directly above the diagonal and directly below the
diagonal.
a. upper triangular b. triangular c. lower triangular d. tridiagonal
 2 3 4

9. Find the determinant of A = 5 6 7 .
 a. 12 b. 21 c. 37 d. 27
 
8 9 1 
10. In problem 9, what is the minor of element 21? a. 33 b. 12 c. -12 d. -33
11. In problem 9, what is the cofactor of element 31? a. 3 b. 45 c. -6 d. -3
3 − 2 −5 4 
1 − 2 − 2 3 
12. Evaluate the determinant of A =  . a. 42 b. 12 c. -28 d. -54
− 2 4 7 − 3
 
2 − 3 − 5 8
 1 1 1
13. Find the inverse of A = 2 3 4
5 8 9 
− 5 2 1  − 5 2 1  1 − 2 3  5 / 2 1 / 2 − 1 / 2 
a. − 1 4 − 3 
b. − 1 4 − 3  c. − 1 4 3  d . − 1
  −2 1 

1 − 2 1  1 − 3 1  − 2 1 2 − 1 / 2 3 / 2 − 1 / 2
14. Solve the system of linear equations: 3x − 2 y + w = 11; x + 5 y − 2w = −9; 2 x + y − 3w = −6.
a. 2,-1, 4 b. 5,-2, 4 c. 2,-1, 5 d. 2,-1, 3
15. Solve the system of linear equations
2x+5y+2z-3w=3; 3x+6y+5z+2w=2; 4x+5y+14z+14w=11; 5x+10y+8z+4w=4
a. 8, 9, 12, 6 b. -12, 3, 9, 10 c. 25, 13, 6, 4 d. -66, 27, 6, 4

COMPLEX NUMBERS
A number system that contains imaginary number. The imaginary unit is represented by the symbol i = −1 .
n
Form of i where n is an integer either odd or even:
a. for even powers of i :i n = (i 2 ) n / 2 = 1
n −1
b. for odd powers of i : i = (i )i = i
n

Forms of complex numbers:

a. Rectangular form: Z = x + iy where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part.
b. Polar or Steinmetz” form: Z = r ; where r is the magnitude or amplitude and
θ is the argument or displacement .
c. Trigonometric form: Z = r (cos + i sin  ) = rcis ;
i
d. Exponential form: Z = re , where θ is in radian.

Hyperbolic and Inverse hyperbolic Functions:

e x − e−x e x + e−x e x − e−x e x + e−x
a. sinh x = b. cosh x = c. tanh x = x d . coth x =
2 2 e + e −x e x − e −x
2 2
e. sec hx = x f . csc hx = x g. arcsin h x = ln( x + x 2 + 1), for x is real
e + e −x e −e −x

1 1+ x 
h. arccos h x = ln( x  x 2 − 1), x  1 i. arctan h x = ln  ; x  1
2 1− x 
1  x + 1 1 1− x2 
j. arc coth x = ln  , x  1 k . arc sec h x = ln  ; 0  x  1
2  x −1  x 
 
1 1+ x2 
l. arc csc h x = ln  ;  when x  0, − when x  0
 x 
 
Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Function of complex numbers:

i
e i − e − i e i + e − e i − e −i
a. sin  = b. cos  = c. tan  = i
2i 2 i ( e + e − i )
− i 1 + iz
d . sin −1 z = −i ln( iz  1 − z 2 ) e. cos −1 z = −i ln( z  z 2 − 1) f . tan −1 z = ln
2 1 − iz
Relations between hyperbolic and trigonometric functions:
a. sin ix = i sinh x b. cos ix = cosh x c. tan ix = i tanh x d . sinh ix = i sin x
e. cosh ix = cos x f . tanh ix = i tan x g. arcsin h z = ln z  z 2 + 1 ( ) (
h. arccos h z = ln z  z 2 − 1 )
1 1+ z 
i. arctan h z = ln  
2 1− z 
1. Simplify the expression; i
3217
− i 427 + i 18
a. 2i+1 b. –i+1 c. i+1 d. 2i-1
2. If A = 40e i120 0
B = 20 − 40 0 and C = 26.46 + 0i . Solve for A+B+C.
a. 27.7 cis 450 b. 35.1 cis 450 c. 33.4 cis 450 d. 30.8 cis 450
 3. Simplify
(2 + 3i )(5 − i ) .
(3 + 2i )2
221 + 91i 21 + 52i
− 7 + 17i 221 − 91i
a. b. d. c.
169 13 13 169
4. Find the rectangular conjugate of the polar vector 120 − 35 .
0

a. 117.96 + 98.3i b. 59.48 +49.65i c. 68.83 + 82.6i d. 98.3 +68.83i

What is the simplified form of the complex number (4.33 + 2.5i ) ?
2
5.
a. 20 + 20i b. 15 +20i c. 21.65 + 12.5i d. 12.5 +21.65i
6.  (
Find the principal fifth root of 50 cos150 + sin 150 i .
0 0
)
a. 3.26 +2.1i b. 2.87 +2.1i c. 2.25 -1.2i d. 1.9 +1.1i
0.32 + 0.56 i
7. Express e in rectangular form.
a. 1.193 + 1.163i b. 1.352 -0.315i c. 1.684 -1.462i d. 1.167 +0.732i
8. Evaluate ln(3 + 4i).
a. 1.77 +0.843i b. 1.95 +0.112i c. 1.46 + 0.0102i d. 1.61 + 0.927i
9. Evaluate the value of log(-5).
a. 5 +1.364i b. 15.708 +0.434i c. 1.196 + 0.434i d. 0.7 + 1.364i
10. Evaluate cos (0.492 + 0.942i)
a. -1.032 +0.541i b. 3.12 +1.54i c. 1.196 +0.434i d. 1.302 – 0.514i
11. Evaluate sinh (0.5 + 0.75i)
a. 1.1917.4 0 b. 0.5211.630 c. 1.19 − 17.4 0 d . 0.85863.6 0

LAPLACE TRANSFORM
The process of transforming a given function from real time domain to a new function in the complex frequency domain. Let
f(t)= real time domain or original function, at t>0. The laplace formula:

F ( s) = L f (t ) =  e − st f (t )dt
0

Laplace Transform of some elementary functions:


1. L( A) =
A
s
(
2. L Ae  at = ) A
sa
( )
3. L t n =
s
n!
n +1
4. L(sin t ) =
s +
2 2
5. L(cos t ) =
s
s +2
2

 s2 − a2
6. L(sinh t ) = 7. L(cosh t ) = 8. L(x sin ax ) = 9. L(x cos ax ) =
s 2as
s −2
2
s −2
2
(s + a )
2 2 2
(
s2 + a2 )2

( ) ( ) s(s 2+a 4a ) ( ax ) =
2 2
1 2a
10. L x =  s −3 / 2 11. L sin 2 ax = 12. L sinh 2
2 2 2
s (s − 4a )
2 2

Theorems on laplace transforms:

  = a Lf (t ) + b L g (t ) Ex. L3 sin 4t + 2 sinh 2t 
1. Linearity theorem: L a f (t ) + b g (t )
2. First shifting theorem: Le f (t ) = L[ f (t )] s →s + a Ex. Le cos 2t 
− at −3t

3. Second shifting theorem: Lu(t − a ) f (t − a ) = e L f (t ) ex. Lu (t − 1) + 2u (t − 3)

− as

4. Transform of derivatives:
a. L f ' (t ) = sL f (t ) − f (0)
b. L f " (t ) = s 2 L f (t ) − s f (0) + f ' (0)

c. L f ' " (t ) = s 3 L f (t ) − s 2 f (0) + s f ' (0) + f " (0 ) 

d . L f ' ' ' ' (t ) = s 4 L f (t ) − s 3 f (0) + s 2 f ' (0) + s f " (0) + f ' ' ' (0) 
Ex. L( y") y (0 ) = 1, y ' (0 ) = −1
5. Transform of integrals: if f(t) is of exponential order and at least piecewise continuous.
0  1 0
L   f (t )dt  = L f (t ) +  f (t )dt
1
c  s sc

THE GAMMA FUNCTION:


The gamma function denoted by  (n ) is denoted by t
n −1 −t
e dt which is convergent for n>0.
0

A recursion or recurrence formula for the gamma function is: (n + 1) = n(n ) = n!
Relation among Gamma functions:
 1
1. (x )(1 − x ) = 0  x  1 in particular if x = 1 / 2,   = 
sin x 2
 1
2. 2 2 x −1 (x ) x +  =  (2 x ) this is called duplication formula for gamma function
 2
Inverse Laplace Transform
The inverse Laplace of the given function is simply: L−1 F (s ) = f (t ) .

12. Find the Laplace transform transform of t3e4t.

6 9 6 6
a. b. c. d.
(s + 4)4 (s − 4)4
(s − 2)2
(s − 4)4
2
13. Find the Laplace transform of x cos ax.
s−4 s+a s 2 − 2a 2s 3 − 6sa 2
a. 2 b. c. d .
s + a2 s2 − a2 s2 + a2 s2 + a2
3
( )
-5t
14. Find the Laplace transform of e sin 4t.
4 s+4 s −5 4
a.
(s + 5) 2
+ 25  b.
 (s + 5)2 − 16  c.
 (s + 5)2 − 25  d.

(s + 5)2 + 16 
(6)
15. Evaluate . a. 10 b. 12 c. 1 d. 30
2(3)
(5 / 2)
16. Evaluate . a. ¼ b. ½ c. 3/5 d. 3/4
(1 / 2)


x e
3 −x
17. Evaluate the dx. a. 3 b. 4 c. -3 d. 6
0


x e
6 −2 x
18. Evaluate the dx. a. 12/5 b. 5/19 c. 53/12 d. 45/8
0

I (s ) =
200
19. Determine the inverse Laplace transform of .
s + 50s + 10,625
2

a. i(t ) = 2te −25 t sin 100t b. i(t ) = 2e −25 t cos100t

c. i(t ) = 2e −25 t cos100t d . i(t ) = 2e −25 t sin 100t
3s + 7
20. Determine the inverse Laplace transform of .
s − 2s − 3
2

a. 2e3t+5et b. 3e2t+ 4e-t c. 2e-3t + 3et d. 4e3t +e-t

21. Solve the differential equation y” + 9y = 0; y(0)=3; y’(0)=-5.

a. cos 3x + sin2x b. sin 3x – cos 3x c. 2sin 3x + 3cos 2x d. 3cos3x – (5/3) sin 3x
22. Obtain the solution to the differential equation y’-5y = 0; y(0) = 2.
a. 3ex b. 2e-2x c. 4e3x d. 2e5x
THE BETA FUNCTION:
The beta function, denoted by  (m, n ) is defined by:

 (m, n ) =  x m−1 (1 − x )
1
n −1
dx which is convergent for m>0, n>0.
0
The beta function is connected by gamma function according to the relation:
(m)(n )
 (m, n ) =
(m + n )
1

 x (1 − x ) dx.
3 4
23. Evaluate the a. 1/340 b. 1/210 c 1/12 d. 1/280
0
POWER SERIES
General method of expanding a function in power series in x and x-a:
1. Taylor’s Series of expansion:
f ' (a ) f " (a ) f ' ' ' (a ) f n (a )
f (x ) = f (a ) + (x − a ) + (x − a ) + (x − a ) + .......+ (x − a )n
2 3

1! 2! 3! n!
2. Maclaurin’s Series of expansion: a=0
f ' (0)
(x ) + f " (0) x 2 + f ' ' ' (0) x 3 + .........+ f (0) x n
( ) ( ) ( )
n
f (x ) = f (0) +
1! 2! 3! n!
 1
sin x
24. Evalaute the 
0
x
dx. a. 0.96622 b. 0.66722 c. 0.96611 d. 0.94611

25. Find the expansion of ex. ans. 1 + x + x2/2! +x3/3! +……………

VECTOR
It is the quantity that has both magnitude and directions. Ex. Force, velocity , acceleration

Representation of a vector: xi + yj + kz where i, j, k are unit vectors in x, y, and z directions.

Addition and Subtraction of Vectors: Rule; add or subtract vectors with the same unit vectors.
(i − 2 j + 3k ) + (3i + 2 j − 5k ) =
26..
(2i − 3 j + 2k ) − (6i + 5 j − 3k ) =

Multiplication of vectors:
1. Dot product(scalar product); Given vector A and B the dot product is defined by ABcosθ. Where θ is the angle between
the two vectors. Note: i • i = j • j = k • k = 1 otherwise zero.
27. ( 2i − 3 j + 4k ) • (1i + 6 j − 2k )
2. Cross product or vector product: Given vector A and B the cross product is defined by ABsinθ. Note:
ixj = k , jxk = i, kxi = j, jxi = −k , kxj = −i, ixk = − j otherwise zero.
28. (3i + 3 j − 2k )x(5i + 2 j − 3k ) =
  
Gradient of a function: The gradient of a function is defined by grad = i+ j+ k
x y z
Also known as directional derivatives of a function. If we let
  
=i + j +k then grad = 
x y z
29. What is the directional derivatives of the function  ( x, y, z ) = xy 2 + yz 3 at the point (2,-1,1) in the direction of the
vector i + 2 j + 2k ? a. 23/12 b. -34/23 c. -45/34 d. -11/3

Divergence of the vector: the divergence of the vector is defined by

 • F . where F is any vector whose components are differentiable functions of x, y,
and z.
Curl of a vector F: The curl of vector F is defined by the equation xF.
30. Given the vector F = y 2 i + 2 x 2 zj − xyzk. Compute the divergence of the given vector.
a. xy b. x-y c. x+y d. –xy

31. Given the vector F = y i + 2 x zj − xyzk. Compute the curl of the vector F.
2 2

a. x(x+y)I +2yzj+4k b. y(x+y)i-3xyj+3xyzk c. 2xyi-3zxj+4yxzk d. –x(2x+z)i+yzj+2(2xz-y)k

PRACTICE PROBLEMS IN ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Direction: Answer the following problems.

1. What is the angle between two vectors A=i+2j+k and B=i+3j-7k? a. . 900 b. 87.50 c. 0 d.1200
2. What is the dot product of the vectors A=i+2j+k and B=i+3j-7k ? a. 0 b. -5 c. 1 d. 5i-4j+2k
3.
6
The inverse laplace of as a function of t. a. 3e1.5t b. 6e1.5t c. 1.5e1.5t d. 3e3t
2s − 3
4.
The laplace transform of x2. a. . 2/s3 b. 2/s2 c. 1/s2 d. 1/s3
s 2 s 2
5. The laplace transform of cos 2x. a. b. 2 c. d.
s +4
2
s +4 s −4
2
s −4
2

6. A diagonal matrix is a square matrix whose;

a. Non-diagonal entries are all zero. b. Diagonal entries are all zero.
c. diagonal entries are all on. d. Non-diagonal entries are all one.
e. Transpose is the matrix itself

2. If i = − 1 , then  (cos x + i sin x)(cos x − i sin x)dx = ?
−
a. 2π b. π c. 0 d. -2π

3. In three dimensions, the vector C such that C=AxB is;

a. in a plane perpendicular to that containing A and B. b. in the plane of A and B.
c. in a plane parallel to that containing A and B. d. parallel to A.

xn
4. 
n = 0 n!
=? a. ex b. ∞ c. 0 d. ln x
5. Given an nxn matrix A, the characteristic polynomial of A is given by;
P( ) = det A − I n b. P( ) =  − In c. P(λ)= det A − A
a. c. P( ) = det A − 
6. sin i = ? a. 1.175i b. 8.43i c. 2.14i d. 0.876i
7. sinh (0.5 − i) = ? a. 0.28 - 0.95i b. 1.2+2.1i c. 2 - 1.23i d. 3.21 - 1.2i
8. eπi =? a.-1 b. 1 c. 0 d. 2
9. cos i =? a. 1.5431 b. i c. 0 d. -1
10. cosh ix = ? a. cos x b. sinx c. sinh x d. tanh x
sinh x
11. lim x →o =? a. 1 b. 2 c. 0 d. -1
x
12. The expansion of sin x is;
x2 x3 x3 x5 x7
a. 1 + x + + + ............ b. x − + − + ............
2 3 3! 5! 7!
c. 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + ......... d . x − x 3 + x 5 + x 7 + ...........
x x 2 x3
13. Find the nth term of the series 1− + − + ...............;
2! 3! 4!
(− x)n −1
a. un = b. un = x n +1 [Link] = − x n −1 d .un = (− x)n +1
n!
1 1 1 1
14. Find the laplace transform of f(x)=xex. a.. b. c. d.
( s − 1) 2
s−2 ( s − 2) 2 s −1
6
15. Evaluate . a. 30 b. 34 c. 12 d. 54
23
16. (1 / 2) is equivalent to: a.  b.  c. 0.897 d. 1.2341


x e
3 −x
17. Evaluate dx. a. 6 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5
0
s
18. Find the inverse laplace of as a function of x. a. cosh 5x b. sinh 4x c. cosh 2x d. sinh 5x
s − 25 2

3s + 7
19. The inverse laplace of as a function of x.
s − 2s − 3
2

a. 4e3x – e-1x b. 3e2x + ex c. 4e3x + ex d. 3e-2x – 2ex

20. The solution of the differential equation y’ – 5y = 0; y(0) = 2.
a. y = 2 e5x b. y = 3 e3x c. y = 2 e3x d. y = 3 e2x
2 − 7i
21. Simplify the complex number . a. 3/25 + 4/25i b. 23/21 + 20i c. 43/21 +23i d. 2/27 + 4/23i
5 + 3i
2
 1 
22. Compute the imaginary part of the complex number  . a. 12/169 b. 12/29 c. 12/69 d. 13/98
 2 − 3i 
23. i 317 = ? a. i b. –i c. -1 d. 1
24. (1 + 2i)3 = ? a. -11 – 2i b. 23-12i c. 4+3i d. 12 – 13i
25. A square matrix A is singular if det A is equal to: a. 0 b. 1 c. -1 d. -A
26. If A and B are square matrix of size n then det AB =?
a. det Ax det B b. det Ax det B-1 c. det A-1det B d. det A/B
27. Matrix A is normal if A is real and AAT=? a. ATA b. A-1A c. ATA-1 d. AA-1
1 2 9 − 4  2 3 4 2 8 6
A=  1
− 8 17  b. 6 6 3 3 3
28. If Calculate A2. a. c. d.
4 − 3     
2 5 −3 −2
−2 −3 2 −5
29. Evaluate the determinant of
1 3 −2 2
−1 − 6 4 3
a. -4 b. 6 c. -3 d. 5
2 − 3i
30. Evaluate (1 − i) a.-0.163 – 0.096i b. 0.765-0.987i
. c. 0.543+0/876i d. 0.98+0.567i
1 2 −3
31. Determine a number k such that |−𝑘 1 + 3𝑘 3 − 𝑘 | = 36.
0 −6 5
a. 21 b. 9 c. 76 d. 13
 3 1 −1 2 1
0 3 1 4 2
32. Find the value of the determinants || 1 4 2 3 1 ||
5 −1 −3 2 5
−1 1 2 3 2
a. 123 b. -123 c. -362 d. -166
33. Find the solution of the linear equations: 2x-y+2z=1; x-2y+z=2; 3x-2y+2z=1
a. 2,-3, 4 b. 1,3,-4 c. 4, 5, -6 d. -1, -1, 1
34. Find the solution of the system of equations: 2w-2x+3y+4z=33; 3w-5x-7y+3z=11; 4w+3x-4y-5z=3;
5w+4x+6y-2z=45
a. 1,2, 3, 4 b. -3, 2, 4, 5 c. 4, 3, -7, 7 d. 7, -1, 3, 2
35. The principal value of (1+i)i:
a. 0.5 - 0.5i b. 1+2i c. 2+i d. 0.429 + 0.155i
36. Sin(2 + 5i) =
a. 67.48 – 30.88i b. 2.59 + 74.15i c. 3.56+5.26i d. 6.35-8.56i
37. Find the gradient of the function f(x,y,z) = xyz + 2xz +5yz
a. (yz+2z)i +(yz+5z)j + (xy+2x+5y)k b. (3xz+5z)i+(3xy+3x+2y)j+(2z)k c. yzi +2xj+5yk d. xyi-5zj+2xk
38. What is the unit normal to the surface xy3z2 = 4 at the point (-1, -1, 2)?
a. -0.301i – 0.904j + 0.301k b. 0.301i+.904j-.301k c. 0.301i+.904j+0.301k d. -0.301i+0.904j+0.301k
39. Compute the divergence of the vector fields V= y2i+2x2zj-xyzk
a. –xy b. 2y c. 4x d. 2y+4x-xy
40. Compute the curl of the vector fields V = xy2i+x2yj+z2k
a. 0 b. 2xyi+2xj+2zk c. y2i+x2j+2z d. xi+yj+2zk