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ΔΟΚΙΜΙΟ - 7 - ΤΟ ΠΡΟΒΛΗΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΜΕΤΑΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΥ
ΔΟΚΙΜΙΟ - 7 - ΤΟ ΠΡΟΒΛΗΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΜΕΤΑΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΥ
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1980, G. Dumnil D. K. Foley,
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.
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. .
.
.
,
, ,
.
, .
Franois de Closets, .
(2004)
, ,
Political Economy. Review of Political Economy and Social Sciences, . 10, 2002,
, , Indian Development Review. An International Journal of Development Economics, Special Issue: Distribution, Development and Prices.
Critical Perspectives, vol. 4, No. 1, June 2006, . Mariolis and L.
Tsoulfidis (eds) (2006) Distribution, Development and Prices. Critical Perspectives, New Delhi, Serials
Publications. Duncan K. Foley, Alan Freeman,
David Laibman, K , , Ian Steedman .
1.
, ,
,
,
. (i)
, , ,
- (, ),1 (ii)
2-
(, ) Dumnil (1980) Foley (1982).
,
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: 2
. 3 . 4
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. , 5
.
2.
,
, (single)
la Sraffa (1960, Part 1), , ,
.3
, ,
.
1
, , (1998)
( , 18 1998),
.
, . 28, 1998,
Political Economy. Review of Political Economy and Social Sciences, . 5, 1999.
2
, , . , .
Saad-Filho (1996, pp. 116-118) Foley (1997, p. 45).
3
(Sraffa, 1960, 6-8),
(. .. Kurz and Salvadori, 1995, ch. 4).
,
: , , ( ,
)
, ;
Mhlpfordt (1893, 1895),4 Dmitriev ([1904] 1974),
von Bortkiewicz (1906-7, 1907), Okishio (1955,
1963), Seton (1957), Sraffa (1960), Schwartz (1961, Part A) Johansen
(1963), , ,
(. Steedman, 1977, 2008, Bidard, 1991, ch. 6, 1998).
, (i)
,
, , ,
,
, (ii) (
) , ,
,
,5 (, ,
) .
, Marx ( -
)
,
,
, , :6
2.1.
4
F (m1m2r 2 ) 1 = G F = G (m1m2r 2 )
G ,
.
6
, ,
, Marx. , ,
, , . , ,
, , Rubin ([1927] 1994,
[1928] 1972) Goldmann (1959),
, ,
, , . , ,
D. K. Foley, ,
Reuten and Williams (1989, Parts 1-2) ( ,
, ).
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. .] , .. . (,
1978, . 1, . 87 ).7
7
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Piotr Kropotkin : []
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[ . .]. (, 1896, . 97).
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pg / p j ( v g / v j ) , g j , ( 1
g
pg / p j
j ), , vg , 1
g ,
( pg / p j )v j , ( pg / p j )
j ,
vg : ( pg / p j )v j
9
, .
, .
n . pg , p j
g , j ( = 1, 2,..., n ) vg , v j 1
10
, . ,
v*g , v*j
1 , .
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, , B , , ,
( B , ).
, Marx, ,
,
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, , vg , 1
g B , , ,
*
, , v j , 1 j
( p j / pg ) B , .12 ,
, ,
, B
u , u n 1 , . -
. ,
, 1 u
v Tu / B , 1 j
( p j / p T u )([ v* ]T u ) = ( p j / p T u )[( v T u ) / B ]
v T 1 n
, p T 1 n ,
[ v* ]T 1 n , v T u 1
11
,
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: , .
12
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, (,
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- ), ,
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, , ,
.
, ,
(, . Dickinson, 1963, Johansen, 1963).
u , [ v* ]T u
u , p T u . ,
u = y , y n 1
, B = 1 , 1
(. v T y = a T x )
T
T
, , 1 j ( p j / p y )a x ,
aT 1 n
, x (> 0) n 1
.13
, ,
, . ,
, ,
vg * / v j* = pg / p j , g , j = 1, 2,..., n
,
, .
,
,
,
:
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,
. , ,
,
n n , aij
i 1 j ,
13
A [ aij ]
v T = v T A + aT v T = aT [I A]1
x = Ax + y x = [ I A]1 y
I n n . v T y = a T x . ,
, , y ,
( x > 0 , , ,
[I A]1 > 0 , , , y , , ), ,
, (-) ,
, , (
, . , 1999, Mariolis, 2003). , ,
, .
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10
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.15 , (
)
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,
14
,
,
. 13:
u = y , v* > 0 , p T y > 0 .
, , p T y 0 . ,
, u , , ,
(!).
15
, (. .. Krugman and Obstfeld, 1994, ch. 2, 11 ),
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([1921] .., . 8) : []
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10
11
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),
pj
: [ /
j ], v j : [
/ j ]. , ,
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j
pg / p j , g = 1, 2,..., n, g j , , ,
(. p T p T A ,
, v T > v T A ).
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(.,
).16 , , , ,
, ( , ,
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, .17 ,
16
12:
.
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).
17
, ,
(, 1978, . 1, . 83-97 125-126),
11
12
Perniola (1991),
(simulacro) , .
Perniola, (Sinnbild) (.
17) [] [] (. 55) []
,
(. 131) [] [, .
.] :
(. 137). ,
- []
,
(effettivit/Faktizitt) (. 55).18 ,
, , , Perniola (1991, . 12338), -,
, , ,
,
(ibid., . 125-126)
() ( ,
), ,
,
, (ibid., . 124),
. ,
(. ) , ,
, R. Bellarmino (16 ),
, [] [ ]
. []
(, 1893, , [1922] 1975, 3-4, Goldmann, 1959). ,
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, (
, , , . 10
10 ).
18
, , Ilienkov (1983, . 199-207),
(
, .
) ,
(
) ,
,
, (
). (ibid., . 206).
12
13
,
, . (ibid.,
. 131).
2.3. :
,
, ;
.19 , , , ,
,
.
Marx,
,
( ),
, , ,
,
(
, . ([1893, 1937] 1986), . 88-89 103-106).
, , , ,
-
(:
), ,
, , p ,
, v .
, ,
,
:
p , w . ,
,
(,
, , ,
19
15
. , , ,
,
.
, , , ,
,
, . Lichtenstein (1989).
13
14
) (p, w) ,
, , ( ,
) p T y (
), waT x ( )
P p T y wa T x
, , P
, , . , ,
P (, )
w < (p T y ) /(a T x) , , , ,
(p T y ) /(a T x) , 1
1 , w ,
(,
) .20
, ,
(
),
, , .
, ,
(. Foley, 1997, pp. 44-45). , , ,
Marx,
,
; , ,
(
p v ),
, , , ,
w < (p T y ) /(a T x) ,
( ),
-
,
p T y = waT x + P
,
(--)
20
14
15
, , ,
,
, , .
,
, .
.21
3.
, , Dumnil (1980) Foley (1982),
( )
. , ,
,
( , .
Glick and Ehbar, 1987, Mohun, 1994, Saad-Filho, 1996, Foley, 1997).
, , ,
.
,
(p, w, x, P) ,
21
( , , ),
, ,
. Debord ([1967]
1971), , , (1978, . 1, . 83-97), ([1922] 1975,
3-4) ([1923] 1981), (spectacle):
,
(Debord, [1967] 1971, 1).
, ( 4) [
; - . .].
,
... ( 36). :
. , ,
, . ,
[ . .], ,
,
, , .
,
.
-, , , - ( 49).
Hegel, Realphilosophie [ Hegel
, 1800 . .],
. ( 215).
Debord, . Jappe (1998), ,
, , , Jean Baudrillard,
(valeur-signe) ,
(), . Poster (1988)
Kellner (2006).
15
16
,
, ( , ,
, , . Dumnil, 1980, ch. 7 pp. 121-125,
Foley, 1982, p. 43, Mohun, 1994, pp. 400-402). , ,
, (a T x) /(p T y ) (
), , , value of money, m .22 , ,
, V , value of money
, , S ,
, , (1 V )aT x (.
, aT x , , VaT x ),
() (1 w m ) aT x . value of
money , P , , S . , ,
value of money,
,
( )
: (p, w, x, P) , (i)
value of money , (ii)
value of money .23
(, ,
). , , ,
:
. , , a priori
, ()
:
,
,
22
(-) . ,
, ,
( ,
), the idea of the
transformation problem becomes self-contradictory (Dumnil, 1984, p. 347).
.
23
,
: p T y = a T x ( = v T y) .
P = S . , . 3 .
16
17
.
(
), .
,
- (..
), , ,
.24 , ,
(.
Mohun (1994, pp. 398-399), .
, Foley (1982, p. 42),
, V , : The basic insight of the labor theory of value
is its claim that value forms, money, commodities, and so on, are expressions of
abstract social labour. Thus in any transaction involving value, what is changing
hands is control over some part of total abstract social labor time. The value of
labor power, in this perspective, is the fraction of the total abstract social labor
time claimed by workers in the form of the wage. This is an exchange of abstract
labor in the form of money for the particular labor power a worker has to offer
on the market. If we follow this path, we would interpret the value of labor
power in general as the money wage multiplied by the value of money
[ ], , , :
A unit of money [] can be thought of as a claim to a certain amount of the abstract social labor expended in the economy (p. 37). The advantage of interpreting the value of money as the ratio of aggregate labor time to aggregate money
value added is that the sum of the value gained and lost by all the producers in
exchange will be zero. In other words, this interpretation of the value of money
corresponds to the idea that value is created in production but conserved in exchange (p. 41). [Thus . M.] we retain at the global level the relation between
money and embodied labor which is central to the idea that money is a form of
value and that the substance of value is abstract social labor (p. 41). ,
Mohun (1994, pp. 404-405) (. Dumnil,
1980, pp. 94-96, Dumnil, 1984, pp. 340-343): It is an aggregative theory in
which total labour performed defines the value of net output; the value of net
output and aggregate value added in money terms defines the value of money;
and the value of money and the money wage define the value of labour-power. A
price system is then a method of distributing aggregate labour-time expended
across individual commodities. Hence prices are always [] representations or
forms of value, of abstract labour [ ] []. Market processes of
exchange commensurate commodities, and hence a posteriori commensurate the
24
, . 4 .
17
18
18
19
( aT x ),
,
, ,
, . , Dumnil (1984,
pp. 341-2) : The amount of labour time expended in a given period is the
value of a given bundle of commodities. A price system expresses the reallocation of these hours of productive labor time to this bundle of commodities. The
total amount of labor time expended in a period being the value of the net output
of the period, this quantity of labor must be reallocated to this net output. Thus,
Marxs first equalities (sum of value = sum of prices), must be defined for the
net output of the period and not the gross output as in the old solution.
,
.
4.
(
) ,
-
, . , , ,
,
, , , (
) ,
1
, -,
-
- value of money.25
, ( )
:26
4.1. ,
-: [I]t is clear that in general the price of any commodity
multiplied by the value of money as defined here will not be equal to the labor
value of the commodity (Foley,1982, p. 43). The price of a commodity in this interpretation is the amount of money for which it exchanges on the market, an
25
, . 5 .
, , ..
Roemer (1990, p. 1728), Shaikh and Tonak (1994, p. 179), Sotirchos and Stamatis (1998), Stamatis
(1998-99), Febrero Paos (2000) Mavroudeas (2001),
(. Mohun, 2000). , ,
, , , ,
.
26
19
20
amount of money which may represent more or less social labor than is embodied in the commodity itself and which determines its labor value (p. 44). ,
, ,
, ( ,
) - ,
, , ,
- .
, ( , , )
, , (
) , , (
) .
, , , :
; , ,
: (i)
,
, , (ii)
aT x
w maT x , (1 w m ) aT x .
, , ,
( , , . Sinha, 1997, p.
52).
4.2.
( -),
, .
,
:
, ,
,
, . , ,
: The advantage of interpreting the value of money as the ratio of aggregate labor time to aggregate
money value added is that the value gained and lost by all the producers in exchange will be zero. In other words, this interpretation of the value of money corresponds to the idea that value is created in production but conserved in exchange (Foley, 1982, p. 41 . Dumnil, 1984, pp. 346-347, Mohun, 1994,
pp. 402-403).
20
21
, :
(i).
( )
. ,
(, [ v* ]T y = v T y ,
)
, , .
(ii). idea that value is created in production but
conserved in exchange
[ v* ]T y = vT y , , ,
, (Marx), ,
,
( , ,
).
, 1 g pg / p j
j , , ( pg / p j ) (vg / v j ) ,
,
.
(iii). , , ,
, , ,
,
. ,
V = V + L
V = L [ I A]
Vy = Lx , L m n
, m , V
m n , Lx m 1
.
, ,
, [ v* ]T y
Vy ( = Lx) .27
, (, ,
27
21
22
-)
aT x . ,
, , p T y ,
*
T
T
, v j = (a x)[ p j /(p y )] , ,
, , , [ v* ]T y = a T x = v T y (
). ,
( )
, the idea of a transformation problem becomes self-contradictory (Dumnil, 1984, p. 347). , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
5.
,
, , .
, ,
:
(i).
, ()
, (, , ) .
(ii).
, , .
,
, ,
, , , .
,
1980, ,
, , ,
, , .
,
,
, ,
22
23
value of money (
) ,
. , ,
, ,
, - ,
, ( ,
) , ,
, ,
.
, (
) , (i)
( ), (ii)
, ,
, ,
. ,
- , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
Marx,
, . ()
.
1:
, ,
[ A, aT ] , la Sraffa. n n A
1 n aT
, .
(.
) , , :
p T = p T A+ T
(1)
p , j
j
.
,
,
, , :
23
24
p T = p T A+
[ v* ]T = bp T
(1)
(2)
[ v* ]T u = c
(3)
(2)
(3) (normalization) . b
, , c
,
: [ , /
u ]. (2), , u ,
(3), b = c(p T u)1 . , (2)-(3)
.
, ,
,
, , ,
:
p T = p T A+ [ ]T
(1)
pT z = 1
[ v ] = bp
* T
(4)
T
(2)
[v ] u = c
* T
(3)
(1)
, , ,
,
, z numraire, .
,
1. , (1), (4)
,
(2), (3) , .
, ,
(
,
, ),
= e a
(5)
e , (1) (4)
:
e = ( v T z ) 1
(6)
p T = ev T = ( v T z ) 1 v T
(7)
24
25
I n n v
, , ,
vT = v T A + a T
(8)
, (, )
(
(5) (7) ), p = v ,
z
, , (fiat
money) .
, ( ),
(3) , , ,
b 1 .
, , , {(1), (2), b = 1 } {(1),
(4), (2), b = 1 }, .
[
. .]
- [ ],
, (, 1976, .
88, 6), ,
- , ,
(tertium comparationis), .
.28 , ,
Ilienkov (1983), , ,
[, , ,
, ,
, , . .]
, [...]. [ . .]
28
, , Marx: []
,
,
, , ,
, . , , ,
, , , ,
. [...]
,
: ;
. (, 1981, . 51-52).
25
26
,
.
( )
, [].
,
.
( ) ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, (ibid., . 256-257). (
)
, ,
,
(ibid., . 264).29
2:
2.1. -
:
p T = p T A + w aT + T
(1)
, , (
) . ,
, o
, (1)
p T = (p T A)[I + r ] + w aT
(1)
r [ ri ]
(, , ,
ri , i = 1, 2,..., n ).
(1) (
)
29
, , ,
Evald Vasilievich Ilienkov (1924-1979)
(. ibid., . 203, 248, 265-266), , ,
(. ibid., . 183-186, 200-206, 242-244, 260-262, 265,
267).
26
27
(, . Pasinetti, 1991, . 5,
, Parys, 1982, Reati, 1986),
%]1 ] = v T T
p T = v T [ w[I H
(2)
(2)
(p T zi ) /(p T z j ) ( v T zi ) /( v T z j ) i j
(3)
% Ar[I A ]1 ,
H
%]1 = w[I + H
%+ H
%2 + ... + H
%k + ...]
T w[I H
, z i , z j ,
% ) /( v T z )
k (p T Hz
k
k
z k . , (2)
, (3)
.
, . ,
, , (2)
v p , T ,
w , p , ,
, w . ,
(2) , ,
,
.30 , (2) p v
( w ), . ,
(. Steedman, 1977, 1991, 2008),
, ,
v
. , (3)
, , ,
, , , , a pri30
, , (
), ,
, (
, 1938, . 1, 4-6, ,
1981, . 5).
, . 8 .
27
28
29
, , ,
, ()
(Steedman and Metcalfe, 1981, Steedman, 2008 . 9,
3, )
, ,
.
(. 4
),
, , ( , .
Dumnil, 1984 , ,
Steedman, 1992, 1993, Mohun,
1993a, b).
2.2.
, , ,
(. ,
). b
,
w = p T b , (1)
p T = (pT b) vT + I T [A ] 1
, ,
, bL , L aT x ,
(p T b )(1 v T b) L =I TA[ b ] 1 L
(4)
T
, (1 v T b)L . ,
(4) (i) 0 ,
, (1 v T b) L > 0 , , 1 > v Tb , (ii)
0
, , , T x , , (iii)
,
p T = ev T , T = ea T (1 v T b) , , ,
> 0 (.
, 1978, . 1, . 6), (iv)
(Pasinetti, 1973)
29
30
( ),
T [I A]1bL , (v) (
) () ,
, (
, . Mariolis, 2003, 2006). , ,
:
(, ,
)
.
2.3. Marx
, , ,
Marx, 3 (. ,
1978, . 3, . 9). Marx ,
,
,
p T = (1+ rv )v TC
(5)
C A + ba T (
) ,
rv ( v T [I C]x) /( v TCx) ,
. (5), ,
x
p T x = v TCx + rvv TCx
(6)
, rv ,
pT x = v T x
(..1)
, .
, (..1) (6), ,
rv v TCx = v T [I C ]x
(.. 2)
,
.
, , (5) (. ),
( ),
30
31
() , ,
( , . Parys, 1986).
Marx (5)
(. , 1978, . 207-208, 257-258 261),
- , , ,
,
() ( ).
Marx Mhlpfordt (1893, 1895) , ,
Dmitriev ([1904] 1974) von Bortkiewicz (1906-7, 1907),
,
.31
, ,
(. Brdy, 1970,
Okishio, 1972, Morishima, 1974)
. , -
, p T = (1 + r )p TC ,
:
[p T ]t +1 = (1 + rt )[p T ]t C , t = 0,1, 2,...
(7)
T
T
1 + rt = ([p ]t x /[ p ]t Cx)
[p T ]0 = v T
(8)
, (7)
, r0 = ( v T x / v TCx) = r v ,
T
T
, [p ]1 = (1 + rv ) v C (. (5)). , (7) (8)
[p T ]k = ( v T x / v TC kx) v TC k
(, , x )
[p T ]k x = v T x, k
(..1). , , C
(primitive),
lim ((1 + rk ), [p T ]k ) = ((C ) 1 , p*T )
(9)
k +
C Perron-Frobenius C p*T
, (7)
31
31
32
-
.32 , , (7) (i)
(power method),
-
, ((C ) 1, p*T )
(8) (, ,
[p T ]0 ( x ), (9) ),33 (ii)
( C . .. Stoer and Bulirsch, 1980, ch. 6), (iii)
, (iv)
(
), (v)
(. Simonovits, 1978,
, 1998, . 60-62).
3:
m (aT x) /(p T y ) = ( v T y ) /(p T y )
(1)
V w m
(2)
, S , , , (1 V )a x ,
T
S = (1 w m )aT x
(3)
,
P p T y - wa T x = ( m ) 1 aT x waT x = [( m )1 w ]aT x
, m ,
P m = (1 w m ) aT x
P m = S
(4)
, (1)
p T y m aT x = vT y
(1)
32
( Frobenius 1912) .
C k 1 ,
Ck > 0 , n n C
, Cn1 > 0 (. .. Horn and Johnson, 1990, pp. 516-518).
33
Richard von Mises 1929 (. ..
Meyer, 2000, p. 533). , ( Egidi and
Gilibert, 1984, pp. 47-52) , , , ,
Georg von Charasoff (1910, pp. 120-122) ( , .
2, 4, ).
32
33
(1) (4)
( ) .
4: -
v T b = w[(a T x) /(p T y )] , w = p T b
(1)
b .
,
, (1) ,
, :
(i). aT A .
: ,
v T = aT [I A ] 1 = (1 A)1 aT
A Perron-Frobenius A ,
p T = (1 + r ) wa T [I (1+ r )A ] 1 = (1+ r )[1 (1+ r ) A] 1wa T
(2)
(3), (1).
: (2), , A ,
(3),
p T A = [(1 A ) v Tb ]1 A wa T
, , aT A ,
,
.
( p1a1 j + p2 a2 j + ... + pn anj ) /( wa j )
(Marx),
( ,
).35
34
: { , }
A , f ( A) A , {
f ( ), } , ,
, . ,
33
34
(ii). b, y
Sraffa (1960, ch. 4)
Miyao (1977), y = b + d , d 0
, ,
,
, a T A k d = 0, k = 0,1, 2,... (, ,
. 6, . 15, 8
).
: a T A k d = 0 , k ,
p T = (1 + r ) waT [I (1+ r )A ] 1 = (1+ r ) waT
[(1+ r )A]
k =0
p d = 0 v Td = 0 . ,
T
(iii). w = 0 r = 0 .
: w = 0 , b = 0 , (1) . r = 0 , p, v
, p T = wv T , , , (1) .
(iv). , (-), , (-)
( w, r ) .
,
, .
,
y b bL , L a T x , , , xb [I A ]1b L . ,
,
( wa T xb ) /(pT y b ) = ( wv T bL) /(pTbL) = v T b
, , (1) (, ,
). , , rb ,
rb (p T yb wa T xb ) /(p T Axb + wa T xb )
, wv TbL ,
rb s /(Cb + 1)
(4)
s (1 v T b ) /( v T b )
(Marx),
H A[I A ]1 ,
Marx Ricardo.
34
35
, v Tb L ,
rv s /(C + 1)
C ( v T Ax) /( v TbL )
.
(iv). s
(
, , 2
). , -
, r , s
r (, , )
, ,
{rb > 0 s > 0} [] { {ri = rj = r , i, j} } [] rb = r
{r > 0 s > 0} []
ri , i = 1, 2,..., n , - i .
, ,
, Okishio (1955, pp. 75-78) Morishima and
Seton (1961, pp. 207-209),
( , , Dmitriev, [1904] 1974),
s ( , ()
,
, . Mariolis, 2006).
35
36
5:
, , ,
:
p T = p T A + w aT + T
(1)
[ v* , v*L ] = b[p, w]
(2)
[ v* ]T u = c
(3)
*
L
v . ,
(i) u = y ( p T y > 0 ), (ii) c = v T y , ,
, :
[ v* ]T y = v T y ( = aT x )
(4)
b = m
(5)
v*j = m p j
(6)
v*L = m w
(7)
vS* = m ( x) = m P
(8)
vS* .
, , , , Krause (1980,
pp. 124-127) o Laibman (1998a,b, 2002). Laibman , ,
, , ,
,
, , ,
p T y 0 (
). , Krause
(. u = y
c = v T y ),
(ibid., pp. 127-131 . Krause 1998, p. 8),
,
, .
( . Krause, 1981, Fujimori, 1982,
pp. 111-113), , ,
.
36
37
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