REFERENCE IN APA FORMAT The resources you actually used and acknowledged within the text of your thesis

are called References and need to be listed at the end of your work. The References are presented in hanging indentation format. That is, start the first line of each entry at the left margin, and indent succeeding lines of each entry five spaces from that margin. Put all references in alphabetical order by authors last name. If no author is given, alphabetize the entry by title. Titles beginning with A, An, or The are typed that way, but alphabetizing is by the next word. Each entry in the References list contains four units, in the following order, and each unit ends with a period: author, date of publication, title of work, and publication information. 1. The Author(s) Give the surname followed by a comma and the initials of each author, no matter how many there are. Use commas between the names and an ampersand (&) between the final two. One or more editors of a book are indicated by the abbreviation Ed. Or Eds. In parentheses after the name of the last editor shown.

If there is no authors or editors name available, move the title of the work to this first spot. 2. The Date of Publication Enclose in parentheses the year of publication of a book. Put a period immediately after the close of the parentheses. Put a comma after the year of publication of a magazine or newspaper, then give the month written in full and the date. Enclose the whole in parentheses. End this part of the entry with a period. 3. The Title Capitalize only the first letter of the word of a title, the first word after a colon, and all proper names; the remainder is written in lower case. No quotation marks are used unless they are part of the title. Titles of books, periodicals, films, and brochures are underlined and conclude with a period. Needed identification of a form (e.g., CD-ROM, letter, videotape) is enclosed is square brackets after the title. Two or more works by the same author (s) are listed in the order of publication. Repeat the name of the authors (s) for each entry. If the works were published in the same year, assign each a lowercase letter based on alphabetizing the titles, and put it next to the date of each piece of work.

Notation of a special edition of a book, such as revised (rev.), alternate (alt.), subsequent (8th ed.), and so on, is enclosed in parentheses after the title. End that unit of information with a period. 4. Publication Information Unless the city in which a book publisher is located is well-known, show the state where the publisher is located. Use standard two-letter Postal Service abbreviation. If a book was published outside of the U.S., abbreviate the name of the country, unless the city is well known (such as London, Athens, Rome). Separate the location from the name of publisher with a colon. End the unit with a period. An article or chapter with a book is treated as an article through the first three units of author, date, and title. Then, add the word In and give the authors or editors name, the title of the book in which it is found, and then parentheses enclosing the abbreviation pp. with the page numbers on which it appears. Finally, give the publishers location and name, followed by a period. Omit such words as Company, Inc., and Ltd, but keep Press and Books if they are part of the name, and spell out the names of university presses and of publishing companies. A journal article in a periodical shows the name of the publication and volume number (both underlined, but

separated by a comma) and then a comma and the page numbers of the article, followed by a period. Newspaper article show all the page numbers on which the entry appears, preceded by an abbreviation of either p. or pp.. If pages are not continuous, show all pages but separate them by commas.