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    0128

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    128 Lighting LIGHTING SOURCES Filament Lamps Finally, the designer must recognize the relationship of the levels of the store to the mall or street outside and, if possible, create a positive contrast ratio to the illumination of these adjacent public spaces. ‘The following discussion will be restricted to artificial, nondecorative light sources, Retail stores are similar to legitimate theaters in their lighting neads: Both require precise lighting control in order to dramatize the environment. ‘This control is most easily attained by excluding natural light, rather than by attempting to modulate it, Although sometimes natural light may be necessary, for reasons such as cost efficiency or psychology, the techniques of controlling sunlight to achiove the best possible lighting of each task area duringthe day and evening are beyond the scope of this book Once the designer has identified the lighting task areas in the store and established the lighting criteria for each, he or she must select the lighting source for each area according to these criteria. Each lighting source a components: the lamp, the fixture, and the location of the source in the task. Each component has an effect on the color rendering, ete and brightness of the area to be illuminated. For example, if the task area is a men’s suit display, the designer may have lighting criteria calling for accurate, blue-spectrum color rendering: diffuse lighting of the suit surface; and moderate brightness without glare. The lighting source selected might then be a cool white deluxe fluorescent lamp witha single lamp and a metal tube fixture, to be located in front of the suits. By Knowing the various properties of each lighting source, the correct lighting can be chosen. ‘An incandescent lamp consists of a wire filament sealed in a glass bulb contain ing an inert gas or enclosing a vacuum. When an electrical current is passed through the wire, it heats to the point of incandescence and omits light. The lamp (or bulb} should not be confused with the fixture that housas it All incandescent lamps have similar color-rendering properties. They emit a warm, yellow-white light that is very flattering to human skin color, is bright and cheerful, and enhances the red - yellow range of colors. tis, however, avery poor light in which to discriminate blues, blacks, and greens — these colorstend togray. Tungsten and halogen gas incandescent lamps provide a more balanced eolor rendering than do typical argon and nitrogen gas incandescent sources. Incandescent lamps used in retail stores to illuminate a task (as opposed to decoration) fall into two modeling categories: diffuse or directional (Figure 6-8). Diffuse incandescent lamps are either A-bulbs (arbitrary shape) or P-bulbs (pear shape). These bulbs are housed in fixtures that reflect their light either direc- tionally or diffusely. A- and P-bulbs are inexpensive to replace, have a rated life of about one thousand hours, and are filled with argon and nitrogen. In addition to A- and P-bulbs, directional incandescent lamps include R-bulbs (reflector), PAR-bulbs (parabolic aluminized reflector), and MR-bulbs (multifaceted open reflector). R-and PAR-bulbs are filled with argon and nitrogen; PAR-bulbs may also contain tungsten filaments and halogen gas lamps, MR-bulbs are exclu- sively tungsten filament, halogen gas lamps. These three bulb types (MR, Rand PAR) have built-in reflectors that direct light and do not require reflectors in the ‘fixture housing. The interiors of R- and PAR-bulbs aro silvored to create this reflector, whereas an MR-bulb consists of « tungsten filament, halogen gas lamp that operates at low voltage and is attached to a small mirrored reflector. MR- ‘bulbs require a transformer to reduce voltage for their operation. R-, PAR-and

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