Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems 6.2.4 Protection Coordination ‘Typical applications and functions Relay operating characteristics and their settings must be caro {ully costdinated in ordar to achieve selectivity. The aim is basically to switch off only the faulty component and to leave the rest of the power system in service in order to minimize supply intertuptions and to ensure stability Sensitivity Protection should be as sensitive as possible in order to detect, foults at the lowest possible current level. tthe same time, however, it should remain stable under all permissible load vetload and through fault conditions, For more informvation’ v siemens comJsystemplanning. The Siemens enginaering programs SINCAL and SIGRADE are especially designed for Selective protection grading of protection relay systems. Taey provide short-circuit calculations, international standard cherace tistics of relays, uses and circuit breakers for easy protection {grading with respect to motor starting, ineush phenomena, and equipment damage curves. Phase-fault overcurrent relays The pickup values of phase overcurrent relays are notmally set 30%) above the maximum load current, provided that sufficient short-circuit eartant is available, This practice is recommended particulary for mechanical relays with reset ratios of 0.8 to 0.85, Numerical relays have high reset ratios near 0.95 and allow, therefore, about 210% lower setting. Feeders with high trans former and/or motor load requite special cansideration, Transformer feeders he enorgizing of transformers causes inrush currents that may last for seconds, éepending on the'r size (fig. 6,2-56). Selection of the pickup current and assigned time delay have to be coord nated so that the inrush curzent decreases blow the relay overcurtent reset value before the sot operating time has The inrush current typically contains only about a 80% fundamental frequency component, Numerical relays that filter jut harmonies and the D ‘thetefote be set to be mare sansitive, The intush current peak values of fig. 6.2-56 will bo rediaced to more than one half in this ease. Some digital relay types have an inrush detection function that may block the trip of the overcumtent protection resulting from invush currents, elapsed mpanent of the inrush current can Ground-fault protection relays Farth curtent relays enable a much more sensitive sestin, because load currents do not te circuits with | phase load). in solidly and low resistance earthed systems, a setting of 10 to 20% rated load currant can, generally be applied, High-resistance earthing requires 3 much Iota sensitive setting, on the order af sonie amperes primary he earth-faull current of motors and generators, for example should be limited to values below 10 A in order to avoid iron burning. in this c2se, residual-curtent relays in tie start point 2 to bs considered (except 0 116 109 90. 20. 70) 60. 50. 40 30) 20 10) 2 16 woo ato Rated transtarmer power (NVA) Time constant of inrush current 05.10 Nominal poser nays) 1 016.02 02 Tinne constant) Fig. 6 2-56:Peak value of fnvush current connection of CTs cannot be used: in particular, with rated CT primary currents higher than 200 8. The pickup value of the ould be on the orcer of the error currents, af the CTs, A special core-balance CT is therefore used as the fearth current sensor, Core balance CTs ate designed fora rato of 60/1 A. The detection of 6 8 primary would then requite 3 relay pickup setting of 0.1 A secondary. An even more sensitive setting is applied in isolated ar Petersen coil aarthed systems whore very love vith T-phase-te-earth faults, Sestings of 20 mA and lower may then ba requlted Jepending an the minimunn eatth-fault current, The integrated sensitive directional earth fault function allows settings as low as TA sarth currents acct Remark to Larth-fult Proteetion with Cable Type Cs: Please notice the praperties of a given Cable Ty The setting of I> must have sufficient margin against the ‘maximum error currant of the Cable Type CT. Background [Even in the case where the 3 conductors are centrally bundled, when passing through the cable type CI, an error current ‘T ceror" will 7'se in the secondary circuit This error current is ‘genetally proportional to 8ad current flowing through the Inthe case of non-bundied conductors are nol in the center ofthe cable type error" may be substantially larger. of when the conductors J. the error current‘ Siemens Energy Sector «Power Enginesting Guide Elton 7.1 133 Protection, Substation Automation, 6.2 Protection Systems Power Quality and Measurements Motor feeders he energization of motors causes a starting current of initially Sto 6 times the rated current flocked rator current Atypical time current curve far an induction motor is shown in fig.6.2-57, Inthe fist also appears 1D ms, a fast decaying asymmetrical inush current ith conventional relays, it was common practice to sot the instantaneous overcurrent stage of the shart circuit protection 20 ta 30% above the locked rotor current with a Shorl time delay of 50 to 100 15 to averride the asymmetrical inrush period Numerical relays are able to fier ous the asymmenical current component very rapidly so that the setting af sn additionel time delay is no longer appl cable. The overload protection characteristic should follow the thermal rotor characteristic as closely as possible, The adaptation is made by setting the pickup value and the thermal time constant, using the data supplied by the motor manufacturer, Further more, the locked roter protection timer has to be set a 10 the characteristic moter value Time grading of overcurrent relays (51) The selectivity of overcurrent protection is based on tiny grading of the relay operating characteristics. The relay claser to the infeed (upstream relay i time-delayed against the telay further away from the infeed (downstream relay), The calculae tan of nacessary grading times is shawn in fig. 6.2.57 by an example for defin te-time overearrenit relays Inverse-time relays For the time grading of inyerse-time relays, in principle the same rules apply as for the definite tine relays. The time grading is first calculated for the maximum fault level and then checked for myer current levels (fg. 6.2 IF the seme characteristic fs used for all relays, or if when the Lupstteann telay has a steeper characteristic (24, very much over hnottnal inverse}, then selectivity is automatically fulfilled at ve currents Differential relay Transfoumer differential relays ate normally set to pickup values between 20 and 40% of the rated current. The higher value has 19 be chasen when the transformer s fitted x ha tap changer Restricted earth fault relays and high resistance motor/genere lor differential relays ate, 38a rule, set to about 10% af the turent, Motor string sent rt netatarsos OC stone edrotercurert Hothead itive weston fe Psmssible o:ted tortie Fg. 6 2-57: Typical motor current-time characteristics Tine 7®@ 7@ iain [ao asncons ae f cae Maximum fede fault level Fg. 6 2-58-Coctdination of inverse-time relays instantaneous overcurrent protection This is typically applied on the final supply load or an any protec tion relay with sufficient circuit impedance between itself and the next downstream protection relay. The setting at trans- formers, for example, must be chosen about 20 ta 40% higher than the maximum through fault currant. The relay must cemain stable curing energization of the transformer. siemens Energy Sector= Poser Engineering Guide Edition 7.4Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems Calculation example he foodor configuration of fig. 6,2-60 and the associated Inad ne shor relays P5181 applied incait currents are glven, Numerical evercurrent Lime charaeterishies ate put normal inser he relay operating times, dotived from tne diagram a fig.6.2-64 pending on the current, ean be alculated with the formula given in The fp! sellings shown in fig. 6.2-60 have been chosen to get pickup values safely ahove maximum load current, his current setting should be lowest for the relay farthest downe strearn. The telays further upstream should each have equal or higher current settings re time multiplier settings can now be calculated 3s follows: Statian € For coordination with the fuses, we consider the fault in location FI The short-circult current TARRY 1s 523.8 This results in 747 for fifpat the overcurrent relay in location C ‘With this value and jy. 6.05, an operating lime of = 0.175 can be detived from fig6.2-58, bis setting was selected for the evercurtent relay to get a safe {grading time over the fuse on the transformer I Safaty margin forthe setting value therefore: + Pickup curtent y= 0.7 + Time multiplies T, 0.08 wevoltage side for the relay at station ¢ Station 8 he relay in U has a primary protection function for ine BC and ‘backup function for the relay in C. The maximum thraugh-fault current of 1,395 becomes effective fora fault in location F2. For the relay nC, an operating time time of 0.115 Oily is obtained. 19.93) Ins assumed that no special requirements for short operating times exist and therefore an average time grading interval of 0.35 can be chosen. The operating tine of the reiay in 8 ean alculated, then be + Value of fy with the T= 0.11 can be derived from fig. 6.26" o204 Time grading Fault Fault Interuption of inceation detection fault current fe Se ietin| lovershaot® b fing Mint, a a *alko called overtravel or coasting time Time grading ipeon tees lxettoss br Example 1 fygoO.105 «0,155 40.155 -0.405 leet breaker 0.105 Mechanical relays fos 0.15 5 Safety margin for measuring 2rors, ele. fy= 0.15 5 Erample 2 fo 8.08 + 8.02 +019 0.205 Vacuum citcuitbreaker ‘ fgg" 0.028 ye 0.105 Numerical relays Fig. 6.2.59 me grading of overcurrent time relays 75180 75180 75180 Station Max oo mus” eT ne A A 40015 10400 125 5 20015 11220 223 c 1395 1005 0 70 1993 b Ee ee ee = 2) or ag Waeerum shore-siteuent 0) Jp = Heay avert matipa sing 6 2-60°Time grading of inversectime relays for a radial feeder Siemens Energy Sector «Power Enginesting Guide Elton 7.1 333Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems he setting values for the rolay at station B an ‘Pickup current: Iyfly = 1.1 ‘Time muitipliet T= 0.1 ay in B for a he short-circuit current 52 {fig.6.2 60). The corresponding Given these settings, the operating time af the close fault in £3 cam also bo checked increases to 2,690 Ain this ca If value is 12.23, + With this value and the set value of f,- 0.11, an operating lime of 6.35 is obtained again fig, 6-261 * Adding the time grading interval of 0.35, the desired operating itme is, 6S: a Following the same procedure as forthe relay in station B, thy following values are obtained fo ‘+ ickup current i, ffy= 10 Time ow tiplion f= 0.17 + For the close in fault at lecation 4, an operating time of 0.485 is obtained he relay in station & The normal way To prove the selectivity aver the whole range of possible shot incuit currents, itis normal practice to dravs the se of operating curves in @ common diagrarn with double lag scales. Thes diagrams can be calculated manually and drawn point by point constructed by using templates joday, computer progtams are also available for this purpose Fig. 6.2 62 shows the relay coordination diagram for the selectad example, as calculated by the Siemens program S RADE (Siemens Grading Program ‘6 simplify calculations, only inverse time choracteristics hove. been used for this example. About 0.1 s shorter operating times could have been reached for high curtent faults by additionally applying the instantaneous zones [>> of the 75150 relays he procedure is simlar te the above-described grading of overcurtent relays, A tine interval of between 0.1 and 0.25 is Usually sufficiont fora safe time coordination, Strong and extremely inverse characteristics ate often mow suitable than normal inverse characteristics in this case Hig. 6.2 £63 shows typical examples. Simple distriousion substations use a power fuse on the sec ondary side of the supply transformers tfig.6.2-633 In this case, the operating characteristic of the overcuttent relay at the infead has to be caordinated with the fuse curva, 7s] 4 ; ; aa nA 02 4 0.05, 2 4 681 2 14,{8) — Fg. 6 2-67 Normal Inverse-time characteristic of the 75J60 lay Normalinverse GM Tq or hs Sirong inverse characteristies may be used with expullsion-typr fuses (luse cutouts botter to current limiting fuse. ‘while extremety inverse versions adapt In any case, the final decision should be made by plotting the curves in the log-log coordination diagram, Electronic trip devices of LY breakers have long-delay, short dolay and instantaneous zanes, Numerical ovetcurrer with one inverse-time and two definite-tme zones can. bbe adapted to tals (fig. 62-630 324] Siemens Energy Sector Poser Enginesring Guide Edition 7.1Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems Setting range setting = 9.104.005 coos sf f= Ba325 25 hy 7580 \ “Ox fee] v0e 150 Hic fuse 160.4 ig. 6.2 62: Overcurtentstime grading diagiam tre . . Time| Overcurrent relay oe ote fo ruse L iy ae basa ve cre re = 2 asim fat ovate » asim et ee a vo Fig. 6.263 0 bsCoordination af an overcurrent relay with an RAY fuse and low-voltage breaker tip device Coordination of distance relays Where measured line or cable impedances are available, the The distance relay setting must take into account the limited protected zone setting may be extended ta 30%. The second relay accuracy, including transient overteach (5%, according to and thitd zanes have to keep a safety margin of about 1 IEC 60255-6), the CI error (15 for class 5P ant 39% for class _te.208 to the corresponding zones af the following lines, TOP) and a security margin of about 5%. Furthermore, the ine Theshartest following line always has to be cansidered parameters are often only calculated, not measured. This isa (lig. 6.2-64). fursher source of errors. A setting of BO to 85% is therefore common practice; 89% is used for mechanical relays, while 85% Asa general ule, the second sane shauld al least reach 20% an be used for the more accurate numerical eelays over the nest station to ensure backup for busbar faults, and the third 7one shauld cover the langest fellowing line as backup for the line protection, Siemens Energy Sector = Power Enginesting Guide Edition 7.1. | 335Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems Grading of zone times he first zone normally operates undelayed. For the grading of the time delays of the second and thiré zones, the same rules as for overcurrent rays appyy fig. 6.2-59, page 335). For thy (quacilateral characteristics {relays 7SA6 and 755), enly the reactance values (X value: lected zone solting, The setting of the & values should cover the line resistance and passible atc or fault resistances. The arc resistance can be roughly estimated 2s follows: have to be considered for the pro a Ig 2 WO Tyce sen ) dc= Me length ina fe un= Minium short-cut crent in kA ‘Typical settings of the ratio R/X are: Short lines and cables (© 10 kr): RP =Htedium line lengths < 25 km: Rix -2 Longer ines 25 ta 50 kin. RX =1 6 Shortest feeder protectable by distance relays The shortest feedr that can be protected by underreaching distance zones without the need for signaling links depends an Ue shortest settable rlsy The shortest setting of the numerical Siemens relays is 0.05 0 for 1 A relays, corresponding to 0.01.0 for 5 A telays. This allows distance protection of distribution cables dawn to the renge of same 500 meters. Breaker failure protection setting Most numerical relays in is guide provide broker failure (LP) protection as an integral function, The initiation af the BF prc- tection by the internal protection functions then takes place via softwsare logic, However, the BF pratectian function may also be initiated externally via inary inputs by an alternate protection, In this case, the operating time of intermediate relays (BEI tie} ay have 19 be considered, finally, the tripping of the infeeing breakers requires auxiliary relays, which add a small tine éelay (BH) to the overall fault cating Lime. This is particularly th case with one breaker anda balf or ting bus a where 3 separate breaker failure relay (/VKR) is used per breaker angements The decisive criterion of BF protection time coordination is the reset time of the current detector (S08), which must not be exceeded under any condition during normal current intertup= tion. The reset times specified in the Siemens numerical relay nanuals ate v condition: intertuption of a fully offset short circuit current and low curtent pickup setting (0.4 ta0.2 times rated CT current it for the worst t ope. , ———z,, 4] tat ine ta Load t ; Ta \ c Xen \ B \ Aa \ \ \ \ fin [on [Pan aps i Frprmary protection Pealternate protection Fig. 6 2-66:Breaker failure protection, logic circuit The reset time is 1 cycle for FHV relays (7SAR, 7VK8) and 2 cycles tor distribution type rolays (25)"") Fig. 6.2.66 shows the time chart for a typical breaker failure protection scheme. The stated times in parenthoses apply for ‘ransm/ssion system protection and the times in square bracl for distribution system protection 326] Siemens Energy Sector Poser Enginesring Guide Edition 7.1Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems CCT requirements for protection relays Instrument tro Instrument transformers must comply with the applicable IEC recommendations ILC 60044 ane 60186 (P ANSIJIEEECS7,13 or other comparable standar Voltage transformers (VT) Voltage transformers (¥1} in single-pole design for sl primisry ‘voltages have typical single ot dual secondary windings of 100, 110 or 115/73, with output ratings between 10 and SOVA suitable from mast applications with digits! metering ane pro tection equipment, and accuracies of 0.19% to 695 to suit the particular application. Primary BIL values are selected te match those of the associated switchgear. Current transformers Current transformers (C1) are usually of the single-ratio type ‘with wound or bar type primaries of adequate thetmal rating, Single, double or triple secondary windings of { oF 5 A are standard, 1 rating should, hasever, be praferrog, particulatly in HW and EHV substations, to reduce tha burden of the can- nected lines. Output power (rated burden in VA}, accuracy and saturation chatacteristics (fated syinmettical short-circuit current liniting factor) of the cores and secondary windings must meet tie requirements ofthe particular application. The CI classificae lion code of ILCis used in the following ‘+ hleasuring cores These are narmally specified with 0.2% ar 0.5% accuracy (class 0.2 oF class 0.5), and an rated syrumettical stort Current limiting factor FS af 5 or 10. The required output power (rated burden) should be higher tian the actually connected burden, Typical values are 2.5, 5 ‘oF 10 VA. Higher valuas are nosmally nat necessary when cnly electronic meters and reearders are connected Atypical specification could be: 0.5 FS 10,5 VA, + Cores for billing values metering In this case, class 0.25 FS is notmelly requited, + Fiotection cares he size af the pratection care depends mainly on the maximum short citcult current and the tatal burden tinternal CT burden, plus burden of connected lines, plus olay burden). Furthermore, a transient dimensioning factor has to be considered ta caver the influence of the BC component in the short-cireult current wit homalinerugingtine iiaontins fs ieee Protect) Breakerister ecetting Margin mT et Jaa) gay [eaten rat Hel tel | | tang os ei t | Fig. 6 2-67-Time coordination of BF time setting The requirements for protective currant transformers for trane siont performance ate spocified in IEC 60044-6, In many prace lical cases, itan-core CTs cannot be designed to avoid saturation under all circumstances because of cost and space reasons, particularly wilh metal-enclosed switehgear The Siemens relays are therefore designed to tolerate CT saturae tan to a large extent, The numerical relays proposed in this guide are particulatly stable in ths case due to their integrated saturation detection function. As an example you find the current transformer requirements for SIPROTLE 7UTR transe former protection devices. This example should give you an ‘overview how to handle CT requirements during you protection calculation For all SIPROTEC 5 devicas you find detailed requirement tables inthe device manuals, Please rofer to the latest manital version, for your CT requirement calculation More accurate dimensioning be done by more intensive calculation with Siemens’ CIDIM (we siemens.comictditn) progtar, Results of CTDIM are released by the relay manufac luter For further information please visit: ng Guide Elton 7.1 337Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems A6 Requirements for Current Transformer (Phase Current Transformer) ‘Transformer Type Required fector ALF (up to 80% remanence) eC GPR, IEC 1087 EC TPx (upto B0%6 remanence) EC PY TEC TPL i= cre (opt 80% manana) Jecexr NSIS (y= 9.4) ‘As remanence leads o caries sturaton which is critical for ferential protection relays in general for now Planta, an entvemance less 9 recommendee, eg. PKR. SPR, TPY. dc companents ere expected to be high, class TPZ = recommended ALF’ Operational accuracy linitfactor Ap apap Bate Ra Rie R, —_Secendary winding recietanca R, Rated resstve owen R,, Actual (connected) burden R, Secondary loop resistance (R., + Ry) Je Rete pray aent Rated seconiary curent Ian Maximur symetrical internal fault eurent Ke Transient dimensioning facter Kose Retod symmatical short-circuit urrent factor =I "argo rors ra pecied n EC 61880-2 ange ror sno sbeciedin EC 61860-2 Fg, 6.2 6: Requirements for Current Transformer (Phase Current Transformer) 328] Siemens Energy Sector Poser Enginesring Guide Edition 7.1Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurements 6.2 Protection Systems Example ated knee pinto mf ¥, Rated terminal votage at 20, and rated resstive burden R, V, Actual erminal vote at, nd actual burden om trons +Sha 4 Requiremants for CT 1 (110 KV sido): Ihepac #34514 Norn ransforme caren = 200 COORVAKYS 100 KY) = 1050 (110 KV side) p 10 m= JUD A 10) W018 = F008 8 H1UKY 80) scr = 31 800 A/1250 A= 252, Kgs = 7498 A/1250 A =6.0 a)IEC cass SP 4 Iokernol faut: ALP'=06 81.500 (1250 A= 128 2. Edom fault: ALP? =2: 7408 A/4250.A= 12 -atloset howover 25 Result ‘Operational eccuracy init factor 28, fer example SPSO, Ry = S/1,?* actual burden Fi (or exsme: 8, — 25 VAor5 VA) D)IEC cass TPZ 1 dniomal fault: Ky Koso 0.25 31 800 A280 A 2 Ester elt: ig Kage = 1 7408 AIT250.A = 6 ba minim 10, Result Ky Kise 210, forexample: Kage * Kecin ™ 25 0rd Ky 0.5 Rated rosiatve burden R,¥ sotual burden Ry, (for exemple O)IEC cass PX assumption: R, =48 0, Ryy= 1802 4 Internal fault. 0050) ex coeti gn 04 EA vn ton trader 2. mena faut 7a A AA (430.150)257 Vet 5, 216. aaa = 6.216 Hum 218 ia A Atleast however E, = 20° |. R, Reeult Required inee pont volage 2 116 Vims, fer example: E, = 159 Vins. 10 1A-(430+ 150)= 116 Vrms Fig 6.2.69: Requirements for Current Transformer (Phase Current Transformer) For further information please visit: Siemens Energy Sector «Power Enginesting Guide Elton 7.1 339