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    25 views18 pages

    Chapter1 - Vector Calculus PDF

    Uploaded by

    farah hani

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 18

    Vector Calculus

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Divergence Theorem

      
    v
      Edv   E  ds
    s

    - Relates the flow (that is, flux) of a vector field


    through a surface to the behavior of the vector
    field inside the surface.

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Divergence Theorem
     More precisely, the divergence theorem states
    that the outward flux of a vector field through a
    closed surface is equal to the volume integral of
    the divergence of the region inside the surface.
    Intuitively, it states that the sum of all sources minus
    the sum of all sinks gives the net flow out of a region.
     The divergence theorem is an important result
    for the mathematics of engineering, in particular
    in electrostatics and fluid dynamics.

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Divergence Theorem
     If a fluid is flowing in some area, and we wish to know
    how much fluid flows out of a certain region within
    that area, then we need to add up the sources inside the
    region and subtract the sinks. The fluid flow is
    represented by a vector field, and the vector field's
    divergence at a given point describes the strength of
    the source or sink there. So, integrating the field's
    divergence over the interior of the region should equal
    the integral of the vector field over the region's
    boundary. The divergence theorem says that this is true.

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Divergence Theorem
     The divergence theorem is thus a conservation
    law which states that the volume total of all
    sinks and sources, the volume integral of the
    divergence, is equal to the net flow across the
    volume's boundary.

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Uniform field

    Circulation is zero for the uniform field

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Azimuthal field

    Circulation isWritten
    notby:zero for
    Syamsul the
    Adlan azimuthal field
    Mahrim
    Circulation
     
    Circulatio n   B  dl
    C
    b c
      xˆBo  xˆdx   xˆBo  yˆ dy
    a b
    d e
      xˆBo  xˆdx   xˆBo  yˆ dy
    c d

     Bo x  Bo x  0
    where
    x  b  a  c  d and, because xˆ  yˆ  0, the second and
    fourth integrals are zero.
    Hence, the circulation of a uniform field is zero.
    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim
    Stoke’s Theorem
     Converts the surface integral of the curl of a vector
    over an open surface S into a line integral of the
    vector along the contour C bounding the surface S.

     
    S
      B dsˆ   B  dlˆ C

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Stoke’s Theorem
     If   B = 0, the field B is said to be conservative or
    irrotational because its circulation represented by the
    RHS of the Stokes’s Theorem is zero.

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Stoke’s Theorem
     Example 3-12, pg. 121
     A vector field is given by B = z(cos)/r. Verify
    Stoke’s theorem for a segment of a cylindrical
    surface defined by r = 2, /3    /2, and 0 
    z  3.

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Stoke’s Theorem

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Example 3-12, pg. 121 :ans

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Vector Identities Involving the Curl
     Vector indentities involving the curl:
     For any two vectors A and B
       
      A  B     A    B
     
        A  0 for any vector A

      V   0 for any scalar function V

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Laplacian Operator
     Can be used to define both scalar and vector.
     (V) is called the Laplacian of V and is denoted
    by 2V (the symbol 2 is pronounced “del square”.
    That is

    V V V 2 2 2
     V    V   2  2  2
    2

    x y z

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Laplacian Operator
     The Laplacian of a scalar can be used to define the
    Laplacian of a vector. For a vector E given in
    Cartesian coordinates by


    E  xˆEx  yˆE y  zˆEz

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Laplacian Operator
     The Laplacian of E is defined as

       2
     2
     2
     
     E   2  2  2  E
    2

     x y z 
     xˆ E x  yˆ E y  zˆ E z
    2 2 2

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim


    Laplacian Operator
     Thus, in Cartesian coordinates the Laplacian of a
    vector is a vector whose components are equal to the
    Laplacian of the vector components. Through direct
    substitution, it can be shown that

      
     E    E       E 
    2

    This identity will prove useful in succeeding chapters.

    Written by: Syamsul Adlan Mahrim

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