NAPS, University of Waterloo, Canada, October 23-24, 2000 Two-Reaction Theory of Synchronous Machines si Generalized Method of Analysis—Part I BY R. H. PARK* aoclia, A 1B, In cadiion, new ond more accurate aquisalent circuits are detloped for synchronous ond aeynchronaus mackines operating tablished, The domein of ealdiy of euch erie Gower and torque wnder sleady and transient load condition Bpeiai detailed: formulas are ‘Toermnination of current ond torque on threecphase shor cir ating slartngs and when only small deviations from on sosra7e re inated. aati! i IS paper presents a generalization and extension ‘of, the work of Blondel, Dreyfus, and Doherty and’ Nickle, and establishes::new and general methods:of calculating current ‘power and torque in salient’ andi’non-salient pole synchronous machines, under both transient and steady load conditions. "Attention is restricted to symmetrical three-phaset machines with field structure symmetrical ubout the axes of the field winding and interpolar space, ut salient poles and an arbitrary number of rotort circuits is considered. Tdealization ia resorted to, to the extent that satura tion and hysteresis in every magnetic circuit and eddy ‘of Prase a Fro. 1 currents in the armature iron are neglected, and in ‘the-assumption that, as far as concerns effects depend ing.on the position of the rotor, each armature winding may be regarded as, in effect, sinusoidally distributed.* A. Fundamental Circuit Bquations ‘Consider the ideal synchronous machine of Fig. 1, andlet “General Bagg. Dept., Gonersl Blsotrie Company, Sclinec- tady, N.Y. . {Bingie-phase, mechines may be regarded st three-phase rgehines with oie phate open cirouited. {Slater for o machine with stationary Bold struoture. for numbered references see Biblograpby. _Provntad of th Winker Consention ofthe A. 1. B. Ba, New Yorky WN. Yon Fan, 28-Pob: 1, 1989. pol Fir ia thus adopted to machines equi ih emoriganur windings of ony aritrery construction. Tea proposed to continue in fyde = per unit instantaneous phase currents ¢e = per unit instantaneous phase voltages or by ve = per unit instantaneous phase linkages t= time in electrical radians a = Poat ‘Then there is f= Pyne amin tis Phen rie thas been shown previously!-that ve = Tacos @— Iysin 8 a ie eee et tata Ay ath ] 34 Fe- (icon 2 0 + incon (2 8— 120) ty + igcos 28 + 120)) Yo Tg 208 (8 — 120) ~ Iysin (6 — 120) i titin Sette it an BEE BE [a APE] _ ASF fig 0s @ 8 — 120) + tacos (2 6 + 120) . + i, cos2 6) @ 47 Laces (6 + 120) sn (0+ 10) — a BEBE aera =] FZ fi, con 2 0 + 120) + incon? 6 + ics (2 @— 120)] where, p-étJule 929 Tq ~ perunit excitation in direct axis 1, = perunit excitation in quadrature axis 2 = direct synchronous reactance 1, = quadrature synchronous reactance 2% = zero phase-sequence reactance As shown in the Appendix, if normal linkages in the field circuit are defined as those dbtaining at no load* there is in the case of no rotor circuits in the direct axis in addition to the field, = perunit instantaneous feld linkages a T= ein i where, I = perunit instantaneous field current 2 tam FE iseme 6+ i,c00 6 ~ 120) + i en8(@ + 120) 3) On the other hand, if m additions! rotor circuits exist in the direct axis there is, 0 D+ Xnala + Xieelee ot Kinane Gam Ee) te where, Thy Tra, « . ets, are the per-unit instantaneous eur- rents in circuits 1, 2, ete., ofthe direct axis, Xo Xico te, are per-unit mutual coefficients between the field and circuits 1, 2, ete, of the direct axis. Similar relations exist for the linkages in each of the additional rotor cireuits except 2, ~ 2." isto be replaced by a term z,. However, since all of these additional cirouits are close, it follows that there is an operational result. Teel t hata + lua =GQ)E+H@ 4) where £ is the per-unt value ofthe instantaneous fold voltage, and G (p) and H (p) are operators such that Go) =1 G(o) =0 H=0 H(e) zn z/ = the subtransient reactance’ Ie will be convenient to write H(p) = 24~ 247) and to rewrite (4) in the form, Te = Gp) E + (ta- te (9) (4a) ‘If there are no additional rotor circuits, there is, as shown in Appendix I, ¥ AIH ee Bie B=Tpv+l where 7 is the open citeuit time constant of the ld in radians ‘Theres then, co) =p ) = Tp (9) = “This datnition is somewhat dierent from that given in ference 2. PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES mt If there is one additional rotor cireuit in the direct axis there is, “ view BS Ve Te Xuelan tin niee Sed Wie Kuala t Xial faa vem Kost t Kil = sade hich gives, Kine= Xnd Pop $1 6 eyo Mase Rnd Pup th 40) To Te (Xue (Bem 22) — Xpa tare PY + Uleem 2) Tow + ta At) talp) = ae where, A (p)=(Xue-Xnnel Te Toa PK na Pot Te If there is more than one additional rotor operators G (p) and zy (p) will be more complicated but may be found in the same way. The effets of external field resiatance may be found by changing the term I in the field voltage equation to RI. Open circuited field corresponds to R equal to infinity. Similarly, there will be Tyla, Ol. ® where, ipnm Zig sin 64% sin(6-120)4i,8i(04120)) Ga) 2,0) = ty te(@) = 2e So far, 10 equations have been established relating the 15 quantities es, sy ty ta th ia vor Yn Yn bas Fo Tu Ip E, 8 in a general way. It follows that when any five of the quantities are known the remaining 10 may be determined. Their determination is very much facilitated, however, by the introduction of certain auxiliary quantities eu, ¢5) tu fe, bas Hor Ye ‘Thus, let ue bieasi ab) tan lepcon 0+ 4 28 (0 20) + econ (8 + 120) eeo~ Flea sin 040, sn(0—120)-+e,sin(04120)) 6) t 1 wa klatatel 2 zt e008 0 + yycos (0 120) + y cos (8 + 120)} . : tena lve sin 0+ yo sin 6120) +4, sin(9-+120)}. (2)ns 1 ve qlvet et el then from Equation (1) there is 2 tem y leon Op Yate08(0-120) p psteos(8-+120) 9 vw) ae : eng (tin Op ve + 58 (8 120) Pv + sin (8 + 120) pve) ~The tem phen tie bat, 2 ya =] (0s 8p va + con (0 120) Pv ene (6 + 120) 9 vl é —zlsin oe Yetsin(8—120).p by+sin(8-+120) p wipe sectrist nerd 2 a pea = | Wein pv. + sin (6 120) Pv + sin (@ + 120) 94d 2 =F cond v, + 08 (0— 120) vo tem (8 + 120) 4.178 web rig Hed thence there is cas phere Web ® toa Pyar thy EHP e ° ‘i tem dem Fie Qo) ‘soit may beresdily verified that =G@E-20)4 a Yew Lan tele te) ie aa) FS: ee 3) ‘Equations (8) to (13) establish six rlatively simple > palations batween the 11 quantities 4 ¢ to ia fy io ar We. vo, By @, Tn practise it is usually possible to determine ive of these quantities directly fromthe termi- : fa conditions, after which the remaining’six may be ‘calculated with relative simplicity, After the direct, "and. zero quantities are known the phase “Quantities may be ‘determined, from the identical relations fem igen sin O +a ay = 5,008 (8 — 120) —iysin (B~ 120) + 40 i = izcon (0+ 120) — i,sin (@ + 120) + ie a= vans 6— yysin 6 + Yo Ha = 9108 (0 ~ 120) ~ ¥ sin (9 120) + vo (15) Ye = sce (0 + 120) — yesin (@ + 120) + Ho ta = econ — e500 a) P-83 PARK: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ‘Transactions A. Ie Be B Gy = eg008 (9 = 120) — ey sin (@~ 120) + a, = e608 (9 + 120)~ ey sin (8 + 120) + Referring to Fig. 2, it may be seen that when there are no zero quantities, that is, when e = Yo = i = 0, the phase quantities may be regarded as the projection of vectors é j, and Z on axes lagging the direct axis by a6) dia of Pase Ta Frases sist Pras Fra? angles @, 9-120 and @ + 120, where taking the direct i axis of reals, Gmtetite Gavetive Tmigtite If we introduce in addition the vector quantity, feltile the cireuit equations previously obtained may be é trot transferred into the corresponding veetor forms, b= peat wid gel-3 where, Beaietitety Fig. 3 shows these relations graphically. B. Armature Power Output ‘The per-unit instantaneous power output from the ‘armature is necessarily proportional to the sum