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Question answers (2nd Year English Compulsory)

Modern prose and Heroes (Book-II) Ha
Lesson no 1 rd
The Dying Sun wo
rk
1. How is it that a star seldom fins another star near it?
al
Space is unlimited and millions of stars are wandering about in it. All these stars move in their
wa
own orbit. There is vast distance among them. This distance keeps them away from one another.ys
2. What happened when, according to Sir James Jeans, a wandering star, wandering pa
through space, came near the sun? ys
According to Sir James Jeans, when a wandering star wandering blindly through space came
near the sun, it raised huge tides on the surface of the sun. These tides formed a high mountain.
As the star came nearer, the mountain rose higher and higher.
3. What happened when the wandering star came nearer and nearer?
When the wandering star came nearer and nearer the mountain rose higher and higher on the
surface of the sun. Then the mountain broke into pieces. These pieces fell off the surface of the
sun.
4. What are planets and how did they come into existence?
Planets are very huge hot and cold solid masses. Once a big star happened to come very near our
sun raising high tides on its surface. Its tidal pull tore the mountain of gaseous matter into pieces
and threw them off into space. In this way the planets came into existence.
5. Why is there no life on the stars?
Life is not possible on the sun and other stars because life needs some suitable conditions. These
are not present there. The sun and stars are too hot for life to exist on them.
6. Write a note on the beginning of life on the earth.
The planets were very hot when they were first torn off from the sun. Gradually they became
cooler until now they have very little heat of their own. In the course of time, one of these
cooling pieces called Earth gave birth to life.
7. Why is the universe, of which our earth is a part, so frightening? Give as many
reasons as possible.
There are five reasons for this sense of awe about the universe which are as follows. 1. Vast
distances 2.Vast stretch of time 3. Extreme loneliness 4. Littleness of our home 5. Hostile
universe
8. What, in your opinion, should be the conditions necessary, for the kind of life we
know to exist on other heavenly bodies? Do such conditions generally exist?
Life can exist only in some suitable physical condition, like presence of water, air and
temperature. All other heavenly bodies do not have suitable conditions for life to exist.
Therefore, life is not possible over there.
9. How do the stars travel in the universe?
The stars travel in the universe either in groups or mostly they travel alone. They travel at vast
distance from one another
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10. What are the temperature belts?

The temperature belts are zones that surround each hot star at a certain distance. The temperature
there is neither too hot nor too cold. Life can exist on such temperature belts.
Lesson no 2
Using the Scientific Method
11. How has the scientific method helped us in our fight against diseases?
The babies are inoculated against diseases soon after their birth. We have broad spectrum
medicines added with modern antiseptic surgery. So, it has enabled us to make life saving drugs.
12. Write a note on the better sanitary conditions available in our cities today and
compare them with what they were like hundred years ago?
In modern sanitary system the sewage from all sections of the city is carried through sealed pipes
to disposal plants. The garbage is taken away to far off places. While in the past, garbage was
thrown in the streets and animal feed on them and human waste was drained into the wells which
used to produce drinking water to all people.
13. What are the sanitary conditions in our villages today and how would you improve
them?
The sanitary conditions in our villages are poor as there are outdoor toilets and unpaved streets.
We can improve it by making people about aware about better sanitation and its effects on health.
Streets can be paved and a proper system of sewage disposal can be introduced with the help of
government.
14. How has the scientific method helped us in the production and preservation of
foods?
Foods are produced in a short span of time in fields nowadays. These are preserved in the quick-
freezing manners. The modern scientific methods of selecting and processing foods have
removed the risk of poisoning from canned foods. These methods have provided better
techniques for preservation of foods.
15. We are now less fearful than our ancestors. What were our ancestors afraid of?
Our ancestors were afraid of mysterious happenings. They were superstitious with strong faith on
charms and omens. They were afraid of the facts and the natural reasons necessary for all
incidents.
16. How has the scientific method enabled us to get over the old fears?
These methods have washed away superstitions which caused fear. We believe in facts and
arguments. We demand scientific explanation for every incident. This has made us brave enough
to overcome the fear.

17. What part did astrology play in the lives of men and women in the part? Give
examples.
They believed in charms, spells, good luck and bad luck. They got help from the astrologers and
fortune tellers about the incidents which used to happen to them.
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18. Describe some of the superstitions still current in our country. How do they affect
the lives of those who believed in them?
Black cats, broken mirrors, the number 13 and the customs to go the astrologers and fortune
tellers are the superstitions still prevailing in our country. Some people do not wear black colour
and some of them do not travel on Tuesday.
Lesson no 3
Why Boys Fail in College
19. According the author there are some boys who fail because they do not try. Who
are they? How can we help them?
They waste time by sharpening pencils or doing some unnecessary work. They usually lack in
concentration and have no aim for life. Such boys should realize their mistakes. We can point out
their flaws and guide them to do useful study.
20. How does mistaken ambition on the part of boys and their parents bad to failure of
the boys?
Mistaken ambitions on the part of the parents do not suit with the intelligence of the students.
The students lose their interest in studies. They stop hard work. It results in failure of the
students.
21. There are some boys who have done well at school but fail to make their mark at
college. Who are they? Do you have such boys in college in your country?
Some bright students pass the school examination without much effort. They develop over
confidence in their ability and adopt similar attitude in college. They do not work hard and fail.
Our college is also full of such students.
22. How does financial pressure lead to the failure of student described in the lesson?
Do you have similar cases in your country?
Many students have to work hard for many hours to meet their college expenses. It results in
detriment of their health and education. In this way, much of their time is wasted and they fail.
23. To what extent does the question of health lead to failure at college? How far can
the college authorities with their medical officers help students in such cases?
The students suffering from different form of diseases cannot work properly which results in
their failure. To tackle such problem, there should be proper cooperation between the teaching
staff and college doctor. There should be a regular medical checkup of all students.
24. What place would you accord to sportsman in colleges?
The sports have their own values and teach us to lead a disciplined life. Athletics make students
more active and attentive. But a student must balance between his studies and sports even if he
wants to be a sportsman.
25. There are some students who join college for the fun of it. Should they be allowed
to stay?
Such type of students waste their time, money and resources. They have no serious interest in
their life and study. Such students should not be allowed to stay in college.
26. What are common diseases among college students?
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Ans: The common disease among college students are tuberculosis, bad tonsils, sleeping
sickness, poor digestion and nervous forms of mental difficulties.
27. What is the heartrending spectacle?
To see boys undergoing transfusion of blood to get money for food and books is a heartrending
spectacle.
28. Can we help the student suffering from nervous habits?
No, we cannot help the students suffering from nervous habits. Nervous habits are not easy to
uproot, they cannot be eradicated by anyone but the boy.
Lesson no 4
End of Term
29. What was the Daiches’ attitude towards the week end as a school boy? Why did he
long for it?
He liked weekend and longed for it because it gave him relaxation from the routine grind of
school life. It relieved him from the burden of homework. Every Friday afternoon he used to
walk home like an escaped prisoner with a joy of freedom.
30. What was his general view of school life?
According to the Daiches, school life was full of labour and tough competitions. Teachers gave
them a lot of home work. They could not relax both at school and at home.
31. He liked holidays for their freedom-freedom from what?
He liked holidays for their freedom of walking across the meadow, wearing the summer dress
and above all, freedom from burden of school routine and loads of homework.
32. How did he spend his summer holidays?
The writer waited for the long summer holidays because he felt that in the long term summer
holidays he would walk across the meadows, wear summer school dress of grey shorts, red
Wetson’s blazer and grey cricket shirt.
33. Wishes don’t come true in this life, writes Daiches. What are the things he longed
for but could not have?
He longed for the tricycle and a bicycle in his childhood. He bought first bicycle for himself
when he was twenty one with the prize money he had won at Edinburgh University.
34. What did he do with his pocket money?
He saved his pocket money in a box. He saved these pences because during his early childhood
his brother Lionel, his sister Sylvia and the writer himself had nothing to spend for themselves.

Lesson no 5
On Destroying Books
35. What sort of books were presented by the British public to soldiers?
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Most of the books sent to soldiers were ordinary and suitable. But they were also presented
oddest books such as twenty years old magazine, guides to Lake District and back numbers of
Whitaker’s Almanac.
36. Was it interest of soldiers that prompted their action or was it the wish to get rid of
useless books?
The people did not send the books to the soldiers as per their wish. In fact, they wanted to get rid
of their old and useless books. So they sent them to the soldiers.
37. Why should bad books be destroyed?
Bad books should be destroyed so that there should be space for good and new books in the
shelves. Moreover, it saves one’s heir from the trouble of sorting them out and storing them.
38. Why is it difficult to destroy books?
It is difficult to destroy the old and useless book because they die hard. The author does not have
a proper place to burn them or dispose them off. So it is hard to find a scaffold for old books.
39. Why could not the author burn the unwanted books?
The writer could not burn the unwanted books because he had no cooking range in his house. He
could not toast them on the gas cooker or consume them leaf by leaf in his small study fire.
40. How did he decide to get rid of them?
The writer decided to get rid of the unwanted books by throwing them into river. He stuffed them
into a sack, tied it up and went to the river to let them sank into the bottom of the river.
41. Describe the author’s mid night venture to throw the books in the river and the
suspicious which his action were likely to arouse.
He packed his books in a sack and moved towards the river at midnight. He moved while he saw
a policeman who could have suspected the writer for carrying swag. He again gets frightened
from a passerby. Another suspicion that makes him shiver is that people might think it was a
baby in the sack. At last, he throws the sack into the river after gathering a lot of courage.
42. How did he muster up courage at last to fling them into the river?
The write was hesitant to throw his books into the river. Then he abused himself for his
cowardice as he calls himself a “contemptible coward” and a “worm”. This arouses a sense of
shame in him which results in his courage to throw off the books.
43. Did he come to have a feeling for those books once he had got rid of them?
Yes, he had feeling for those books thrown into the river. He thought they would settle down at
the bottom and would be forgotten forever. He felt that poor books met a fate worse than they
deserve.

Lesson 6
The Man Who was a Hospital
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44. How did Jerome K-Jerome come to suspect that his liver was out of order, what
were the diseases he thought he was suffering from on reading a books on the
treatment of diseases?
He saw the detailed symptoms of a discarded liver in a drug advertisement. This news assured
him that his liver was out of order.
45. What was the disease he discovered he did not have?
He discovered that he was not suffering from the Housemaid’s knee.
46. Was he pleased to find he did not have it?
No, he was not pleased with this news. He was much disappointed and felt himself incomplete.
But later after considering other maladies that he had, he determined to do without housemaid’s
knee.
47. What was his first reaction?
When he found the premonitory symptoms of diseases in his body, he was frozen with horror. He
started turning over the pages to study more types of diseases.
48. Why should he be an acquisition to the medical class?
As he suspected that he was suffering from all diseases so he should be an acquisition to the
medical class. The medical students could come round him, study the disease and get their
diplomas.
49. Describe his visit to the medical man?
He went to his medical man, who checked his tongue, felt his pulse and heart-beat. The doctor
held his hand and hit it with his chest and the side of the head, and wrote a prescription for him.
50. He thought he was doing the doctor good turn by going to him, why?
He thought that doctor needs to get good practice from many patient of various diseases. As, he
was suffering from all diseases, he thought, he alone would be better enough for the doctor.
51. What was the prescription given to him by the doctor?
1 lb beefsteak, every 6 hours. Ten miles walk every morning. Bed at 11 sharp every night. And
don’t stuff year head with things you don’t understand.
52. Describe his visit to the chemist.
He handed over the prescription to the chemist. The chemist replied if he had a cooperative store
and a family hotel combined he would have been able to oblige him.
53. What is the significance of the doctor’s advice, don’t stuff your head with things
you don’t understand.
We should avoid indulging in those things which we cannot comprehend. Generally, people start
to think about those things for which they have no concern. As a result, they draw false
conclusion and get worried.
54. How had the writer walked into the reading room of the British Museum and how
did he returned?
The writer walked into the reading room as a happy and healthy man. But he returned as a
despaired patient.
55. Had the heart of Jerome really stopped beating?
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No, in fact he was confused. When he did not feel his heart beating in his chest, he patted
himself all over his front. He felt his pulse which was very fast.
Lesson no 7
My Financial Career
56. What light do the following expressions throw on Leacock’s state of mind when he
entered the bank looked timidly round, shambled in?
These expressions show that he was confused and looked mysterious. He was looking fearfully
at the clerk. It was usual for the writer that he got rattled in the bank.
57. Why did the manager come to think that Leacock had an awful secret to reveal?
When Leacock told the manager that he wanted to see him alone, the word ‘alone’ made him
think that Leacock had an awful secret to reveal.
58. What was the attitude of the manager towards Leacock on learning that he only
wished to deposit 56 dollars in the bank?
The manager became rude and harsh towards Leacock. He got up and called the accountant. He
asked him in an unkindly loud voice to open the account for the writer.
59. What other blunders did Leacock commit after leaving the manager’s office?
First he stepped into an iron safe. Then he wrote fifty six dollars instead of six dollars on the
cheque book. Then instead of admitting his mistake, he pretended to be angry on being insulted
by someone.
He was behaving idiotically.
60. After his misadventure where did Leacock keep his money?
He kept his money in cash in his trousers pocket and saving in is socks.
61. Give as many example as you can to show that Leacock was feeling completely lost
in the bank all the time he was there.
The clerks, the wicket, the accountants, the sight of money and everything in the bank confused
him a lot. Meeting the manager alone, stepping into the safe, writing wrong amount of fifty six
instead of six dollars on the cheque and pretending angry to the clerk while drawing out the
money , all these events showed that he was completely lost in the bank.
62. How much was the writer’s salary raised?
The writer’s salary was raised to 50 dollars per month. He wanted to save it for his future use.
Therefore, he decided to keep it in the bank.
63. Who was Mr. Montogomery?
Mr. Montogomery was the accountant in the bank. He was a tall, cool devil. The very sight of
him rattled the writer.
64. What was the reaction of the bank staff when he author rushed out of the bank?
When the author rushed out of the bank, the bank staff made a roar of laughter at his blunders.
65. Why did people think he was some invalid millionaire?
They thought him some invalid millionaire because somebody gave him a Cheque book, and
someone told him how to write it.
Lesson no 8
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China’s Way to Progress

66. Why has the world changed its attitude towards china?
China is a country of peace and honest working people. Its economy is progressing day and
night. It has done a lot of progress in almost all fields of life. That is why the world has changed
its attitude towards china.
67. Discuss the Chinese agriculture system.
The Chinese agriculture system is based on commune system. These communes are further
divided into production brigades. The Chinese still carry on their traditional labour along with
modern agricultural machinery.
68. How does china rely on its own sources?
China has strong agricultural, economic, political and social system. It relies on its own
resources by using all sorts of products and machines prepared in China. Such products and
machine are cheaper than foreign machines.
69. Describe a day in t the life of a Chinese student?
Je Wen Siu represents the students in China. She gets up early in the morning, do some domestic
chores and goes to school at 8 o’clock. At 11 o’clock she returns home for lunch and then at 1:30
P.M. she goes back to school and study there till 3:00 P.M. She revises her lessons at home. After
4 o clock she takes rest, reads the news-paper and enjoys the radio.
70. Write a note on a Chinese woman.
The Chinese women work 8 hours a day a day and 6 days a week. They are hard working. They
lack feminity in Western perspective. They enjoy many social security benefits. They enjoy equal
rights and facilities as those of men.
71. What are the social security benefits provided to the Chinese workers?
They enjoy free medical and housing facility. Their children are given free education. They are
granted 6 months total pay cheque in the case of sickness of the worker. They are also given
pensions according to the seniority. So, they enjoy easy terms of service in factories and the
facility of assistance schemes.
72. It is the people and not the things that are decisive Discuss?
It is the golden principle of Mao. The number of people or economic facts does not count. He
believed that people are more important than the things. People should be provided with all
facilities, like food, housing, education and other basic needs.
73. The heart of the matter is the need to root out selfishness. Discuss.?
The above mention says that if all facilities are provided to the people and their problems are
solved, the difference between the rich and the poor, the high and low is vanished and if all
people are given their basic rights and duties.

Lesson no 9
Hunger and the Population Explosion
74. What does hunger mean on a large scale as viewed by the author?
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When we have not enough food to eat or when we are worried about the next time food, it is
called hunger. Similarly when a large population is affected by hunger it is called a large scale
hunger.
75. Describe some great famines of the past.
China faced it and lost almost nine and half million people. Famine victimized Russia in 1921-
1922, killing several million people. India in 1942 and 1964-1965 was destroyed by famines and
millions of people died at the spot.
76. How do famines occur?
Some of the causes of famines are over population, failure of crops, shortage of food and lack of
rains. If the food available is not enough for the people to eat there may spread a famine. In such
cases people starve to death.
77. What is the main reason for population increase today?
The birth rate is increasing day by day while the modern medical sciences have decreased the
death rate. This difference between birth rate and death rate is the main cause of population
increase today.
78. What is meant by birth rate and death rate and how do they affect the population
of a country?
Birth-rate means the annual number of births per 1000 population and similarly death rate means
the annual number of deaths per 1000 population. The main reason of population increase is the
difference between birth-rate and death- rate.
79. What have public health measures to do with the increase in population?
Public health measures have controlled the epidemic and fatal diseases. The discovery of the
treatment of many diseases has decreased the death rate. When death rate decreases, population
increases.
80. Account for the high birth rate in the under developed countries?
The under developed countries have high birth rate. Their population is multiplying day by day.
These countries are unable to provide even basic facilities to their people. The basic reason of
high birth rate is lack of education.
81. Why is birth rate not so high in advanced countries?
The advanced countries have controlled the birth rate. No couple produces more than two babies.
They have birth controlling ministries to educate people about birth control.
82. Give a brief account for the pacer economic conditions prevailing in under
developed countries.
The under developed countries have huge population and high birth state with miserable
resources. They export only raw materials which have low price in the international market.
Their living standard is low. They are leading a miserable life.

Lesson no 10
The Jewel of the World
83. Give an account of the early career of Abd-al-Rahman-I.
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Abd- al- Rehman-I belonged to Umayyad. He was twenty years old with exceptional nerve and
ability. In 750, after the defeat of the Umayyad family, once when he was in Bedouin camp, the
Abbasid soldiers came to kill him and his brother, he saved his life by diving into the Euphrates
River and swam away from the reach of the Abbasid army.
84. How did Abd-al-Rahman deal with the governor appointed by the Abbasid caliph
to contest his rule?
Abd-al-Rahman killed him. He preserved his head in salt and camphor, wrapped it in back flag
and sent it to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad.
85. What did the Abbasid caliph say on receiving the head of his governor?
The Abbasid caliph assessed the bravery and power of Abd-al-Rahman. He was filled with horror
and said, “Thanks be to Allah for having placed the sea between us and such a foe.”
86. What did Abd-al-Rahman do to make himself strong and to beautify his capital?
To make himself strong, he trained a well disciplined army of 40,000 of more Berbers. To
beautify the city, he introduced the system of pure water. He built a palace for himself and a
garden by its sides. He founded the great mosque of Cordova.
87. Give an account of the all around progress made by the Arabs under Abd-al-
Rahman III.
During his reign, weaving, leather making, wood, glass ware, silk , art of sword making, the art
of inlaying steel and other metals flourished in Spain. Cordova became the most cultured city.
88. What did Al-Hakam do to promote learning and scholarship in his king Dorn?
Al-Hakam was a successor of Abd-al-Rehman. He was a learned man. He enlarged the
University of Cordova. He invited professors from the East. He established a library with a
collection of 400,00 books.
89. Why was “Generalife” ( Jannat-al-arif) so famous?
The word “Generalife” comes from the Arabic word “ Jannat-al-arif”, which means “the
inspector’s paradise”. It was one of the best known gardens of Spain. It was famous because o its
wide shades, waterfalls and soft breeze. It was in the form of an amphitheatre and was irrigated
by many streams

Part II

Lesson no 11
First year at Harrow
90. The writer says that the examiners ask questions which students cannot answer
and not those which they can answer. Is the complaint just?
To some extent, this complaint is true that the examiners ask the students those questions which
they do not know. This attitude is sadistic. But mostly it does not happen.
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91. What sort of questions are asked by our examiners?

Our examiners ask typical questions in the examination. An expert may guess the question
papers to a great extent. The question paper has easy as well as difficult questions which is the
real test of the ability of students.
92. Why did not Churchill do well in the examinations?
He liked poetry and essay writing but the examiners were interested in Latin and Mathematics.
He did not know the answers of the questions. So he could not do well in the examination.
93. How did Churchill do his Latin paper?
Latin paper was difficult for the writer. He wrote his name on the answer book. Then he wrote
down the number of the question 1 and then put a bracket round it this ‘(1)’. He left the entire
paper blank and did nothing.
94. Churchill was taught English at Harrow and not Latin and Greek, was it a gain or
Loss?
The writer had the great advantage of being at the end of the list. Such boys were taught English
and not Latin and Greek. This knowledge proved very useful for him afterwards.
95. What good did Churchill’s three years at Harrow do him?
He stayed at Harrow for three years here he learnt thoroughly the basic rules of English. In this
way he learnt and under stood English well.
96. In after years how did the knowledge of English stand him in good stead?
Churchill learnt his national language first. In after years, this knowledge helped him to get a job
easily. He faced no difficulty in his practical life.
97. Write an appreciation or criticism of Churchill’s views in regard to the study of
Latin, Greek and English and their values in earning a living.
Churchill says that the brilliant boys devote much time to learning of Latin and Greek instead of
English. But by learning English he gained an immense advantage over them. Churchill says that
the English boys may learn Latin or Greek as a treat but their first duty should be to learn
English thoroughly. Due to his grip of English language, he did not face any difficulty in getting
job.

Lesson no 12
Hitch Hiking across the Sahara
98. Give an idea of the size of the Sahara. How does it compare with England?
The Sahara is a very vast desert in Africa. It is many times the size of Great Britain. English is
very small if compared with this desert.
99. What had Christopher’s foster mother to do with his desire to see distant places?
Robert Christopher was a naughty boy. In his childhood his foster mother used to threaten him to
send him to Timbuktu. The threat instead of alarming him aroused in him a keen desire to visit
Sahara.
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100. How did he manage to get a seat in the weapons carrier?

Christopher was travelling in a slow moving truck. He saw a fast moving weapons carrier. He
requested the in charge of the truck to give him a lift. The in charge did not allow him to sit in
the weapons’ carrier. When Christopher showed him a permit the in charge allowed him to sit in
the truck.
101. How did they manage to drive the heavy truck in the truckles desert with its
soft sand?
Ten foot strips of steel mesh were dragged from the truck and placed together to make a runway
for the wheels to bite on as the truck moved.
102. What was the most noticeable feature of the desert city, named Ghardaia?
Ghardaia was a typical desert city, except that the flies were even more numerous and sticker
than they were anywhere else.
103. What did the driver of the truck tell Christopher about three Englishmen
who had attempted to cross the desert?
The driver told the story to Christopher about English people who tried to cross the part of the
desert in a car. Their car stuck in the sand dune and thus they died due to thirst.
104. Give an account of the little town, named El-Golia, and compare it with In
Salah, bringing out the different between the two.
El Golea was a true oasis with plenty of water. In El Golea, Christopher took bath in a little pool.
The pool was shaded by palm-trees. He also enjoyed lying on the cool grass beside the pool. On
the other hand, In Salah was fighting a battle for its survival. The sand was encroaching the
town.
105. What do you know of Professor Claude Balanguernon?
Professor Balanguernon was a French man. He was living in Tamanrasset. He had devoted his
life to serve the Taureg people. He was well-aware of the features and routes of the Sahara.
106. Describe the events leading to the killing of a camel. What sort of water did
they get from its stomach?
When they were passing through the land of ‘Thirst and Death’ they fell short of water and food.
They moved to some water well but it was dry. Now they had no chance but to kill a camel and
drink the thick green liquid from his stomach.
107. Describe the journey through the land of Thirst and Death.
The area was known as the land of Thirst and Death because it was notorious for sand storms,
heat and dried wells. Christopher and his party had to face many difficulties in the form of
vultures and snakes. They had to drink the liquid from the dead camel’s stomach to save
themselves from death out of thirst.
108. Describe the stay at in Abbangarit. How did Christopher manage to get
water there?
The caravan went its way and a boy led Christopher to the well at In Abbangrit. The well was
about 275 meters away and water was 46 meters below. Then an idea came into his mind. He
brought about 305 meters long thin wire of his recording machines. Made sevens trends of wire,
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made a line just reached comfortably to water level. He drew up pot full after pot full and
collected five gallons of water.
Lesson no 13
Sir Alexander Fleming

109. What are antiseptics and what is the antiseptic method?

Antiseptics are chemical such as carbolic acid. They are used to destroy germs.
110. What was the chief defect of antiseptic method?
The side effect of the antiseptic method was that it not only destroyed the germs but also the
white blood cells of body.
111. What part is played by the white cells in the blood of a human body?
The real function of the white blood cells of the body is to protect the body against diseases.
They are the natural armour of the body against disease.
112. Give an account of the early life of Fleming?
Fleming was born in 1881. He got his early education in the village school. At 12, he joined
Kilmarnock Academy. At the age of 14, he went to London where he studied at Regent Street
technical. Later on he joined St-Mary, a medical school. He worked in Wright’s Laboratory four
years.
113. Describe how Fleming discovered Penicillin?
He was growing colonies of germs on plates. The plates were kept covered, but to examine them
under a microscope he had to take the cover off. He took the cover off a plate. A mould spine
blew in through the window and dropped on the plate. At once the microbes round it began to
disappear.
114. In what respect is penicillin better than the chemical antiseptics?
Other chemicals destroy the white blood cells. Penicillin is a second antiseptic that is harmless to
the cells of the body. It strengthens and aids them in their fight against germs.
115. What do you know of the Oxford team?
Oxford team consisted of trained chemists and bacteriologists. It was headed by Professor
Howard Florey and Dr. E. B. Chain. They worked for the concentration of penicillin and
succeeded in their objective.
116. How did they make penicillin more effective?
They make penicillin more effective by preparing a concentration of penicillin and by adopting
new methods of manufacturing.
117. Write a note on penicillin as a wonder drug?
Fleming discovered lysozyme as a natural antiseptic. It destroyed germs and was not harmful for
the cells of body. It has also encouraged other scientist to discover new antibiotics like
streptomycin.
118. Was Fleming proud of his discovery?
He was modest and humble. He protested against that penicillin was a man-made invention. He
declared that “Nature makes penicillin. I just found it.”
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119. Why could not penicillin have been discovered in research Laboratories of
America?
The research laboratories of America were gleaming dustless, air conditioned, sterilized sanction.
There was no chance for spores of a common mould to come in.
120. Fleming’s achievement paved the way for other discoveries in the medical
field. What are they?
Fleming’s achievement also encouraged other scientists to discover new antibiotics. They
worked on it and discovered more anti-biotic like streptomycin.
Lesson no 14
Louis Pasteur
121. Describe about the early life of Pasteur.
Pasteur was a great benefactor of man. He was born in Jura district of France in 1822. He
completed his education in 1848 at the age of 26 and became deputy professor of Strasburg
Academy. His medical discoveries brought a great name for him.
122. What do you know about spontaneous generation?
Spontaneous generation means the production of living organisms from non-living matter
because of bacteria.
123. Give some instances of Pasteur’s patriotism.
In 1870, when France and Germany were plunged into war. He wrote to the University of Bonn
and returning his diploma he said today this piece of paper is hateful to me and I am angry to
find my name under the person who will be cursed by my country.
How did Pasteur prove that the spontaneous generation was not a fact?
He declared that if a substance be sufficiently heated to destroy all life and the entering air made
free of germs, then bacteria does not develop in it. Hence spontaneous generation was not
possible.
Describe the important and popularity of the silk worm industry in France. What help did
Pasteur render in curing the silk worm disease in the country.
Silk worm industry was a thieving hope industry in Southern France for a long time. Pasteur
suggested collecting the eggs laid by each worm separately and only keeping those obtained
from healthy parents.
124. How did Pasteur discover the treatment for the cattle disease, Anthrax?
In 1877, Pasteur began to investigate the cattle disease called Anthrax. This disease was known
to be due to a germ. He injected weak germs of this disease into a animal’s blood. He observed
that first the animal showed slight symptoms of the disease and then it became immune from an
attack of the more active and poisonous germs.
125. How did Pasteur discover the method of cultivating weakened germs?
Pasteur is covered this method by accident. H e was working of fowl cholera in 1879. He found
all his cultivations of the germs dead or dying. Now those birds had developed resistance against
the disease, though other which were not previously inculcated with weakened germs, died. This
he arrived at the method of cultivating germ. This was the method of preparing vaccine.
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126. Give an account of Pasteur’s treatment of Hydrophobia and how he cured

the first patient suffering from it?
Hydrophobia is a horrible disease cured by the bite of a mad dog. A boy named Joseph was the
first human being who was cured by Pasteur’s method in 1885. Pasteur was worried for the boy
but he was hardly ill at all and played about the laboratory very happily.
127. How did Pasteur showed the way to the other scientists. Give an account of
the discoveries?
Between 1880 and 1890 the germs of consumption, Diphtheria, Typhoid, Malta fever were
discovered by the scientist. In 1894-1895 the germs of plague were discovered. In short
following Pasteur many scientists worked hard and contributed much in saving the lives of
millions of people.
Lesson no 15
Mustafa kamal
128. What was the attitude of the Turkish Government towards the Allies after
world war 1?
After world war 1 Sultan Mehmat IV and his government adopted a slavish attitude towards the
Allies. The Sultan was weak and helpless so he became a puppet in the land of the officers of the
Allies. They supervised the police and the ports and were the practical rulers of Turkey.
129. Why was Mustafa Kamal sent to Anatolia?
When Riyazim karabiner began to obstruct the Allied forces, it caused anxiety among the Allies
and their friends in Istanbul. Some one was needed to go on behalf of the padishah and deal the
situation with an iron hand. Mustafa kamal was the most suitable person for this job. So he was
sent to Anatolia.
130. What was the reaction of the Turkish patriots to the intention of the Allies to
partition the Ottoman Empire?
Turkish patriotism remained no longer vague and undecided. It was flame burning in the hearts
of man. The only one way was to be pursued, and that was the struggle for the independence of
their mother land.
131. Write a note on Mustafa Kamal’s activities in Anatolia?
After his arrival in Anatolia he met Ali faInt, the commander of a small army crops centered on
Ankara. In this meeting they chalked out a plan of resistance. It was decided that first of all
guerilla bonds must hold up the Greeks meanwhile a National army of patriots must be built up.
132. Why did Mehmet order Mustafa Kamal to return to Constantinople?
He thought that Mustafa Kamal was putting his interest to danger. He considered that co-
operation with the powerful conquerors was in the interest of Turkey.
133. What was Mustafa Kamal’s reply?
His reply was that I shall stay in Anatolia until the nation has won its independence.
134. How did mehmet try to regain Anatolia for him self?
When Mehmet saw that Mustafa Kamal did not carry out his command, he tried to regain
Anatolia by diplomacy and cunningness.
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135. Why did his plan fail?

When the National Assembly’s meeting was going on Mustafa kamal got the opportunity and
started a mass contact campaign. He created such a situation that the Allies had to withdraw their
from the interior and dissolve the National Assembly.
136. What were the terms offered to Turkey by the Allies?
It was a plan to dismember Ottoman Empire. According to these terms all the Arab provinces
were to become mandated territories. Eastern Anatolia was to be added to the state of America.
These terms were not accepted by the self respecting patriots.
137. Give an account of the Greek attack and its defeat?
The battle took place in the hilly area, above the Sakarya river. The Turks fought so evidently
under the command of Mustafa Kamal that the Greeks were unable to face them.
138. Give an account of the departure of Mehmet from Istanbul?
th
On the 17 of November 1922 a British ambulance arrived at the door of palace. A British officer
took the old man’s umbrella as he got into the car. The door was closed and the ambulance drove
away. The last sultan of Turkey had left his country and it was the end of an era.
139. Sum up I a few sentences the work of Mustafa Kamal as a great nation
builder?
He educated the people on a large scale, and raised the status of woman. He introduced many
reforms in economic and industrial fields.
140. Describe the reforms introduced by Mustafa kamal with reference to.
1. Positing of woman: he wanted that woman should be educated in every sphere of life. He
wanted the woman work side by side men.
2. Removal of illiteracy: Mustafa kamal wanted to remove the illiteracy at all cost. At many
places he taught the mob of people on a black board like school teacher. He set up a
committee to purify the language.
3. Changes in dress: Mustafa Kamal abolished the head dress the fez. The fez was Greek in
origin, and he disliked its use.
4. Adoption of the Roman Script: Mustafa kamal decided to replace it with Roman Script.
His decision proved useful and the whole nation achieved great mental development in a
very short time.
5. Industrial and economic development: Mustafa kamal inaugurated great development and
construction schemes both for railways and motor roads. Industry was given great
expansion. In 1919 there was only 150 factories in Turkey, but in 1933 their number had
gone up to 2000.
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Name of Student