Mathematical Logic A Course with Exercises Part I: Recursion theory, Godel’s Theorems, Set theory, Model theory René Cori and Daniel Lascar Equipe de Logique Mathématique Université Paris VIL ‘Translated by Donald H. Pelletier York University, Toronto OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSOXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Steet, Oxford OX2.6DP Oxford University Press is a department ofthe University of Oxford furthers the University’s objective of excellence in esearch, scholarship, ‘and education by publishing worldwide in (Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogota Buenos Aires Calcutta ‘Cape Town Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul ‘Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris SioPsulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto, Warsaw ‘with associated companies in Berlin Thadan ‘Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press, Inc, New York ‘This English Edition © Oxford University Press 2001 ©R. Cori & D. Lasear “The moral sights ofthe author have been asserted ‘Database right (English edition) Oxford University Press (maker) First published in English 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, ‘without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, ‘or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate repengraphies rights organization, Enguiries concerning reproduction ‘ouside the seope of the above should be sent tothe Rights Department, ‘Oxford University Pres, atthe address above ‘You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover ‘and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer A catalogue record for ths book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Data available) ISBN 19 850051 3 (HbK) ISBN 19 850050 (Pbk) ‘Typeset by Newgen Lmaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai Using the translator's LaTeX files Printed in Great Britain ‘on acid free paper by Biddles Lid, Guildford & King's LynnForeword to the Original French edition Jean-Louis Krivine In France, the discipline of logic has traditionally been ignored in university-level scientific studies. This follows, undoubtedly, from the recent history of mathe- matics in our country which was dominated, for a long while, by the Bourbaki school for whom logic was not, as we know, a strong point. Indeed, logic origi- nates from reflecting upon mathematical activity and the common gut-reaction of the mathematician is to ask: ‘What is all that good for? We are not philosophers and it is surely not by cracking our skulls over modus ponens or the excluded middle that we will resolve the great conjectures, or even the tiny ones...’ Not so fast! Anew ingredient, of some substance, has come to settle this somewhat byzantine debate over the importance of logic: the explosion of computing into all areas of economic and scientific life, whose shock wave finally reached the mathematicians themselves, And, little by little, one fact dawns on us: the theoretical basis for this nascent seience is nothing other than the subject of all this debate, mathematical logic. It is true that certain areas of logic were put to use more quickly than others. Boolean algebra, of course, for the notions and study of circuits; recursiveness, which is the study of functions that are computable by machine; Herbrand’s theo- rem, resolution and unification, which form the basis of ‘logic programming” (the language PROLOG); proof theory, and the diverse incarnations of the Complete- ness theorem, which have proven themselves to be powerful analytical tools for mature programming languages, But, at the rate at which things are going, we can imagine that even those areas that have remained completely ‘pure’, such as set theory, for example, will soon see their tur arrive, As it ought to be, the interaction is not one-way, far from it; a flow of ideas and new, deep intuitions, arising from computer science, has come to animate all these sectors of logic. This discipline is now one of the liveliest there is in mathematics and it is evolving very rapidly. So there is no doubt about the utility and timeliness of a work devoted to a general introduction to logic; this book meets its destiny, Derived from lectures for the Dipléme d’Etudes Approfondies (DEA) of Logic and the Foundations of Computing at the University of Paris VII, it covers a vast panorama: Boolean