Metal enrichment of the intra-cluster medium over a Hubble time for merging and relaxed galaxy clusters

Wolfgang Kapferer Sabine Schindler and Thomas Kronberger Institute for Astro- and Particle Physics, Innsbruck

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Motivation

Observed metallicity distribution

A85 A1060 Perseus cluster

Durret et al. 05

Hayakawa et al. 04

Sanders et al. 04

Observations show us a inhomogeneous metal distribution in the ICM Which process does enrich to which level the ICM? Is there a spatial dependence for enrichment processes like galactic winds or ram-pressure stripping? How does the metal mass content in the ICM evolve with time?
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How do we simulate these processes?

Cosmological N-body simulations

Special routines for mass loss by

Galactic Winds
and Ram-Pressure Stripping

Hydrodyanmics Grid-based PPM Scheme

Semi-numerical Galaxy Formation Model

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Special routines for mass loss by Galactic Winds

An empirical wind mass-loss routine:

Martin, C., 1999 Heckman et al. 2003

m SFR

The central region of the spiral galaxy NGC 4631. Blue Chandra X-ray; Red Hubble Optical. Credits: Wang D.

Comparison of simulations with observations result in an of 2.

e.g. Springel & Hernquist 2003
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Special routines for mass loss by Ram-Pressure Stripping

We use the Gunn & Gott (1972) criterion

stripping radius
Image taken from Kenney, J.D.P., van Gorkom, J.H., & Vollmer, B., 2004, AJ, 127, 3361

Pram is the ram-pressure, G is the gravitational constant, sstar is the stellar surface density, sgas is the surface density of the gas, ICM is the density of the ICM and vgal is the velocity of the galaxy relative to the ICM.

Material which is located outside this stripping radius is then lost by the galaxy.
We take the cosine of the inclination angle for mass loss into account
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Extract from the simulations X-ray weighted metal maps

where W is an arbitrary normalisation constant and A = Egj/k. X-ray weighted metal map Mock X-ray metal maps Mock spectra created with SPEX and then fitted with XSPEC

1.5 Mpc h-1

Ratio of both maps

Histogram ratio of two metal

of the the maps

Approximation only valid in the temperature regime T > 3x107 K

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Kapferer et al., A&A accepted

5 Mpc h-1 comoving

Left X-ray weighted metallicity Ram-Pressure Stripping Middle X-ray weighted metallicity (Galactic Winds + Ram-Pressure Stripping ) - Right X-ray weighted metallicity Galactic Winds 7/13

Results
Merging System

Kapferer et al. 2007

Metallicity profiles
Merging System

Relaxed System

we find that the central 300 - 500 kpc of the metallicity profile originates mainly from ram-pressure stripping, whereas at larger radii galactic winds dominate

Area has 2000 kpc diameter; metal maps @ z=0 shown

Relaxed System
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Results

Comparison with observations

Kapferer et al. 2007

Merging system

relaxed system

Data from Pratt et al. 2006 and De Grandi et al. 2004

Comparing the metallicity profiles of observed merging clusters with model clusters, we find good agreement in the spatial distribution of the metallicity. There is good agreement of metallicity profiles for relaxed clusters with model clusters at radii below 400 kpc. Above 400 kpc the slope is too steep, compared to observations. The overall distribution is slightly to high.
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Results

Kapferer et al. 2007

The mass loss due to galactic winds is half the mass loss caused by rampressure stripping in the case of a merging galaxy cluster. In the case of a relaxed, massive system the mass loss by ram-pressure stripping is three times higher than the mass loss by galactic winds, making rampressure stripping the dominating enrichment process in cool-core galaxy clusters.

Ratio mass loss by ram-pressure stripping/galactic winds over whole simulation time (i.e. 20<z<0)

Merging system Relaxed system

1.5 - 3 1 - 1.5

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Results

Kapferer et al. 2007

Metals are always ejected into the ICM in the redshift regime z<1.2, but ICM mass growth is present as well, leading to a nearly constant metallicity in the ICM.

Evolution of the cluster metallicity as a function of redshift. Model cluster A merging system; Model cluster B relaxed system
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Summary
X-ray weighted metal maps are comparable with Mock spectra of galaxy cluster simulations The central 300 - 500 kpc of the metallicity profile originate mainly from rampressure stripping, whereas at larger radii galactic winds dominate metallicity profiles of simulated model clusters are comparable with observed profiles in the case of merging systems, in relaxed systems we enrich the ICM too much ram-pressure stripping is up to a factor 3 more efficient than galactic winds (merging systems) a small weak metallicity evolution in the redshift intervall z=1 to z=0 does not lead to the conclusion, that the enrichment processes are weaker at lower redshifts
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Thank you
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