History of Control Hardware

Pneumatic Implementation:
In the early implementation of automatic control systems, information flow was accomplished by pneumatic transmission, and computation was done by mechanical devices using bellows, spring etc. Problems associated with pneumatic implementation: Transmission. Calculation

Analog implementation:
Electrons are used as the medium of transmission in his type of implementation mode. Computation devices are still the same as before. Problems associated with analog implementation: Transmission. Calculation

History (cont.)
Digital Implementation:
Transmission: Digital signals are far less sensitive to noise. Calculation: The computational devices are digital computers.

Advantages of Digital Implementation:

1.Accuracy and stability 2.Capable of more sophisticated calculations and algorithms. 3.Easily reconfigurable without any change in hardware. 4.Reduced wiring cost and control room sizes.

Computer Control Networks

Computer control is usually carried out in two modes: supervisory control direct digital control.

Computer Control Networks

Computer control is usually carried out in two modes: supervisory control direct digital control.

EVOLUTION OF DCS
1959: The first industrial control computer system was built at the Texaco
Port Arthur, Texas, refinery of the Ramo Wooldridge Company.

1960: Early minicomputers were used in the control of industrial

processes since the beginning of the 1960s. The IBM 1800 was an early computer that had input/output hardware to gather process signals in a plant for conversion from field contact levels (for digital points) and analog signals to the digital domain.

EVOLUTION OF DCS
Due to increased availability of microcomputers and development of microprocessors DCS largely came into the automation industry.

1970:Many companies like Taylor Instrument Company, Foxboro,Bailey

implemented DDC applications within microcomputers and connected to proprietary input/output hardware. Continuous as well as batch bcontrol was implemented.At At the same time invention of CRT-based display allow the operator to see into the process using text and crude character graphics.

1975:

Both Honeywell and Japanese electrical engineering firm Yokogawa introduced their own independently produced DCSs at roughly the same time, with the TDC 2000 and CENTUM systems, respectively. Digital communication between distributed controllers, workstations and other computing elements (peer to peer access) was one of the primary advantages of the DCS. Attention was duly focused on the networks.

EVOLUTION OF DCS
Development in Networking brings another revolution in DCS.

1980:The system installed at the University of Melbourne used a

serial communications network, connecting campus buildings back to a control room "front end". Each remote unit ran 2 Z80 microprocessors whilst the front end ran 11 in a Parallel Processing configuration with paged common memory to share tasks and could run up to 20,000 concurrent controls objects. The DCS brought distributed intelligence to the plant and established the presence of computers and microprocessors in process control, but it still did not provide the reach and openness necessary to unify plant resource requirements. To achieve openness and to share greater amounts of data,operating system of the day: UNIX. UNIX was adoptedand its companion networking technology TCP-IP were developed by the US Department of Defense for openness. As a result suppliers also began to adopt Ethernet-based networks with their own proprietary protocol layers.

EVOLUTION OF DCS
1987: . The first DCS supplier to adopt UNIX and Ethernet networking
technologies was Foxboro. Use of Ethernet made it possible to implement global data access technology.Plant-wide historians also emerged to capitalize on the extended reach of automation systems.

1990: Probably the biggest transition undertaken during this time was
the move from the UNIX operating system to the Windows environment.