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Biomechanics
The study of mechanics as it relates to the
functional and anatomy of human systems
Mechanics- study of physical action of
forces
Static- systems in constant state of motion
All forces acting upon body to produce
balance, equilibrium
Dynamics- systems under state of
acceleration and therefore are state of
unbalance

Biomechanical Foundations
Kinesiology
literally - the study of movement
traditionally - the study of the bones, joints,
and muscles and their involvement
in human movement
recently - an alternative term for
our professional domain.
Biomechanics
The study of movement, applied to biological
systems. An area of study in which knowledge of
anatomy and physics are applied to problems related
to sport and/or human movement.

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Newtons Laws of Movement

Law of Inertia- (resistance to action/change)
body in motion tends to remain in constant
motion in a straight path unless acted upon by
an associated force
Object at rest remains at rest unless acted
upon by a force placing it into movement
Greater the force, Greater the inertia
Ex. Take off upon sprinting

Newtons Laws of Movement

Law of Acceleration A change in acceleration of an object
preceeds in the direction of the applied force.
The change in acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the force placed upon
the object and indirectly proportional to the
mass of the object
Ex. Throwing a baseball as compared to a
shot

Newtons Law of Movement

Law of reaction For every action there is opposite and equal
reaction

Motion
Types of Motion Linear (translatory)- motion occurring along
a straight (rectilinear) or circular path
(curvilinear)
Angular (rotary)- rotation around a specific
or defined axis about the joint
Two motions are related
Ex. Tennis Backhand, Baseball swing

Motion
Displacement - change of the location or
positioning of an object from its reference
point
Angular - change in location of a rotating
body
Linear- distance object moves along a line
Distance - path of an objects associated
movement
Speed- distance object moves in specific time
period
Velocity - direction and rate of object
displacement

Axes of Rotation
,An axis is a line perpendicular to a plane
Longitudinal Axis
Perpendicular to transverse plane
Parallel to the spine/top to bottom
A figure skating spin involves rotation around this
axis
Antero-Posterior Axis
Perpendicular to lateral plane
Front to back
A cartwheel involves rotation around this axis
Lateral Axis
perpendicular to antero-posterior plane
Left to right

Major Articulations and the Movements Possible at Each

Shoulder
Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension,Abduction, Adduction,Horizontal
Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation

Elbow
Flexion, Extension

Forearm
Pronation, Supination

Wrist
Lateral Flexion, Lateral Extension, Elevation, Depression

Fingers
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction
Thumb
Flexion, Extension,Abduction, Adduction, Opposition

Major Articulations and the Movements Possible at Each

Shoulder Girdle
Elevation, Depression, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation
Neck (Cervical Spine)
Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, Lateral Extension, Rotation
Thoracic Spine
Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, Lateral Extension, Rotation
Hip
Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation
Knee
Flexion, Extension, Rotation (while flexed only)
Foot
Plantar Flexion, Dorsi-Flexion, Inversion, Eversion, Lateral Flexion

Key Terms from Physics and Their

Application to Sport and Movement
Force
Work
Power
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Angular Velocity

Angular Acceleration
Mass
Weight
Pressure
Friction
Momentum
Angular Momentum
Torque
Energy
Center of Gravity
Center of Buoyancy

Force
Any influence that tends to change
the motion of an object, such as a
change in direction or velocity.
A vector quantity, having both
magnitude and direction.

Work
Force applied through a distance.
If you lift a 200 pound object three
feet, you have done 200lbs X 3ft =
600 ft-lbs of work.

Power
The amount of work that can be
performed in a unit of time.
Power=Work/Time
or
Power=(Force X Distance)/Time

Speed
Distance moved per unit of time.
E.g. 55 miles per hour

Velocity
Distance moved in a specified
direction per unit of time.
A vector quantity, having both
magnitude and direction.
As a direction may itself be a vector
quantity with up to 3 elements, a
vector expressing a velocity may
have up to 4 elements.

Acceleration
Change in velocity per unit of time
Gravity on Earth produces an
acceleration on all free-falling objects
of 32 feet per second per second
(9.8meters per second per second)

Angular Velocity
Amount of rotation in a particular
direction per unit of time.
E.g. 300 revolutions per minute
or
480 degrees per second

Angular Acceleration
Change in the amount of rotation or
direction of rotation per unit of time.
E.g. 1 Revolution per second per
second
30 Degrees per second per second

Mass
The amount of matter in an object.
Not the same as weight although
measured in the same units.

Weight
The effect of gravitational attraction
on an object.
The weight of an object on the Earth is
the same as its mass. However, if the
object is taken to the moon, its weight
will be less whereas its mass remains
the same.

Pressure
Force applied over an area.
The pressure exerted by the Earths
atmosphere is approximately 15
pounds per square inch.

Partial Pressure
The force applied over an area by one gas
among a mixture of gases.
E.g. The pressure of the atmosphere is about
15 pounds per square inch.
Oxygen is about 21 percent of the gas in the
atmosphere. Therefore, the partial pressure of
oxygen in the atmosphere is about 21 percent
of 15 pounds, which is about 3 pounds per
square inch.

Friction
The force that exists between two
moving surfaces.

Momentum
Mass X Velocity
A 200lb football player moving
(downfield) at 5mph has a momentum
in that direction of
200 lb X 5mph = 1000 lb-mph

Angular Momentum
Amount of rotation (in a specific
direction X mass per unit of time.
E.g. 3 revolutions X 110 lbs per
second

Torque
Turning force.

Energy
The capacity to do work
Kinetic energy is the capacity to do work
resulting from motion.
E.g.A moving sledge hammer can do more work that a
stationary one.

Potential energy is the capacity to do work

resulting from position.
E.g. A bowling ball on top of a skyscraper has more
potential to do work (or damage) than one on the ground.

Center of Gravity
The center of the mass of an object.
The location around which the mass
of an object is balanced.
Not necessarily within the mass of the
object.







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Center of Buoyancy
The center of mass of the fluid
displaced by an object when it is fully
immersed in a fluid.
The center of buoyancy will be
different from the center of gravity in
an object on non-uniform mass, such as
the body of a human.

Key Physical Principles and Their

Application to Sport and Movement
Law of Acceleration of Gravity on Earth
Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy
Newtons First Law of Motion
Newtons Second Law of Motion
Newtons Third Law of Motion
Law of Levers
Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy
Law of Conservation of Momentum
Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
Boyles Law

Law of Acceleration of Gravity on Earth

Acceleration = 32 ft/Sec/Sec = 9.8 meters/Sec/Sec

Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy

An object immersed in a fluid displaces its volume of fluid.
An object immersed in a fluid will sink until, and unless
the weight of the displaced fluid equals the weight of the
object.

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Anatomical Levers
http://www.citilink.com/~thorp/levers.html

First class- single arm triceps extension

Balanced movements (seesaw)
Applied force occurs always at area of
insertion

Second Class Force movements (wheelbarrow)

Few anatomical actions
Ex. Pushups, Calf Raises

Anatomical Levers
Third Class Designed for speed, and range of motion
Most levers in human body
Ex. Bicep curls
Bicep brachialis-true 3rd class lever


______________________




extension-


sagittal plane-
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frontal/coronal plane-

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horizontal/transverse plane-
cranial-caudal


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longitudinal axis-
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Muscles Assorted Roles

Agonist- the muscle primarily involved in
movement also referred to as prime mover
Antagonist- muscle opposite of prime mover.
Acts in relaxation
Stabilizers- muscles whose contraction helps to
stabilize a joint during movement
Synergists- muscles which assist in refined and
properly coordinated movement of the agonist
Neutralizers- muscles which act to resist action
by muscles other than prime mover



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3. Receptor:
4. Dendrite or Soma:
5. Axon Terminal:
6. Synaptic Cleft:
:7. Dendritic Stalk


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Ventral + lateral corticospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
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Olivospinal
Rubrospinal

McARDLE 1996

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Muscle Nuerophysiology
All or None Principle Muscle fiber level
Independent of muscle fiber number

Muscle length-tension
Inverted U theory
Greatest contractions 100-130% of resting
muscle length
50-60% resting length-muscle inability to
contract

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Muscle Neurophysiology
Reciprocal inhibition- activation of
agonist motor fibers causes an inhibition of
antagonistic motor fibers (PNF)


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The Golgi Tendon Organ

The Golgi tendon organ is a receptor found within the tendons of muscle.
It detects tension >100 grams in the tendon. It is innervated with a 1b
. afferent fiber
1.Golgi tendon organs detects tension in the tendon.
.Golgi
tendon organs detects tension in the tendon
2.Afferent neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord.
3.Afferent neurons synapse with inhibitory (inter) association neurons (secretes GABA) which in turn synapse
with alpha motor neurons.
4.Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation, relieving the tension in the muscle.

. Afferent neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord

Afferent neurons synapse with inhibitory (inter) association neurons

. (secretes GABA) which in turn synapse with alpha motor neurons
Inhibition of the alpha motor neurons causes muscle relaxation, relieving
. the tension in the muscle

Proprioception
The total neural input to the
central nervous system
from mechanoreceptors
in muscles, tendons, ligaments,
joint capsules and skin
Wilkerson 1994
Kirkesola 99

Kinesthesia
The conscious perception of joint
position and movement resulting
from proprioceptive input to the
system
Garn 1988

Kirkesola 99

Sensorimotor function
Kinesthesia

Proprioception

Muscle
corrections
Kirkesola 99

Balance
Vestibular app.
Vision
Proprioception

Sensory
image

Fee
dba
ck

Memory
image

Computing
process

Modified from
Tjell 1997
Kirkesola 99

FROM AXIAL SKELETON TO SHOULDER GIRDLE (SCAPULA

) AND CLAVICLE

Serratus anterior
Upper trapezius
Middle trapezius
Lower trapezius
Rhomboideus major and minor
Pectoralis minor
Levator scapulae

FROM SCAPULA AND CLAVICLE TO HUMERUS

Deltoid
" Rotator cuff"
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

FROM AXIAL SKELETON TO

HUMERUS

Teres major
Coracobrachialis
) Biceps brachii (long head
)Triceps brachii (long head

Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi

 JUMPING
Bend knees and ankles before takeoff
Swing arms forward and upward on takeoff
Land lightly on balls of the feet with knees bent

HOPPING

Stay on the balls of the feet

Use arms for balance
Swing arms upward on takeoff for more height
Land lightly on ball of the foot with bent knee

SLIDING
(be sure to practice with both right and left leading)
Lead foot steps to the side, other foot follows quickly
Stay on balls of the feet
Dont bounce

Cocking Phase
-starting stance
-shoulder joint is abducted
90 degrees, horizontally
extended, and externally
rotated.
-the elbow is flexed to 90
degrees.
-the trunk is rotated in the
same direction as the
throwing arm.
-the left hip is flexed,
externally rotated, and
horizontally flexed
flexion of the knee

Muscles of the Cocking Phase

The cocking phase serves to stretch the inward
shoulder rotators of the lattisimus dorsi, anterior
deltoid, subscapularis, and the teres major, the
horizontal shoulder flexors of the pectoralis major
and the anterior deltoid.
The right external oblique, the left internal
abdominal oblique along with the erector spinae,
and the rhomboids and trapezius, also turns and
stretches during this phase.

Acceleration Phase
-the hips outwardly
rotate and the leg
extends.
-then the uncoiling of
the torso transfers and
accelerates up through
the vetebral column
and shoulders.

Muscles of the Acceleration

Phase
The torso uncoils which is transferred up
and through the vertebral column and
shoulder.
The pectoralis major contracts along with
the subscapularis, teres major and the
lattissimus dorsi

Follow-through / Deceleration
Phase
-the wheel-axlelike
medial rotation of the
pelvis about the hip
axis initiates the
forward action.
-horizontal shoulder
flexion.
-elbow extension,
wrist flexion, and
spinal rotation.

Muscles of the Deceleration

Phase
Posterior deltoid, rhomboids, and trapezius
decelerate the arm just before the release,
thus increasing the time period to allow for
an accurate throw.
The bicep, and brachialis muscles of the
forearm are enlisted to provide centripetal
forces to counteract the centrifugal forces at
the shoulder and the elbow

Techniques:
Proper/Improper
Proper Techniques
Warm-up to throw;
dont throw to warmup(ASMI)
10-20 minute warm-up
Start throwing short
distances and
gradually get further

Proper Techniques (cont.)

Plant the back foot, on the side of your throwing arm, and
step with the front foot toward the receiver
As you step, turn the shoulder of your gloved hand also
toward the receiver
Reach down and back for power, keeping your hand on top
of the ball palm down
Keep your eyes on the target as you come over the top with
the ball. Sidearm throws are sometimes used but
maximum velocity and accuracy are achieved with an
overhand throwing motion.
The entire throwing motion should be smooth, not herkyjerky.

Internal

External
Forces

"We can see the

transfer of momentum
from the standing foot
to the landing foot to
the upper trunk and
eventually to the
pitching arm,"
Edmund Y.S. Chao,
Ph.D.

The pitchers mound

acts as the ground
reaction force
Vertical Force is that
force which is
reflective of the
pitchers body weight