SONAR

Submitted to :Mr. Lekhraj Sharma Assistant Professor (E.C. Dept.)IITM

Submitted by :Parag Nikhra E.C. IIIrd Year (0915EC091059)

What is SONAR?
Stands for SOUND NAVIGATION AND
RANGING Uses acoustical waves to sense the location of objects in the ocean Uses transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect and locate submerged objects or measure distances underwater

Theroy : The simplest sonar devices send out a sound

pulse from a transducer and then precisely measure the time it takes for the sound pulses to be reflected back to the transducer The distance to an object can be calculated using this time difference and the speed of sound in the water (approximately 1,500 meters per second)

Relation B/W water depth & system coverage : The range of the system coverage is a
function of water depth covering from approximately two to seven times the water depth .

Theory :- Equation 1 d = s x (t/2)

Time it takes half of the time to go down and half to return

Speed approximately 1500 m/s through seawater Distance

Equation 2 SL - TL = NL - DI + DT
where SL is the source level, TL is the transmission loss, NL is the noise level, DI is the directivity index of the array and DT is the detection threshold.

How SONAR works

Sends a burst of high frequency sound
waves

 Listens for an echo

Horizontal Propagation :-

Vertical Propagation :-

Types of SONAR : Side-scan SONAR Multi-Beam SONAR

Side-Scan SONAR : One of the most accurate systems for

imaging large areas of the ocean floor is called side scan sonar. Side scan sonar transmits a specially shaped acoustic beam 90 degrees from the support craft's path, and out to each side.

Multi-Beam SONAR : excellent for mapping large areas of the

seafloor rapidly with approximately 100% bottom coverage Multibeam sonar also provide color images with blue and green portraying deeper areas and yellow and red portraying shallower areas.

Frequency :192 kHz (M-B SONAR) 50 kHz (S-S SONAR)

Shallower depths Deeper depths Narrow cone angle Wide cone angle Better definition and Less definition and
target separation Less noise susceptibility target separation More noise susceptibility

Total system performance

There are four facts to a good sonar unit:
a) b) c) d)
High power transmitter Efficient transducer Sensitive receiver High resolution/contrast display

Application : Overall survey to locate pipeline or cable

routes, seamounts, obstruction and other features. Target search operations where small but discrete objects are lost and require pinpointing. Mapping where large sections of seabed need to be imaged accurately. Specifically, mine hunting, downed aircraft search and lost cargo search operations all require the use of side scan.

Uses
Submarine and mine detection Depth detection Commercial fishing Diving safety Communication at sea

Thank you

ANY QUERRY