LARUTAN DAN KOLOID

Macam-Macam Campuran
Larutan Dispersi Koloid Suspensi Perbandingan larutan dispersi Koloid & Suspensi LARUTAN DISPERSI KOLOID

SUSPENSI

Semua bentuk partikel dari atom, ion atau molekul (0,1 1 nm)

Parikel paling sedikit satu komponen atom, ion atau molekul kecil (1 1000 nm)

Partikel paling sedikit satu komponen yang dapat dilihat di bawah mikroskop
Tidak stabil Tidak Homogen Tidak tembus Tidak transparan Partikel terpisah

Stabil terhadap gravitasi Homogen Tembus Cahaya Tidak ada efek Tyndall Tidak ada gerak Brown Tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan penyaringan

Kurang Stabil Perbatasan homogen Buram Efek Tyndall Gerak Brown

Tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan Dapat dipisahkan penyaringan dengan penyaringan

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 SUSPENSI Dapat dipisahkan dengan penyaringan atau dengan sentrifugasi

DISPERSI KOLOID
JENIS Buas FASA TERDISPERSI Gas MEDIA PENDISPERSI Cair CONTOH Busa sabun

Busa Padat
Aerosol Cair Emulsi Emulsi Padat Asap Sol Sol Padat

Gas
Cair Cair Cair Padat Padat padat

Padat
Gas Cair Padat Gas Cair padat

Batu apung
Kabut, halimun, awan Krim, susu, saos Mentega, keju Debu, partikulat dalam asap Pati dalam air, jeli, cat Aloy, mutiara
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Muatan Elektron partikel Koloid

Colloidal particle with organic ionic groups

Colloidal particle with adsorbed chloride ions

FIGURE Colloidal particles often be an electrical charges that stabilize the dispersion. On the left is a particle whose extremely large molecules carry negatively charged groups. On the right the colloidal particles has attracted chloride ions to itself. In either case, these colloidal particles repel each other and cannot join together.

Efek Tyndall
The Tyndall effect, A pencil line thin red laser beam passes through the liquid in three Rest tubes. The first contain a colloidal dispersion of starch, the second a solution of sodium chrornate, and the third a colloidal dispersion of Fe2O3, All three appear transparent, and in the ab sence of the ryndall effect we might think they are all solutions, However, the Tyndilll effect reveals that the fist and third are coilds, Not true solutions

LARUTAN

CAMPURAN HOMOGEN

Larutan Gas Gas dalam gas Cair dalam gas Padat dalam gas Larutan Cairan Gas dalam cair Cair dalam cair Padat dalam cair Larutan Padat Coca-cola Cuka, Gasolin Gula dalam cair Udara Sistem koloid Sistem koloid

Gas dalampadat Cair dalam padat Padat dalam padat

Aloy hidrogen dim paladium Benzen dalam karet Karbon dalam besi
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Mengapa Terbentuk Larutan

Larutan Dalam Cairan

Ion ion force of attraction asin sodium chploride + + -

Polar molecule

Dipole-dipole force of attraction as in sugar of water

 Larutan cair Dalam Cair

Figure Ethyl alcohol molecules, C2H5 O H, experience hydrogen bonding ( ) between themselves in pure alcohol. Hydrogen bonds also occur in pure water. When these two liquids for a solution, hydrogen bonds can easily form between molecules of water and those of alcohol thus, attractive forces between molecules in the pure liquids are replaced by similar forces in the solution, and the solution easily forms

 Larutan padat dalam cair Portion of surface and edge of NaCl cristal in contact with water
FIGURE Hydration of ions Hydration involves a complex redirection of force of attraction and repulsion. Before this solution forms, water molecules are attracted only to each other; and Na+ and CIions have only each other in crystal to be attracted to. In the solution, the ions have water molecules to takes the places of their oppositely charged counterparts; and water molecules find ion more attactive than even other water molecules.
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Panas Larutan

Terjadi pertukaran energi sistem dan sekelilingnya apabila 1 mol zat terlarut dilarutkan dalam bentuk ( pada tekanan konstan) untuk membuat larutan encer.
H : Fungsi keadaan yang tidak bergantung pada jalannya perubahan
FIGURE Enthalpy diagram for a solid dissolving in liquid. In the real word, the solution is formed directly as indicated by the red arrow. We can analyze the energy change by imagining the two separate steps, because entrhalpy changes are fuctions of state and are independent of path. The energy change along the direct path is the algebraic sum of step 1 and step 2.
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FIGURE The Formation of aqueous potassium iodide Step 1 : Kl(s) Step 2 : K+(g) + l-(g) Net : Kl(s) K+(g) + l-(g) K+(g) + l-(g) K+(g) + l-(g)

H = +632 kJ H = -619 kJ

Hlarutan = +13 kJ

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 Larutan cairan dalam cairan

Larutan gas dalam cairan

Energi solvasi eksoterm

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Pengaruh Suhu pada Kelarutan Kelarutan : Massa zat terlarut yang membentuk larutan jenuh dengan massa pelarut pada suhu tertentu

Satuan

: gram zat terlarut / 100 gram pelarut Solut (tidak larut) Solut (larut)

Kelarutan naik jika mengabsorpsi panas Solut (tidak larut) + Panas Solut (larut)

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FIGURE Solubilty in water versus temperature for several substances

Gas larut secara eksoterm dalam cairan pada semua konsentrasi Gas (tidak larut) Gas (larut) + Panas
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Pengaruh Tekanan Pada Kelarutan dalam Gas

Kelarutan gas dalam cairan naik dengan niaknya tekanan Gas + pelarut Larutan FIGURE Solubility in water versus pressure for two gases

FIGURE How pressure inueases the solubility of a gas in a liquid. (a) At some specific pressure, equilibrium exists between the vapor phase and the solution. (b) An Increase in pressure puts stress on the equilibrium. (c) More gas dissolves and equilibrium is restored

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Hukum Henry : Konsentrasi gas dalam cairan pada suhu yang diberikan secara langsung sebanding dengan tekanan gas pada larutan. Cg = Kg . Pg
Kelarutan gas yang terhidrasi kuat SO2, NH3 & CO2 lebih mudah larut dibanding S2 & N2 NH3 Ikatan H, SO2 & CO2 bereaksi dengan air kesetimbangan CO2(aq) + H2O H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) SO2(aq) + H2O H+(aq) + HSO3-(aq) NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

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Konsentrasi * Fraksi mol dan % mol Mol fraksi : Perbandingan jumlah mol suatu komponen terhadap jumlah mol total komponen yang ada. nA XA = nA + nB nC + dst PA . V Hukum gas ideal : nA = R. T
mol zat terlarut * Konst. Molal m kg pelarut

PA XA Ptot

* % konst. % berat (% b/b) : jumlah gram zat terlarut / 100 g larutan % volume (% v/v) : jumlah mL zat terlarut / 100 mL larutan
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Perubahan di antara satuan dan konsentrasi Merubah dari % berat ke molal Merubah dari % berat ke fraksi mol Menghitung % berat dari fraksi mol Merubah molal ke fraksi mol Merubah % berat ke molar Merubah dari molar ke % berat

Sifat Koligatof Larutan Penurunan Tekanan Uap

Tek uap campuran turun dengan adanya komponen lain Tek uap larutan (zat terlarut : non volatil) < tek uap pel murni Hukum Raoult Plarutan = Xpelarut . Popelarut
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CALCULATING THE MOLE FRACTION OF A GAS FROM PARTIAL PRESSURE

Problem : What are the mole percents of nitrogen and oxygen in air when the partial pressure are 160 torr for oxygen and 600 torr for nitrogen ? (Asumme no other gases are present)

Solution : Let us use Equation to find the mole fraction of N2 fist.

X N2

PN2 Ptotal

600 torr Ptotal

But the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures, so

X N2

600 torr 600 torr 160 torr

= 0,789, or 78.9 mole percent of N2
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Now we do the same for oxygen

160 torr X O2 600 torr 160 torr 0.211, or 21.1 mole percents add up to O 2
You can easlly see that the two mole percents add up to 100%

CALCULATING MOLAL CONCENTRATION

Problem : An experiment calls for an aqueous 0,150 m solution of sodium chloride. To prepare a solution with this concentration, how many grams of NaCl would have to be dissolved in 500 g of water ? Solution : As with almost all problems involving concentrations; our first step is to prepare a conversion factor. Thus, 0,150 m NaCl gives us the following, two rations, where we substitute 1000 g for 1 kg.

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0,150 mol NaCl 1000 g H2O

and

1000 g H2O 0,150 mol NaCl

To calculate the moles of NaCl we need for 500 g of H2O, we use the first ratio, because then the units will cancel property
0,150 mol NaCl 500g H2O x 0,0750 mol NaCl 1000 g H2O

This gives us the moles of NaCl needed. We next convert 0.0750 mol of NaCl to grams of NaCl. (The formula weight of NaCl is 58,5 which means, of course, 58.5 g NaCl/mol NaCl)

58,5 g NaCl 0,0750 mol NaCl x 4,39 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl

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Thus, when 4,39 g of NaCl is dissolved in 500 g of H2O, the concentration is ), 150 m NaCl. With a little practice, you will be able to set up a string of conversion factors and do the calculation at the end. For example,
0,150 mol NaCl 58,5 g NaCl 500 g H2O x 4,39 g NaCl 1000 g H2O 1 mol NaCl

USING WEIGHT/WEIGHT PERCENT

Problem : How many grams of a 4.00% (w/w) solution of NaCl needed to obtain 0.500 g of NaCl ?
Solution : The given concentration gives us the following conversion factors
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4.00 g NaCl 100 g solution

and

100 g solution 4.00 g NaCl

We want 0.500 g of NaCl from this solution, so we use the second conversion factor

100 g solution 0.500 g NaCl x 12.5 g of 4.00% (w/w) solution 4.00 g NaCl
Thus, if we take 12.5 g to the 4.00% (w/w) NaCl solution, we will also be taking 0.500 g of

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FIGURE The vapor pressure of an ideal, two-component solution of volatile compounds

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 Larutan ideal dan penyimpangan hukum Raoult

FIGURE Typical deviations from ideal behavior, of the total vapor pressure of real, two-componen solutions of volatile substances.

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KenaikanTitik Didih
th = kb . m

FIGURE Boiling point elevation: Shown here are plots of vapor pressures versus temperatures for a solvent (upper curve) and for a solution of a non volatile solute in the same solvent (lower curve).
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Tabel. molal boiling point elevation and freezing point depression constants
Solvent Water Bp (oC) 100 Kb 0.15 Mp (oC) 0 Kf 1.86

Acetic acid
Benzen Chloroform Camphor

118.3
802 61.2 -

3.07
2.53 3.63 -

16.6
5.45 178.4

3.57
5.07 37.7

Cyclohexane

80.7

2.69

6.5

20.0

Menghitung kenaikan titik didih dari molar harga konstanta kenaikan titik dan molal Menghitung BM dari kenaikan titik didih

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Penurunan Titik Beku

th = kb . m
Menghitung penurunan titik beku dari molar harga konstanta penurunan titik dan molal Menghitung BM dari kenaikan titik beku

Dialisis dan Osmosis

Dialisis : Jika 2 larutan dengan konstrasi berbeda dipisahkan oleh suatu membran, konst akan berubah hingga setimbang. Membran bersifat semipermiabel (hanya ion dan molekul kecil yang dapat lewat)
Osmosis : Jika hanya molekul pelarut yang dapat lewat pada membran Tekanan Osmosis : Tekanan untuk menjaga aliran osmosis

= MRT

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Sifat sifat Koligatif pada Larutan Elektrolit

Memperkirakan sifat koligatif pada larutan elektolit Ineraksi ion-ion dalam larutan cairan

t f pengukuran faktor Van' t Hoff : i t f penghitungannonelektrolit

% ionisasi elektrolit elektrolit lemah

t mol asam terionisas i m %ionisasi Kf mol asam yang ada

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