Orthographic Projection

Ortho (Greek word meaning perpendicular) graphic Projection

Orthographic projection is a drawing method that allows 3D object to be projected onto an imaginary planes. shows the views of 3-D objects projected in 2-D. The most versatile method of sketching. In the orthographic projection, the observer moves straight back from the object to an infinite distance. Thus, projecting line from the eyes becomes parallel to each other. Orthographic projection of object can be formed by extending perpendicular projections from the object to the plane. Orthographic projection is mainly used in architectural as well as manufacturing.

Example of orthographic projection

FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

Methods of Orthographic projections

First angle projection Third angle projection

Frontal Plane (Vertical Plane)

First angle projection

Observer is assumed to be in front of the image plane. View is Formed by projecting rays (perpendicular direction) from the object into the image plane.

FP

PP

A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION. THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING FP.

HP

Horizontal Plane (Top Plane)

Y X

FP FV LSV

PP

Y
TV HP

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF FP.

PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900 AND BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF FP.

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS DRAWN IN FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS

THIRD ANGLE PROJECTION

IN THIS METHOD, THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT ( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF FP. )

FOR T.V.

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT AND INBETWEEN OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV

X
LSV

Y
FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS OF THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS

How to choose the front view

Rules for choosing front view

It should have the best shape or the most contours. It should show the most natural position. Provides the longest dimension. Contains the least hidden lines.

Defining the Six Principal Views or Orthographic Views

Rules of selecting views

Only views that clearly describes the object are used. Views that shows the least hidden line should be selected. The object should be shown in its proper functioning position when possible. The view that describes the object in the best manner should be selected as the front view.

Why do we usually present three views

Its not possible to give complete description of object by only two views(except of cylindrical bodies). Giving more than three views is not wise decision. As the forth view most of the time is just the repetition of the information given in rest of three views. Thus, unnecessarily adds the wastage of time.

L
I
3 1 o 2

K J D G E H F C

i, l

j, k

g, h

e, f

a, d 1 l, d 2 k, h

b, c f, c

i, a

j, g

e, b

Glass Box Approach

Place the object in a glass box
Freeze the view from each direction (each of the six sides of the box) and unfold the box

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Glass Box Approach

Lines on an engineering drawing signify more than just the geometry of the object and it is important that the appropriate line type is used.

Line Thickness
For most engineering drawings you will require two thickness', a thick and thin line. The general recommendation are that thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.

A thick continuous line is used for visible edges and outlines.

A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines, short centre lines, dimensions and projections.

Line Styles
Other line styles used to clarify important features on drawings are: Thin chain lines are a common feature on engineering drawings used to indicate centre lines. Centre lines are used to identify the centre of a circle, cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry. Dashed lines are used to show important hidden detail for example wall thickness and holes..

For Example:

1. Visible 2. Hidden 3. Center

Practice of orthographic projection through free hand