SOIL AND ROCK FOR GEOSCIENTIST AND ENGINEERS.

SOIL
Soil

Geologist
Unconsolidated mass of newly formed mineral, relict mineral, organic matter, organism, and water that form in place.

Soil scientist.
that support living thing.

ROCK
Geologist. Rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals.

Igneous rocks. Formed when molten magma cools.

Sedimentary rocks. Formed when other material deposit and follow by compaction and cementation. Metamorphic rocks. Formed when igneous and sedimentary go through different temperature and pressure.

SOIL
Any material (rock, air and water) or mineral that has low strength
Particle size. Coarse grain (sand and gravel ). fine grain ( silt and clay ). highly organic soil. Cohesive. Sticky when wet or dry. Reclaim area.

Non cohesive.
Sticky only when wetted.

D e s c r i p t i o n

Volume and weight relation.

Specific gravity (density material/ density of pure water) Porosity ( n= = (Vv/Vt)x100 ) Void ratio (e = Vv/Vs ) Water content (W=(Ww/Ws)x100 ) Degree of saturation (saturated and unsaturated )

Soil consistency.
Deformation behavior control by amount of water.

Deformation of soil
Atterberg limit.
Change of water content due to stress applied. Parameter - liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), shrinkage limit (SL). Plasticity index, (LL-PL), indicate how much water can absorb by soil particle. High PI, tend be clay while low tend be silts.

Properties of soil.
Will determined the suitability of soil and the usage.

Compressibility. Volume change when under load. Shear strength. Resistance of soil to slide.

Consolidation (static load).

total consolidation (max vertical displacement ) and natural consolidation. Compaction ( change mechanically).

Measurement direct shear and trixial tasting.

ROCK
Index test.
Point load test. Schmidt rebound hammer. Durability test.

Deformation.
static elastic moduli (young modules and poissons ratio).

Intact rock
Clean rock.

Dynamic elastic moduli (young and shear modulus, poissons ratio).

Chemical weathering.
Hydrolysis. Oxidation. Acidification.

Strength.
stress applied fail (strongest rock). Test Stress strength and tensile strength.

Rock mass. Has discontinuity.

Discontinuity.
Characteristic: Orientation spacing Continuity Surface Separation filling of joint. Shear strength (insitu &lab test).

Deformation.
Strength of deformation is important. Modulus : Sum of deformation that occur with closure of joint under compression. Occur with continues stress after closure. Insitu test.

Weathering.

Influence by: Rock mass quality (RMQ)

Easy than deformation
Intact rock strength. Orientation. Frequency of discontinuity. Chemical weathering.

Method
Direct: RQD ( rock quality designation ) Provide quantitative estimate of rock mass quality from drill core logs.

Insitu stress measurement:

Overcoring method. Bonded strain gauge. Borehole deformation gauge. Photoelastic method.

RSR (rock structure rating). Describe quality of rock.

Indirect: Seismic velocity. Modulus elastic & dynamic elastic.

-The End-Thank You-