Location Based Services

Mobile Devices
Embedded Computing Seminar

for

Shay Horovitz

Technologies

Location Technologies
GPS - Global Positioning System AGPS - Assisted GPS Cell ID Cell ID + Timing Advance Signal Strength Based AOA - Angle Of Arrival TOA - Time Of Arrival TDOA - Time Difference of Arrival EOTD - Enhanced Observed Time Difference Keypad based (click the address yourself) Camera based (taking pictures of signs) Hybrid solutions RF Fingerprinting (on phones that will support WLAN)

GPS
4

History Mariners relied upon the sun for latitude, and clocks for longitude With the launch of Sputnik in 1957, radio-based global positioning became a (theoretical) possibility

TRANSIT

This was a very crude form of GPS using only one satellite (1960s)
Submarines used it Could only be used every 35-45 minutes Submarine had to be still

TIMATION (1960s) Another satellite (TIMATION I) was launched to enhance the TRANSIT system Major innovation was the inclusion of an atomic clock Submarines could now be in motion and use the system

NAVSTAR
In 1973, NAVSTAR began research & development 1978 the first 4 satellites were launched Operated by the Department of Defense
Primary mission is to provide exact coordinates for land, sea & air-based military forces Cost about $18,000,000,000 to develop so far
8

There are three components of GPS

1.) Space (e.g. satellites) 2.) Control (i.e. a ground station at a known geographic location) 3.) User

How it works

10

Satellites

The GPS receiver precisely measures the time it takes a signal to travel from a satellite to the receiver There are lots and lots of satellites Anyone want to 11 guess how many?

Details
6 orbital planes, included at 55 degrees to the equator, each with 4 satellites
21 active satellites, 3 backups

Orbit the earth at 12,541 miles and have an orbital period of 11 hrs. 56 min.

12

Satellite Triangulation

13

How many points do you need?

Using one satellite narrows the distance to a sphere around the satellite Using two satellites, youll find your location within a circle (previous slide) Using three satellites limits your location to only 2 points
Usually, it is possible to determine which point

Using four satellites confirms your location and gives you 2 readings for altitude
Usually you can determine which is correct
14

The importance of time

Both satellites and receivers generate Pseudo Random Noise (PRN)
A Link 1 (L1) carrier signal is generated at 1575.42 MHz and Link 2 (L2) carrier signal is generated at 1227.60 MHz
Carrier signals are modulated to produce coded signals, such as C/A code (at 1.023 MHz) and the P code (at 10.23 MHz)

The frequencies are frequency-modulated to produce step-functions The codes repeat every millisecond

The satellites come with cesium or rubidium clocks 15

Time lag

16

Selective Acquisition

The US military was concerned about the possibility of terrorists or other unfriendly people using GPS to precisely guide a missile (or other unfriendly device) The deliberately introduced errors in the time embedded in the signal This caused locations to be up to 100m off Turned off on 2 May 2000
17

Selective Acquisition

18

2010

GPS III system will launch Should be even more accurate than the 8m accuracy limit currently in place

19

Tech: AGPS GPS has a slow time to fix unless it is permanently tracking satellites To solve the inherent restrictions with GPS, Assisted GPS was proposed Assisted GPS is based upon providing GPS satellite information to the handset, via the cellular network

20

Tech: AGPS
Assisted GPS gives improvements in
Time to First Fix Battery Life Sensitivity Cost

Assistance Data
Satellite Position Time information Visible GPS List Sensitivity
21

Tech: Cell ID Cell ID: the cell that the mobile is connected to Operators know where their cell sites are Accuracy is dependent on cell density Can be implemented both network based or device based

22

Tech: Cell ID

23

Tech: Cell ID + Timing Advance (TA) TA is the time delay between the mobile and serving base station Resolution is 500 meters Serving cell identity and TA are available in networks

24

Tech: Signal Strength Based Measure signal strength from the control channels of several Base Stations If signal levels from 3 different BSs are known, its possible to calculate the location

25

Tech: Signal Strength Based

26

Tech: AOA - Angle Of Arrival Measure the angle of arrived signal between base station and mobile station

Location error increases as mobile is far from BSs

27

Tech: TOA - Time Of Arrival Measure the time of arrived signal between base station and mobile station Mobile station locates at the intersection point which will be made by more than 3 circles

28

Tech: TDOA Time Difference Of Arrival

Measure the time difference of arrived signal between base station and mobile station : Minimum three base stations Mobile station locates at the intersection point which will be made by more than 3 hyperbolas

29

Tech: TDOA Time Difference Of Arrival

30

Tech: EOTD Enhanced Observed Time Difference Added device, LMU (Location Measurement Unit), whose location is known LMU and mobile station measure the time difference of arrived signal from base station at the same time Mobile station locates at the intersection point which will be made by more than 3 hyperbolas
31

Tech: EOTD Enhanced Observed Time Difference

32

Tech: Keyboard Based You set your location! Example: Navigation Software:
1. Manually set origin 2. Manually set destination 3. Approve when each step is completed to get the next step instructions
33

Tech: Camera Based

Take a picture of road signs and send by MMS to a server 2D Barcodes

34

Tech: Lamposts Based Last Mile, a British company plans to offer Internet & LBS using street lampposts A flash memory will be installed inside the lampposts and store info about local pubs, shops. Cost: about 500 per lamppost
35

Tech: Hybrid Solutions Based Improve effectiveness Extends the coverage of a solution e.g. AGPS Common Hybrids
EOTD / AGPS Cell ID / AGPS

Benefits of both systems realized increasing the accuracy and availability of any single method
36

Tech: RF Fingerprint Based

Pinpointing wireless clients makes it easier to secure and manage wireless LANs WLANs typically have used closest access point (closest AP) or triangulation technologies to track location RF fingerprinting improves by taking into account the effects that a building or people will have on an RF signal - characteristics such as reflection, attenuation and multi-path
37

Tech: RF Fingerprint Based

38

Range Of Coverage
5m AGPS,GPS, GPS Hybrids 100 m EOTD

TDOA, AOA
Cell ID + TA Cell ID

300 m 500 m 1000+m

39

Major Technologies Table

Technology
Cell ID
Cell ID + TA TDOA AOA EOTD GPS/AGPS

Handset impact
none
none none none yes yes

Accuracy
Depends on the size of the cell 100m-3km
500m 100-200m 100-200m 20-200m 5-30m 40

Applications
Network Optimization In-Car & Personal Navigation and wayfinding Emergency (E911) Monitoring traffic flow using device location & optimization Automated Mapping Family Tracking/ Find-A-Friend Find the Nearest Store/place Tourist Information/Automated Guide Live public transport info Games Fleet Management Location-based Billing Demographic Statistics Target Marketing Other applications

41

LBS based games

42

Game: Glofun RayGun - Location: US - Target: Ghost-Hunting! - Use of GPS for location of player

43

Game: SS+K Conqwest

Location: 5 cities in the USA Team-based treasure hunt in the urban jungle 5 teams searching for treasure in the form of printed codes 2d barcodes that can be captured by phonecam 1 code=1$. First team to find $5000 worth codes wins and earns a $5000 scholarship for their school

44

Game: Blisterent Swordfish

GPS based game You play against a virtual school of Swordfish See wheres the nearest school of virtual fish

45

Game: Blisterent Torpedo Bay

A-GPS based game No GPS reception? Predictive positioning Use of real map 360 degrees view

46

Game: NewtGames Mogi

Location: Tokyo, Japan GPS based Pick up virtual items spread on the whole of Japan At a range of 400m, youre able to collect an item

47

Game: Mikoishi GunSlingers

Location: Singapore Cell-ID based Multiplayer shooting game

48

HP Labs City Tags

Location: Bristol, UK iPaq PocketPC with GPS, Wifi needed Social interaction: Tag people When got tagged, need to find a friend to free you

49

GeoCaching

Take something from the cache Leave something in the cache

Write about it in the logbook

50

Geocaching

51

Developer Toolkits Chips:

HammerHead TI Intel

APIs:
Sun J2ME Location API Qualcomm BREW LBS API
52

Chips Market

"The mobile GPS semiconductor market is expected to exceed 180 million units in 2008 " Will Strauss, president of Forward Concepts
[http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?section=ICNews&articleid=223846]

53

HammerHead: PMB 2520

Single chip solution A-GPS Implementation Size: 80 mm2 Low Power

54

TI Chip: NaviLink 4.0 GPS5300

Single chip solution Smallest A-GPS (50 mm2) Low Power, Power Management
Production: 2Q, 2006

55

TI Chip: NaviLink 4.0 GPS5300

56

Intels Plans Notebook chips will likely support location-based services by 2006, Intel says. PCWorld
[http://www.itworld.com/Comp/2085/041025pentiumm/]

57

SUN J2ME LBS

Location API for J2ME (JSR 179) A set of generic APIs for developing LBS Can support GPS/A-GPS/Cell-ID/any other method [by implementing a location provider]

58

SUN J2ME LBS sample

59

Chips in detail

60

Typical GPS Receivers Power Usage

Fab Proce ss
0.60 0.35 Volta ge (volts ) 5 3.3 2.7 ? 2.7 2.7 Average Power Usage (mW) Average 1,700 165 165 65

Name

CPU

SiRFstar I SiRFstar I/LX SiRFstar IIe SiRFstar IIe/lp SiRFstar IIt

Motorola MC68330 at 19.1 mhz Hitachi SH-1 7021 RISC at 12.2 mhz ARM7/TDMI 12.3 mhz ARM7/TDMI 12.3 (?) mhz ARM7/TDMI 12.3 (?) mhz

45

61

Some interesting numbers Most popular chipset SiRF Smallest modules:

SyChip GPS2020: 13x15x3.8 Trimble M-Loc MPM: 25x25x6.5 Fastrax iTrax02: 26x26x6.5

Smallest module with integrated Antenna Axiom Swift A1: 41x41x11

62

Use One?

Ready made External boxes with integrated antennas or separate Support USB / RS232 Available as both PCMCIA and Compact Flash cards

63

Chip Sets 1
Company Product NAV 2300 chipset. ADSSTRF2000 RF Down converter ADSST NAV 2300 based Correlator and Navigation Processor Picture Dims. mm Sup/Curr . V/mA

Analog Devices

BethelTronix, Inc. BT1575 RF front end QLP32 2.4-3/

Conexant (Rockwell)

Zodiac 2000 chip set Scorpio Baseband Processor and Monopac RF front end or CX74010 RF front end or CX76502 RF MCM CX11239 optional HW accelerator
BBP1202 baseband processor

Monopac: PQFP80

EverMore

TQFP100

3.3/

64

Chip Sets 2
Company Magellan G10 gps chip MG2000 Mixed mode GPS RF downconverter and 12channel digital correlator GPS chip set. MRFIC1504 RF front end MMC2003 controller Parthus NavStream platform HW and SW UAA1570HL RF SAA1575HL Phillips SAF1576 single chip gps. QUAD-44 3/? 3.3/115 Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Curr. V/mA

BGA64

2.7-3.6/20

Motorola

LQFP48 LQFP144 24x40x10 LQFP LQFP48 LQFP100

2.7-3.3/27 3-3.6/ 3/ 3/ 2.7-5/60 3-5/50

65

Chip Sets 3
Company Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Curr. V/mA

RF Micro Devices, Inc.

RF2460 LNA/Mixer, EGR-X001, ACS-X001 transceivers SiRFstarI GSP 1/LX, GRF1/LX front end, GSW1/LX SW. GRF1: LQFP32, GSP1: LQFP100 BGA144 GRF2i: LQFP48 LPCC32, GSP2e: TQFP100 BGA144,160 LQFP144 GRF2i: LQFP48 GSP2t: LQFP48

3.3/150

SiRF

SiRFstarII GSP2e digital section, GRF2i RF front end, GSW2e SW.

3/160

SiRFstarIIt ext. host, GSP2t digital section, GRF2i RF front end, SiRFNav SW.

3/57

66

Chip Sets 4
Company Product CXA1951AQ RF front end CXD2931R baseband processor STB5600 RF Front End ST20-GP6 Baseband Processor FirstGPS (Infineon based) IO - PMB 2500 Baseband Correlator Colossus -- PMB 3330 RF Front-end Picture Dims. mm QFP40 LQFP144 Sup/Curr. V/mA 2.7-5.5/30 3-3.6/55

Sony Semiconductor

STMicroelectronics

TQFP32 PQFP100

3.3-5.9/35 3.3/45

Trimble

TSSOP28 TSSOP24

3.3/2.5 2.7/8

Valence Semiconductor

VS7001 gps front end

TQFP48

2.7-3.3/14

Zarlink Semiconductor

GP2015 RF Front End GP4020 Baseband Processor

TQFP48 LQFP100

3-5/70 3.3/100

67

Modules 1
Company Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Iidle V/mA

Airbiquity

GPS accessory combined battery/gps for cell. phones (SiRF based)

103x46x19

3.7/1.4Ah LiIon

Analog Devices

NAV-2300 GPS receiver board

50x40x12

3.3/180

G8 oem receiver (8 chan. only) (Phillips based) Ashtech G12 oem receiver

39x60x10. 4

5/140

108x57x?

5/360

68

Modules 2
Company Product Swift A2 oem GPS receiver (SiRF based) integrated ceramic patch antenna Axiom Navigation Inc. Swift B2 oem GPS receiver (SiRF based) Sandpiper oem GPS receivers (SiRF based) Picture Dims. mm Sup/Iidle V/mA

42x42x

3.3/150

25x32x7

3.3/150

CMC Electronics Inc.

SUPERSTAR II gps oem receiver

46x71x13

3.3/150

Conexant (Rockwell)

TU70-D100 GPS sensor board integrated patch antenna Jupiter receiver boards

61x54x14.5 71x41x11

3.3/ 3.3,5/130

69

Modules 3
Company Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Iidle V/mA

EMTAC

Crux II GPS engine D154N (SiRF based)

41x52x?

3.3,5/160

GM-X205 oem module w/antenna EverMore

55x40x20

3.8-8/105

EB-X305 oem module

70x40x10

3.3/130

Fastrax

iTRAX02 GPS receiver

26x26x4

2.7-3.3/37

70

Modules 4
Company Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Iidle V/mA

Garmin

GPS 25 Series gps engine

46.5x70x11.4

3.6-6/115

Javad Navigation Systems

JGG20 GPS, INMARSAT, WAAS, and GLONASS

108x57x16

4-14/500

TF10 receiver module (SiRF based)

42x72x12

3.3,5/180

TF 30 receiver module (SiRF based) Laipac Tech

30x40x7

3.3/140

TF 50 GPS and GLONASS module

UV-40 16-chan. receiver module

71x51x12

3.3/180

3.3/?

71

Modules 5
Company Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Iidle V/mA

M12 Oncore GPS Receiver

40x60x10

2.7-3.2/75

Motorola

SL Oncore GPS Receiver (8 chan. only)

40x80x12.2

5/150

GT Plus Oncore GPS Receiver (8 chan. only)

51x83x16.3

5/150

RF Micro Devices, Inc.

RF8000 12-ch. module

38x38x9.8

3.3/100

72

Modules 6
Company Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Iidle V/mA Genius 3 (SiRF based) integrated antenna 66x66x7 5/180

Rojone

Genius 4 (SiRF based)

66x66x7

5/180

Micro Genius 3

40x35x10

3.3/160

REB-12R Series gps engine (SiRF based)

41x71x11.5

3.3(5)/180

RoyalTek

REB-2101 gps board (SiRF based)

40x36x8

3.3/170

RGM-3000 gps board (SiRF based)

21x28x13

3.3/170

73

Modules 7
Company Product Albatros OEM gps receiver (SiRF based) Proteus OEM gps receiver (Mitel based) MG5001 OEM GPS Receiver autoNAV MG5002 Designed for external microprocessor. cellNAV MG5003 Designed for use in cellphones. microNAV MG5004 General purpose, optimised for small size Picture Dims. mm 11x29.5x38 Sup/Iidle V/mA 3.3(5)/135

Sena GPS SA

50x120x19

9-32/220

66x47x12

3.3/150

Sigtec Navigation Pty Ltd

74

Modules 8
Company Product GXB2100 Module Sony Semiconductor GXB3000 Module GXB3100 Module SyChip GPS2020 receiver module (SiRF based) 13x15x3.8 Picture Dims. mm 36.5x25x? Sup/Iidle V/mA 3.3/? 3.3/? 3.3/? 3.3/145

Lassen SK-II gps module

83x31x10.2

5/95

Lassen LP gps module Trimble Lassen SQ gps module

66x32x12

3.3/55

26x26x6

3.3/30

M-Loc MPM gps module

25x25x6.5

3.3/10.5

75

Modules 9
Company Product Picture Dims. mm Sup/Iidle V/mA

TIM gps module (SiRF based)

25x25x3

3.3/140

u-blox

GPS-MS1E gps module (SiRF based)

30x30x7.7

3.3/140

GPS-PS1E gps module (SiRF based)

32x82x7.7

5/140

Valence Semiconductor

VS7001-REF 3B/3D ref. module

3.3/?

76

Build your own ?

77

GPS Building Blocks 1

Antenna element

Cost: $3 to $300 (depends on single/double frequency reception & phase center stability) Diameter: 2cm to 15cm
Amplifies GPS signals Cost: $5 to $100 (depends on number of frequencies & quality of filters) Power consumption: 20mW to 200mW Converts received signal to digital form Cost: $5 to $200 (depends on number of frequencies & quality of filters) Size: 2-20 cm Power consumption 100mW to 1 Watt

Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

RF section

78

GPS Building Blocks 2

Digital section
Processes the digital samples and provides tracking measures Cost: $5 to $15

Microprocessor
Control the tracking elements based on measurements and doppler (range rate change) Collects navigation data about the orbit and clock of each satellite Compute position Support interfaces to the user Cost: $5 to $50 Power consumption: 200mW to 3W

79

GPS Building Blocks 3

Processor Peripherals
Provide memory for program and data storage Cost: $5 to $100 (depending on capacity and speed) Power consumption: 100mW to 2W

I/O & Drivers

Serial/ Parallel/ USB/ Ethernet/ other comm ports Cost: $2 to $20 Power consumption: 10mW to 100mW

80

References
Ronald Azuma et el., Recent Advances in Augmented Reality, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.21, no.6, Nov/Dec 2001, pp.34-47 Mohammad S. Sharawi et el., Investigation into the performance of EOTD for GSM users in Telematics applications, Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 5084, Aug. 2003, pp.6-18 http://yona_n.tripod.com/gps/gps-survey.html#chips EDN: http://www.edn.com/article/CA243219.html GPSWorld: http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=15100&pageID=1 HowStuffWorks: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/gps.htm http://www.symbian.com/developer/techlib/papers/messaging/LocalAwareness_LBS_01.pdf http://www.terena.nl/conferences/tnc2005/core/getfile.php?file_id=453 LBS Market: http://www.trueposition.com/lrc/LBSLongTimeComing.pdf LBS Forecast: http://mms.ecs.soton.ac.uk/mms2002/papers/4.pdf Location Technologies: http://developer.openwave.com/omdtdocs/location_studio_sdk/pdf/Intro_to_Location_Techn ologies.pdf GSM LBS: http://www.ftw.at/ftw/events/telekommunikationsforum/WS2001/WS01docs/020111.ppt E-911: http://www.sss-mag.com/e911.html Solutions: http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/channels/lbs/features/mobilepositioning.html GPS Based games: http://www.glofun.com/ LBS in Europe: http://www.hottelecom.com/berginsight-lbs.html

81

Thank You
For Listening
82