Basic Nanotechnology: 2/20/2013 © 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Basic Nanotechnology
Introduction
2/20/2013
1
2003 by Glenn Fishbine
Contact Information
Glenn Fishbine
Phone: Fax: Email: Website:

2/20/2013
1-952-975-0856 1-775-908-1069 glennfish@aol.com www.glennfishbine.com

2
Why We Are Here

Provide an overview of nanotechnology Discuss nanotechnology.
Introduction Current landscape Government and university State of basic research Manufacturing processes Commercial activity The future
Answer your questions about nanotechnology

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Understanding Size
How big (small) are we talking about?
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Understanding Size
1 meter
source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm
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Understanding Size
10 centimeters
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Understanding Size
1 centimeter
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Understanding Size
100 micrometers
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Understanding Size
10 micrometers
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Understanding Size
1 micrometer
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Understanding Size
100 nanometers
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Understanding Size
10 nanometers
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Understanding Size
1 nanometer
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Size Matters
Its not just how big you are Its what you can do with it
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Understanding Effects
Physical processes do not scale uniformly
gravity friction combustion electrostatic van der Walls brownian
quantum
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Gravity
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Friction
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Combustion
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Electrostatic
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van der Waals
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brownian
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Quantum
"I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it. - Erwin Schrodinger "I think that I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics. Richard Feynman
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Centimeter: Gravity, friction, combustion Millimeter: Gravity, friction, combustion, electrostatic
Micrometer: Electrostatic, van der Walls, Brownian Nanometer: Electrostatic, van der Walls, Brownian, Quantum
Angstrom:
Quantum mechanics
(1/10,000,000,000 meter)
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Origins of Nanotechnology
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Earliest References
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In the Beginning - 4,000 BCE
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Yielding
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Leucippus of Miletus
5th century BC Greek - Democritus of Abdera
All matter is made up of undividable particles called atoms There is a void, which is empty space between atoms Atoms are completely solid Atoms are homogeneous, with no internal structure Atoms vary in
1) Size 2) Shape 3) Weight
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John Dalton - 1803

1) chemical elements are made of atoms
2) the atoms of an element are identical in their masses

3) atoms of different elements have different masses 4) atoms only combine in small, whole number ratios such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:3 and so on
5) atoms can be neither created nor destroyed
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Ernest Rutherford - 1908
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Niels Bohr - 1915
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Einstein Pauli Bose Heisenberg etc

Von Neumann - 1932
mathematical synthesis
Gravity - Graviton - Always attracts, never repels; curves space. Gravity is the only force to which all particles are subjected - Indefinite Strong Force - Gluon (8 kinds) - Binds quarks into nucleons and nucleons into nuclei - Limited to the atomic nucleus Electromagnetism -Photon - Binds electrons to the nucleus; allows all physical and chemical processes - Indefinite Weak Force - Weak bosons (3 kinds) - Causes unstable particles and nuclei to decay - Limited to the atomic nucleus
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Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska -1931

electron microscopy
fly wing 1935
bacteria 1937
iron 1937
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Richard P. Feynman
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A Nanotechnology Can Exist

Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom - December 29th 1959
Manipulating and controlling things on a small scale Write the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin
How do we write small? Information on a small scale Better electron microscopes
The marvelous biological system Miniaturizing the computer Miniaturization by evaporation Problems of lubrication A hundred tiny hands Rearranging the atoms Atoms in a small world
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K. Eric Drexler - 1981

Development of the ability to design protein molecules will open a path to the fabrication of devices to complex atomic specifications
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Engines of Creation - 1985

PART ONE - THE FOUNDATIONS OF FORESIGHT
1 - Engines of Construction 2 - The Principles of Change 3 - Predicting and Projecting
PART TWO - PROFILES OF THE POSSIBLE

4 - Engines of Abundance 5 - Thinking Machines 6 - The World Beyond Earth 7 - Engines of Healing 8 - Long Life in an Open World 9 - A Door to the Future 10 - The Limits to Growth
PART THREE - DANGERS AND HOPES

11 12 13 14 15 Engines of Destruction Strategies and Survival Finding the Facts The Network of Knowledge Worlds Enough, and Time
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Fullerenes
1985
(1996)
Robert F. Curl Jr.
Richard E. Smalley
Sir Harold W. Kroto
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IBM - 1985
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Nanotechnology
Has a long history Has a solid theoretical basis Has been looked at seriously for nearly 30 years
So, what is it?
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Nanotechnology could be...

Nano (metrology) nanoscale science (effects) nanoscale technology (fabrication) molecular nanotechnology (chemistry)
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So who cares?
The worldwide annual industrial production in the nanotech sectors is estimated to exceed $1 trillion in 10 - 15 years from now, which would require about 2 million nanotechnology workers. - M.C. Roco Chair, WH/NSTC/Nanoscale Science,
Engineering and Technology Subcommittee (NSEC), and Senior Advisor, NSF
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What does this mean? - 1994
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When for what?
- 1994
Birge Brenner Drexler Hall Smalley Molecular Assembler: Nanocomputer: Cell Repair: Commercial product: Nanotech laws:
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2005 2040 2030 2002 1998
2025 2040 2035 2000 2036

44
2015 2017 2018 2015 2015
2010 2010 2050 2005 1995
2000 2100 2010 2000 2000
So where are we now?

Overview of who's doing what government universities commercial enterprises Segmentation of activities into technology, product, market/application Scale of investment, implications Patent landscape and implications
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Break
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Where Are We Today?
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So where are we now?

Overview of who's doing what government universities commercial enterprises Segmentation of activities into technology, product, market/application Scale of investment, implications Patent landscape and implications
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Government
Suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But I repeat myself.
- Mark Twain
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Government
Federal State
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Federal Government
National Nanotechnology Initiative
$600 million 2002 $700 million 2003
Department of Agriculture Department of Treasury (USDA) (DOTreas) Department of Energy (DOE) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Department of Justice (DOJ) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Intelligence Community (IC) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Department of Transportation (DOT) National Science Foundation (NSF)
Department of Commerce (DOC) Department of State (DOS)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Department of Defense (DOD) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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NNI Definition of Nanotechnology

Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer range,
to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale

and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size. Nanotechnology research and development includes manipulation under control of the nanoscale structures and their integration into larger material components, systems and architectures.
Within these larger scale assemblies, the control and construction of their structures and components remains at the nanometer scale.
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NNI Intentions
First Generation: passive nanostructures in coatings, nanoparticles, bulk materials (nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics): ~ 2001
Second Generation: active nanostructures such as transistors, amplifiers, actuators, adaptive structures: ~ 2005
Third Generation: 3D nanosystems with heterogeneous nanocomponents and various assembling techniques ~ 2010 Fourth Generation: molecular nanosystems with heterogeneous molecules, based on biomimetics and new design ~ 2020 (?)
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NNI Activities
Fundamental Research -Provides sustained support to individual investigators and small groups doing fundamental, innovative research Grand Challenges for research on major, long-term objectives Centers and Networks of Excellence for interdisciplinary research, networking, industry partnerships Research Infrastructure metrology, instrumentation, modeling/simulation, user facilities
Societal Implications and Workforce Education and Training for a new generation of skilled workers; the impact of nanotechnology on society (legal, ethical, social, economic)
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NNI Industry Support

Fund partnerships with industrial partner - all agencies Provide the NNI results to industry create data base Provide user facilities: NSF, DOE, NASA Assistance for instrumentation, standards, tools for manufacturing: NIST Direct technology transfer and funding industrial projects SBIR/STTR all agencies , DARPA/DOD, DOE, NASA, NIST, NIH Partnerships with industrial groups Information data base of nanotechnology companies, and commercial success stories Outreach: series of workshops, involve new industries, networking
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NNI SBIR
Small Business Innovation Research
SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) is a federal government program administered by 10 federal agencies for the purpose of helping to provide earlystage Research and Development funding to small technology companies (or individual entrepreneurs who form a company).
Phase I is the startup phase. Awards of up to $100,000 for approximately 6 months support exploration of the technical merit or feasibility of an idea or technology. Phase II awards of up to $750,000, for as many as 2 years, expand Phase I results. During this time, the R&D work is performed and the developer evaluates commercialization potential. Only Phase I award winners are considered for Phase II. Phase III is the period during which Phase II innovation moves from the laboratory into the marketplace. No SBIR funds support this phase. The small business must find funding in the private sector or other non-SBIR federal agency funding.
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NNI STTR
Small Business Technology Transfer
Central to the program is expansion of the public/private sector partnership to include the joint venture opportunities for small business and the nation's premier nonprofit research institutions. STTR's most important role is to foster the innovation necessary to meet the nation's scientific and technological challenges in the 21st century.
Phase I is the startup phase. Awards of up to $100,000 for approximately one year fund the exploration of the scientific, technical, and commercial feasibility of an idea or technology. Phase II awards of up to $500,000, for as long as two years, expand Phase I results. During this period, the R&D work is performed and the developer begins to consider commercial potential. Only Phase I award winners are considered for Phase II. Phase III is the period during which Phase II innovation moves from the laboratory into the marketplace. No STTR funds support this phase. The small business must find funding in the private sector or other non-STTR federal agency funding.
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NNI - Where the Money Goes

Biosystems at the Nanoscale ~ 14%
biostructures, mimicry, bio-chips
Nanostructure by Design, Novel Phenomena 45%

physical, biological, electronic, optical, magnetic
Device and System Architecture 20%

interconnect, system integration, pathways
Environmental Processes 6 %
filtering, absorption, low energy, low waste
Multiscale and Multiphenomena Modeling 9 % Manufacturing at the nanoscale 6% Education and Social Implications (distributed)
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Other Federal $
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Regional Nano-Organizations
Nanotechnology Alliance in Southern California Nanotechnology Franklin Institute, Pennsylvania Texas Nanotechnology Initiative Virginia Nanotechnology Initiative
Denver Nano Hub

Silicon Valley, San Diego and Michigan Nano Hubs Massachusetts Nanotech Initiative (MNI) Connecticut Nanotechnology Initiative (CNI)
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States
CA California NanoSystem Instititute $100M/ 4yrs NY Center of Excellence in Nanoelectronics; Albany Center $50M, $212M/ 5yrs PA Nanotechnology Center $37M IL Nanoscience Center $34M IN Nanotechnology Center $5M TX Nanotechnology Center $0.5M over 2 yrs SC NanoCenter $1M NM Consortium University of NM and National labs NJ Support at NJIT and future nanophotonics consortium FL Center at the University of South Florida GA Center at Georgia Tech OK Nano-Net (~$3M/yr for 5 years) Pending: Ohio (support Center), Tennessee ($24M), Louisiana
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Universities
If you have both feet planted on level ground, then the university has failed you. - Robert Goheen
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Universities
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology California University Caltech City University of New York Clarkson University Cornell Cranfield University Delft University of Technology Duke Univresity Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Georgia Institute of Technology Harvard Hungarian Academy of Sciences Research Kyushu University La Clemson University Ludwig-Mazimillians Universitat Munchen Michigan State University Moscow State University New York University Northwestern University Paul Scherrer Institute Pennsylvania State University Princeton Purdue University Renssellaer Polytechnic Institute Rice University Stanford Stony Brook The University of Birmingham The University of Queensland UC Santa Barbara University of Arizona University of Birmingham University of California -Davis University of Florida University of Glasgow University of Minnesota University of Nebraska University of North Carolina University of Southern California University of Sussex University of Texas University of Ulm University of Washington University of Wien University of Wisconsin, Madison Widener University Yale University
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Universities 2/3 of NNIs $

Bayh-Dole
A uniform federal patent policy. Universities are encouraged to collaborate with business to promote the utilization of inventions arising from federal funding. Universities can elect to retain title to inventions developed under governmental funding. Universities are required to file patents on inventions they choose to own. The government retains a non-exclusive license to practice the invention throughout the world. The government retains march-in rights
This is the right of the government to require, under certain conditions, that an exclusive license be revoked. In such cases, a variety of provisions are possible, but the idea is, under certain conditions, the government can force an exclusive license to become nonexclusive.
Preference in licensing has to be given to small business. Uniform guidelines for granting licenses are provided.
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Commercial
In theory, there is no difference between theory and practice; In practice, there is.
- Chuck Reid
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Commercial
Prominent Nano Companies
Dupont Co. Hewlett Packard IBM ExxonMobil Nasdaq: DPMI NYSE: HPQ NYSE: IBM NYSE: XOM
Emerging Companies
Altair Nanotechnologies Nasdaq: ALTI Applied Nanotech, Inc. Degussa Henkel Nanogen Nasdaq: NGEN Nanometrics Nasdaq: NANO Nanophase Technologies Nasdaq: NANX NanoPierce Technologies OTC: NPCT Obducat NGM: OBDU B OBDU KVB SI Diamond Technology, Inc. OTC BB: SIDT Veeco
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Activities Segmentation
The first rule to tinkering is to save all the parts. - Paul Erlich
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Thomas Register
Classification
Nano Inspection Systems Nano Motion Systems Actuators: Linear, Micro & Nano-Positioning Connectors: Nano Miniature Positioners: Nano Powder: Nano Stages: Micro- & Nano-Positioning
# of companies
1 1 11 18 5 1 8
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NNI
Theory, Modeling, and Simulation Experimental Methods and Probes Synthesis, Assembly, and Processing of Nanostructures Dispersions, Coatings, and Other Large Surface Area Structures Nanodevices, Nanoelectronics, and Nanosensors Consolidated Nanostructures Biological, Medical, and Health Energy and Chemicals Nanoscale Processes and the Environment
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Me
Biological Chemical Nanomaterials and composites Aerospace Military
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Scale of Investment
There are two times in a man's life when he should not speculate: when he can't afford it, and when he can.
- Mark Twain
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Scale of Investment
Estimated government sponsored R&D in $ millions/year
Fiscal Year W. Europe Japan USA Others TOTAL
1997 2000 2001 2002 126 120 116 70 200 245 270 110 270 465 465 380 400 650 604 520
2003
_________________________________________________________________________
710
_________________________________________________________________________
432 825 1,492 2,174 100% 190% 350% 503%
Others: Australia, Canada, China, E. Europe, FSU, Israel, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan
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Scale of Investment
Estimated private sector investment in nanotechnology
Fiscal Year
1997 2000 2001 2002
2003
_________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
10?
25?
50?
150?
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Patent Landscape
I have, as you say, been interested in patents and patentees. If your books tell how to exterminate inventors send me nine editions. Send them by express.
- Mark Twain
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Patent Landscape
Copyright 2003 Thomson Derwent All rights reserved
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Patent Landscape
Search Term Nanotechnology Nanostructured Nanofabrication Nanodevice Nanoprobe Nanomechanical Nanotube Carbon nanotube Molecular switch Nanocluster Nanomagnetic
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No. of Patents 99 434 72 10 14 23 164 129 56 44 2

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USPTO
____________________________________________________
source: The MITRE Corporation 2002
Europe
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Rep. Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Belarus Bosnia & Herzegovina Croatia Georgia Moldova Russia Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia
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Europe
The EU does not have a standard definition of Nanotechnology 700 over 2002-2006 for processes manipulating atoms & molecules If nano inside accounted, 850 million/year
Source: European Nanobusiness Association
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Europe - Nanotech Areas

Nanotechnology for structural applications Nanotechnology for information processing, storage and transmission Nano-biotechnology
Nanotechnology for chemical applications

Nanotechnology for sensor applications Long term research with generic applications
Instruments and equipment, supporting sciences and technologies

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EC influence
The European Commission is committed to supporting the development of a real European research and innovation area (ERA). This ambitious project places a strong emphasis on the establishment of a coherent and optimised use of European research resources. Research networking, which facilitates the development of synergistic interactions, in particular between EU and Member State activities, will play a prominent role therein.
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EC nano-networks
18 16 14 14 12 13 17
Networks
10 8 6 4 2 2 0 AT BE CH CZ DE DK EC ES FR GR IT LT LU NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 7 6
Countries
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EC nano-centers
The Swiss 'National Centre for Nano Scale Science' at Universitt Basel Nanoscience at Cambridge University London Centre for Nanotechnology Center for Competence in Nano-Scale Analysis in Hamburg Nanolink at University of Twente Center of Competence in Nano-Scale Analysis in Hamburg Center for NanoScience based at Ludwig-Maximillians-Universitt, Mnchen Competence Center for NanoBioTechnology, Saarland, Germany The German Ministry of Education and Research supports six national Competence Centres Nano-World, The Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning Environment on Nanophysics, a Swiss Virtual Campus Center for NanoMaterials at Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Holland Center for Ultrastructure Research, Austria Nano-Science Center at Kbenhavns Universitet MIC National Micro- and Nanotechnology Research Center at DTU
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EC nano-companies
120 companies estimated to reside in Europe
Primarily semiconductor (many contained on previous list)
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Asia ~ $1 Billion in 2002?

Japan Korea Taiwan China Singapore India Australia $650 Million $160 Million $100 Million $100 Million >$50 Million ~ $20 Million ~ $40 Million
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Asia - Activities
Ministry of Science and Technology, China China Nanotech Business Network (to be launched in Nov. 2002) Hong Kong Innovation Technology Commission (ITC) Nanotechnology Researchers Network Center of Japan (MEXT) Council for Science and Technology Policy, Japan Japan Nanotech Business Network (METI) Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) (MOST) Korea Nanotechnology Research Association Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) National Uni. Of Singapore (NUS) Nano Science and Technology Initiative Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan National Science Council, Taiwan APEC Center for Technology Foresight, Thailand
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Australia
Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Programs Programs Center for Quantum Computer Technology Center for Quantum Computer Technology
Australia Research Council Special Research Center

Australian Institute of Bio Australian Institute of Bio Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Initiative Initiative
ARC Center of Excellence Program ( ARC Center of Excellence Program

Undergraduate and Graduate Programs at UNSW
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Japan
Nanoelectronics Industry Initiative started 2001
Atsuka Project (70 -- 100nm technology) MIRAI Project (50 -- 70nm technology) HALCA Project (LSI production)
strong bio-nano emphasis
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China
$300m allocated for allocated for Nanotechnology over 5 years National Nanotechnology Center (starting soon)
Major Nanotechnology Centers (Beijing, Shang Hai, TianJin, Qing Dao, Xiamen)
SME Innovation Investment Fund Hong Kong Nanotechnology Initiative (HKITC) HKUST Nanotechnology Nanotechnology Center Local government support plus manufacturing industry investment Over 700 companies registered and active, over 170 R & D organizations 17 companies are listed on the stock market in China and Hong Kong Over 50 companies (mainly manufacturing) listed on stock exchange Invested in nanotechnology
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Korea
10 Year Nanotechnology Plan
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) Tera -- Level Nanodevices Program MOST Focuses on Convergence of Nanotech and Bio Korean Science & Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) Nano Bioelectronics & Systems Research Center Ministry of Health and Welfare Ministry of Health and Welfare
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Singapore
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A* STAR) National Nanotechnology Initiative Established end of 2001 Economic Development Board (EDB) Economic Development Board (EDB) Nanotechnology Investment Initiative National University of Singapore Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative Established Jan. 2002
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Taiwan
Nanotechnology Initiative starts 2003 Nanotechnology Research Center
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End Of Part 1
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Basic Nanotechnology: 2/20/2013 © 2003 by Glenn Fishbine

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Basic Nanotechnology

Phone: Fax: Email: Website:

1-952-975-0856 1-775-908-1069 glennfish@aol.com www.glennfishbine.com

Why We Are Here

Answer your questions about nanotechnology

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

source: CERN http://microcosm.web.cern.ch/microcosm

van der Waals

In the Beginning - 4,000 BCE

John Dalton - 1803

2) the atoms of an element are identical in their masses

5) atoms can be neither created nor destroyed

Ernest Rutherford - 1908

Niels Bohr - 1915

Einstein Pauli Bose Heisenberg etc

Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska -1931

fly wing 1935

A Nanotechnology Can Exist

K. Eric Drexler - 1981

Engines of Creation - 1985

PART TWO - PROFILES OF THE POSSIBLE

PART THREE - DANGERS AND HOPES

Robert F. Curl Jr.

Sir Harold W. Kroto

Nanotechnology could be...

What does this mean? - 1994

When for what?

2005 2040 2030 2002 1998

2025 2040 2035 2000 2036

2015 2017 2018 2015 2015

2010 2010 2050 2005 1995

2000 2100 2010 2000 2000

2003 by Glenn Fishbine

So where are we now?

So where are we now?

Department of Commerce (DOC) Department of State (DOS)

NNI Definition of Nanotechnology

to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale

NNI Industry Support

NNI - Where the Money Goes

Nanostructure by Design, Novel Phenomena 45%

Device and System Architecture 20%

Denver Nano Hub

Universities 2/3 of NNIs $

Fiscal Year W. Europe Japan USA Others TOTAL

432 825 1,492 2,174 100% 190% 350% 503%

1997 2000 2001 2002

Copyright 2003 Thomson Derwent All rights reserved

No. of Patents 99 434 72 10 14 23 164 129 56 44 2

source: The MITRE Corporation 2002

2003 by Glenn Fishbine

Europe - Nanotech Areas

Nanotechnology for chemical applications

Instruments and equipment, supporting sciences and technologies

Primarily semiconductor (many contained on previous list)

Asia ~ $1 Billion in 2002?