NOBEL PRIZE

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) The Man Behind the Nobel Prize

Nobel prize
The Nobel Prize is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish philanthropist inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901

The Nobel Prizes the most prestigious awards given for intellectual achievement in the world

The Peace Prize is awardedin Oslo, Norway

while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden

NOBEL LAUREATES OF 2012

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012

Robert J. Lefkowitz, Brian K. Kobilka THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2012 Serge Haroche David J. Wineland

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Sir John B.Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka CONTD

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NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE MO YAN

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE European Union (EU)

NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCE Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd S. Shapley

Introduction to the specific area of symposium

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff(1901)

Discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions

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Svante August Arrhenius(1903)

For His electrolytic theory of dissociation

contd
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Wilhelm Ostwald(1909)
For his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction. (Contd)
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Sir William Ramsay(1904)

For his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system. (contd)..
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F. Sherwood Rowland(1995) For their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.
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Dan Shechtman(2011)

For the discovery of quasicrystals.

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Organic Chemistry

Victor Grignard(1912)
For the discovery of Grignard reagent.(RMgX) (Contd..)
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Leopold Ruzicka(1939)

For his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.

(Contd)
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Ei-ichi Negishi(2010)

for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis.

(Contd)
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Brian Kobilka , Robert Lefkowitz (2012)

For studies of G-protein-coupled receptors.

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chemistry Nobel Laureates

in chemistry Two American scientists won the Nobel Prize for studies of G(2012)

The first Nobel in chemistry for two MDs David Kroll, a blogger at Terra Sigillata, believes this may be the first Nobel prize in chemistry awarded to two medical doctors.
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protein-coupled receptors

why Nobel prize was awarded to Nobel Laureate and how his work made him distinguished ?

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for deciphering the communication system that the human body uses to sense the outside world and send messages to cells for example, speeding the heart when danger approaches. The understanding is aiding the development of new drugs.
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GPCRs are different than so-called ion channels, which act as gates for charged particles to flow in and out of the cell. That's because GPCRs do not allow anything through the cell membrane. Instead, when a target molecule -- say, adrenaline -- binds to the part of the GPCR that is outside of the cell, the shape of the GPCR inside of the cell changes slightly. It is this change in shape that begins the process of signaling inside of the cell.
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By the mid-1980s, Lefkowitz and his team -- which included Kobilka -- had identified and isolated the GPCR that adrenaline binds to, and Kobilka in particular had expanded this work to demonstrate that there is a whole family of GPCRs that are activated by different molecules. Today, scientists believe that there are hundreds of different GPCRs in the body that react to odorants from our smells, light-sensitive molecules in our eyes, and a whole range of other peptides and transmitters that act to signal information. Though the receptors have been particularly well studied in the brain, they also play important roles in the immune system and in regulating other key body functions.

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Many hundreds of laboratories are entirely focused on understanding how particular GPCRs work in the body and the brain -- a legacy directly traceable to Lefkowitz and Kobilka. And just last year, Kobilka, who is now a professor at Stanford University, achieved a stunning breakthrough with GPCRs: He managed to capture a GPCR at the precise moment that its target molecule had arrived at the surface and a signaling cascade had begun inside the cell -- a feat the Swedish Academy, which awards the Nobel Prizes, described as a molecular masterpiece -- the result of decades of research.
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Americans Robert J Lefkowitz and Brian K Kobilka have won this year's chemistry Nobel for their work on Gprotein-coupled receptors, which allow cells to sense light, flavour, odour and receive signals from hormones and neurotransmitters

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The award of this year's chemistry Nobel prize to Robert Lefkowitz (left) and Brian Kobilka demonstrates how the distinctions between the disciplines of chemistry and biology have been breaking down

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside a cell into the inside of the cell. G proteins function as molecular switches. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze guanosinetriphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). When they bind GTP, they are 'on', and, when they bind GDP, they are 'off'. G proteins belong to the larger group of enzymes calledGTPases

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Work done till date by the Nobel Laureate

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BRIAN K .KOBILKA

ROBERT LEFKOWITZ

For discovery of G- coupled receptors (2012)

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Dan Shectman

For the discovery of quasicrystals 2011

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Ei-ichi Negishi

Akira Suzuki

Richard F. Heck

"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis".

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome".

Thomas A. Steitz

Ada E. Yonath

Ven katraman Ramakrishnan

Osamu Shimomura Martin Chalfie

Roger Y. Tsien

"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein".

(2008)

Gerhard Ertl

"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"

(2007)

Roger D. Kornberg
(2006)

"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription".

Robert H. Grubbs

Yves Chauvin Richard R. Schrock

"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis".

(2005)
Photo: L.B. Hetherington

Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose

"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation".
(2004)

Peter Agre

Roderick MacKinnon

"for the discovery of water channels" and with one half to Roderick MacKinnon "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels".
(2003)

John B. Fenn

Koichi Tanaka

Kurt Wthrich

"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution".
(2002)

William S. Knowles

Ryoji Noyori

K. Barry Sharpless

"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions".

(2001)

Alan J. Heeger

Alan G. MacDiarmid

Hideki Shirakawa

"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers".

(2000)

THANKS

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