Principles of Design

PROPORTION
Size

relationships found within an object or design Commonly we think of ratios Certain proportions create a more pleasing effect
People prefer rectangles to squares (windows, rugs, picture frames, etc.) Unequal divisions of space are preferred over equal divisions

The Golden Section

Study by ancient Greeks Dividing a line between 1/3 and Ratio of the larger segment to the smaller segment = ratio of whole line to larger segment

1/3 1/2 1/3

The Golden Rectangle

Most visually satisfying rectangle- not too skinny, not too fat Approximate golden rectangle pattern: 2,3,5,8,13 Two consecutive numbers are close to a golden rec.

1.618

SCALE
How the size of an object or space relates to human beings and to other objects or spaces in a design Rooms and furnishings should be designed for the person who will use them

BALANCE
Provides a feeling of equality Occurs when the amount, size, or weight of objects on both sides of a center point is equal

Symmetrical Balance
Arrangement forms on one side of an imaginary central line is the mirror image of the forms on the opposite side Suggests rest and calm-more formal

Asymmetrical Balance
Elements on either side of an imaginary central line are unmatched, but appear to be in balance Informal Consider apparent weight

RHYTHM
Connected

movement between different parts of a design Can be created with texture, line, colors, or forms Should not be overused Examples: fabrics, quilt, folds in draperies

Types of Rhythm
Repetition-repeating a pattern to help lead the eye from one point to another (ex. Color, design in flooring) Radiation-lines radiate, or move outward, from a central point (ex. Chairs around a round table, small pictures surrounding a larger one) Gradation-increasing or decreasing in size, color, or pattern (ex. Different sizes of candles)

Types of Rhythm continued

Opposition-When lines come together to form right angles (ex. Square corners of a doorway, couch with the arms at right angles to the back) Transition-When lines change direction by flowing in a curve, or when curved lines lead the eye from one object to another (ex. Arched doorways, a sofa with a back that curves in the arms)

EMPHASIS
Center

of interest, focal point Could be one large piece or a grouping of smaller pieces Should be dominant but not overpowering Examples: large bouquet of flowers, stone fireplace, large cabinet, grouping of artwork

UNITY & VARIETY

Unity-all

the parts of a design are related by one idea

Gives a harmonious design Items do not have to match! Similar characteristics are what matter (ex. Furniture with curved lines)

Variety-adds

interest to room

Do not carry it too far!