Bnh virus hi c chua

Thnh phn virus gy hi trn c chua rt phong ph, c ti 40 loi virus khc nhau gy hi bao gm nhiu chng khc nhau. Vit Nam cc bnh virus hi c chua thng xut hin vi cc triu chng hn hp, mt cy c th nhim 1 hoc vi loi virus. Cc loi virus ph bin Vit Nam gm TMV, CMV, TLCV, ToMV, TYLCV, TRSV, virus X, virus Y chng biu hin cc triu chng khc nhau ch yu trn l v lm nh hng nghim trng n nng sut.

Bnh khm l c chua Tomato mosaic virus ToMV

Virus ToMV : Tomato mosaic virus, Clintow pht hin u tin nm 1909; Westerdijk,1910; Allard ,1916[16.1]. Phn b a l Virus ToMV phn b trn ton th gii c bit cc vng trng c chua Thit hi kinh t Trc y sn xut c chua trn nh knh, trn th gii b thit hi do virus ToMV gy ra khong 20% [12], nhng virus tr nn t quan trng hn c bit trong nh knh khi p dng ch phng bnh trong canh tc. Tuy nhin c chua trng trn ng rung rt mn cm vi virus, sn lng c th gim ti 25% v thit hi nng sut v ma ng thng nh hn .

Cc chng virus ToMV bao gm: - Tomato aucuba mosaic virus (Benlep,1923) - Tomato enation mosaic virus (ainsnth,1937) Ti i Loan ngi ta pht hin ra 3 chng virus ToMV l 0, 1, 2 gy hi trn c chua vo nhng nm 1980, 1982 (S. K Green, L.H wang ) ba chng virus ny mang cc gen khc nhau. V ngi ta thy rng virus ToMV gy hi trn hu ht cc ging c chua thng mi.

Triu chng do virus ToMV gy ra trn c chua Virus ToMV c th gy hi trn hu cc cy trng h c c bit c th gy thnh dch trn cy c chua (Lycopersicon esculentum). Triu chng do virus ToMVgy ra trn c chua chu nh hng ln ca nhit , di ngy, cng chiu sng, tui cy, c ca virus v phng thc trng (Hollings and Huttinga, 1976). Ma h, cy c chua b nhim vi triu chng l nhng m vng sng trn l v qu. Ngoi ra, cy b nhim ToMV cn c triu chng cc sc cht hoi trn thn, cung, l v qu, ma ng qu thng b thi, ma h thng kh qu nu qu b nhim giai on ang pht trin .

Cy t (Capsicum annum) c sc khng i vi ToMV. Tuy nhin, trong nhng iu kin canh tc hp, trng t sau trng cy c chua b nhim do ngun virus ToMV trong t th cy t vn b nhim. Cy t b nhim ToMV thng gy thi l v ng gn kh ho v rng l. Khi nch l mc ra cc chi non th n cng mang nhng triu chng in hnh ny Trn cy thuc l (Nicotiana tabacum) v cy khoai ty (Solanum tuberosum) virus ToMV gy m l v rng l, thi thn, cy ci cc . Trn cy rau mui (Chenopodium murale), ToMV l nguyn nhn ca s rng l, ci cc, cht hoi (Bald and Paulus,1963).

Phm vi k ch ToMV c phm vi k ch rng,t nht l 127 loi thuc 23 h thc vt nhim ToMV (Edward and Christie,1997). Theo Maitlin ,1984 c trn 9 h thc vt mn cm vi ToMV. Cc cy k ch ca virus ToMV l: + Cy k ch mn cm. 1.Solanum giganteum: khm l h thng. 2. Nicotiana tabacum cv. White Burley: vt cht cc b. 3. Nicotiana rustica, Petunia hybrida: vt cht cc b. +Cy k ch khng mn cm: Cucumis sativus, Cyphomandra betacea, Phaseolus vulgaris.

+Cy k ch duy tr v nhn s lng: Nicotiana tabacum cv samsun. - Lycopersicon esculentum. + Cc cy k ch kim tra:

Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi - nc

Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun, Nicotiana benthaminia. Nicotiana tabacum cv.White Burley.

Theo Matthews (1970) lu rng: cng mt nng dch chun virus c th to ra s lng m cht hoi khc nhau trn l cy c tui khc nhau. Nh vy s dng cc l cy c cng tui ly bnh s cho ta kt qu chun xc hn, ng thi gia cc th nghim phi c cng ch chm sc m bo s ng u ca th nghim.

Nguyn nhn gy bnh: Do virus ToMV c tnh ca virus ToMV - Tnh bn vng + Ngng nhit mt hot tnh (Q10): 85-900c. + Ngng pha long (DEP): 10-5- 10-7. + Thi gian sng v gy hi trong dch cy bnh (LIV): 500 ngy. Trong tn d cy c chua, virus ToMV c th tn ti 24 nm nhit phng (to = 200C). Cng nhit phng virus c kh nng sng v gy bnh sau vi thng thm ch nhit t 0 - 20C virus vn c kh nng sng. Khi nhit xung di 20oC virus ToMV i vo dng tim n v khi hot ng tr li th c tnh ca chng hn hn cc virus c (Rast, 1975) . i vi nhng virus tn ti trn ht th kh nng sng ca chng c th ln ti 9 nm. Trong dch cy thuc l (Nicotinana

- Hinh thi v cu trc + Hinh thi: Virus ToMV dng hnh gy c v bc v kch thc 300x 1,8 nm. + Cu trc: Trong thnh phn ca virus cha 5% axitnucleic, 95% protein. B gen bao gm RNA, si n di thng. Nm 1968 Mandeles v Bruening tch c ARN ca virus ToMV v thy rng phn t lng ca ToMV khong 2.106 MWT, virus c khoang 8 isolate. Thnh phn ca axit nucleic 23%G, 28%A, 19%C, 30%U.

- S truyn lan ca virus ToMV + S truyn lan qua ht ging: Ht ca cc qu khc nhau mc nhim khc nhau v c s bin i ln, khong 50% s ht thng xuyn b nhim nhng c khi con s ny ln ti 94%. Ngun virus tn ti trn ht ging chnh l ngun ly nhim quan trng cho v sau. Virus ToMV ch yu tn ti trn v ht, i khi ngi ta cng tm thy virus ToMV trong ni nh nhng ToMV khng nm trong phi ca nhng mu ht b nhim. Virus ToMV c th b nhim nh trong nhiu thng trn cc mu ht thu t cy m b nhim v lan truyn c hc t cy m sang cy con khi bng cy con i trng. + S truyn lan qua vector: Virus ToMV khng lan truyn qua cn trng mi gii. Nm 1972, Bradley tin hnh nghin cu kh nng lan truyn qua cn trng mi gii l h rp mui v cc ng a ra kt lun: virus ToMV khng ly cn trng mi gii m ch yu lan truyn qua tip xc c hc t cy, t, gc ghp, cnh ghp, dng c gieo trng b nhim ToMV.

+ S lan truyn qua tip xc c hc: Virus ToMV lan truyn c gii qua cn trng, ng vt nh, chim v quan trng nht l trong qu trnh canh tc tay, qun o, dng c nhim virus. Virus ToMV tn ti trong dch cy do qu trnh lan truyn thun li hn . Virus c th tn ti trn tn d thc vt trong t do cy ging kho trng trn t b nhim bnh c th b nhim do cc vt thng hoc do r cy b tn thng . Ngun nc ti b nhim virus ToMV cng m rng phm vi lan truyn . +S truyn lan qua cy t hng: Cc chng virus gy hin tng khm xanh hoc khm vng c th lan truyn nh cy t hng. Hin tng ny thng gy ra vo ma ng cn ma h th hin tng lan truyn qua cy t hng khng xy ra (Schmehze,1956). Phng tr: Chn ging chng bnh, ging sch bnh, nh b cy bnh trn ng rung

Bnh virus kham l da chut Cucumber mosaic virus CMV

Bnh c pht hin ra bi RIB Franki ,1980; N.Habili, 1987. Phn b a l Virus CMV phn b rng ri trn th gii c bit l vng kh hu nhit i . Triu chng Trn cy c chua l c triu chng khm hoc dng dng x, cy ci cc. Tuy nhin tu tng loi CMV khc nhau c th gy ra cc triu chng khc nhau nh: khm, m, vng l, cht hoi, bin dng.

Phm vi k ch CMV c phm vi k ch rng, nhim trn 800 loi bao gm c cy 1 l mm v cy 2 l mm t trn 85 h . Nm 1940, Price ghi nhn 191 loi mn cam thuc 40 h thc vt .
.

Nguyn nhn gy bnh Do Cucumber mosaic virus thuc nhm Cucumovirus. Virus c cu to l ARN, hinh cu ng knh 28 nm c tnh ca virus +Tnh bn vung. - Ngng nhit mt hot tnh (Q10): 55-70oC -Ngng pha long (DEP): 10-3-10-6 - Thi gian sng v gy hi trong dch cy bnh: Sau mt vi ngy thm ch mt vi gi nhit phng (to = 20oC).

+ Hnh thi, cu trc - Hnh thi: L loi virus hnh cu, ng knh khong 29 nm, khng c mng bao. - Cu trc: Thnh phn bao gm 18% axit nucleic ,82% prtin. B genom l RNA si n, mch thng chia lm 3 phn, mi phn ln lt l: 3,389 kb; 3,035kb; 2,197kb t l cc loi basenit: 24%G, 23%A, 23%C, 30%U. Chn on Cy ch th ca CMV - Chenopodium amaranticolor v Chepopodium quinoa: l c b bnh c mu vng hoc th hin nhng vt cht hoi c b. - Cucumis sativus: khm l h thng cy ci cc. - Nicotiana glutinosa: triu chng thay i ph thuc tn chng loi virus. C chng gy ra khm trung bnh, c chng g ra vng mp l n khm ton l. - Lycopersicon esulentum: l b khm nng, bin dng m

Loi cy dng nhn s lng virus: Nicotiana glutinosa, Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi - nc, Nicotiana tabacum, Cucurbita pepo, Nicotiana clevelandi. Nicotiana clevelandi: l cy gi ngun tt nht i vi tt c cc chng loi virus CMV. Cc chng loi virus : Ti Nht Bn, Komuro pht hin ra 5 chng loi virus CMV. Da vo c tnh l ho virus CMV c chia thnh cc chng loi: Chng Y, chng Q, chng S. Theo c tnh thnh 2 nhm l ToRS, DTL trong chng Q v khng chngnguyn S cng cc mtchng nhm.ny c chia

+ S lan truyn ca virus - Lan truyn qua vector: Lan truyn theo kiu khng bn vn qua khong trn 60 loi rp . Hiu qu lan truyn bnh kh nhau tu thuc vo loi rp, loi cy k ch v tu thuc vo tn chng virus khc nhau. Virus c th c rp chch ht theo dc cy ngay lp tc t 5-10 giy, kh nng ca chng yu i sau pht v thng mt hn trong vng 2 gi. - Lan truyn qua ht: CMV c kh nng lan truyn qua ht ca 1 loi cy vi mc khc nhau, trong c mt s loi c di. S tn ti lu di trong ht c di l vn quan trng gy nn dc bnh. Lan truyn qua dy t hng: Virus CMV c th truyn qu t nht 10 loi t hng, virus c nhn ln.