Md. Johurul Islam, Ph. D.

( Jaist, Japan )
Associate Professor/APEE/RU
1
Electronic Circuit For Communication System
OUTLINE
Modulation and Demodulation
Radio Communications
Radio Receivers
Television
Radar
Book: Electronic communication systemsGeorge Kennedy (3
rd
ed)
Hand book of electronics Gupta and Kumar.


2
Concept of communications
3
Communication without wires
4
Radio Comm. Building Blocks
5
Block Diagram of Communication Systems
Information
Source
Transmitter Channel
Noise
Source
Receiver Destination
Encoding
Modulation
(Distortion)
Decoding
Demodulation
(Distortion)
Information: Itself is that which is conveyed: Voice, Music, Pictures, Data etc.

Transmitter: The information modulates the high frequency carrier and release
into the air for propagation.

Channel: It will be Radio channel, Optical Fiber, or Wire.

Noise: Unwanted signal added into the information.

Receiver: It is used to recover the original information from the modulated
signal.
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Modulator
Demodulator
Transmission
Channel
Input
transducer
Transmitter
Receiver
Output
transducer
Carrier
EM waves (modulated
signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal)
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8
9
Block diagram of typical radio transmitter
Generate high frequency carrier
Low frequency information
Crystal
oscillator
RF buffer
amplifier
Modulation
voltage
amplifiers
Modulation
processing
RF output
power
amplifiers
Modulating
Signal
RF voltage
and power
amplifiers
Modulation
power
amplifiers
10
Block diagram of typical radio Receiver
Faradays Electromagnetic Induction
Tuning carrier wave and amplify it
Mix carrier with L.O. wave to produce
Intermediate frequency (IF)
High frequency wave generator
Separate original information from IF wave
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Types of Modulation
12
Analog Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude of
a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband
signal. The frequency of the carrier remains constant.

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of
a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a baseband
signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant.

Phase Modulation (PM)
In phase modulation, the phase deviation is proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal and therefore independent of
its frequency.

Carrier Signal
Modulating
Signal
Amplitude
Modulated
Signal
FM
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Need for Modulation
For effective radiation energy from antenna, the antenna height must be
comparable with the wavelength of the carrier frequency.
Modulation: In the process of modulation, some characteristic of a high
frequency sine wave ( carrier) is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value (amplitude) of the information (modulating signal) .
Similarly: /2=75 m at frequency of
1MHz (possible in practical)
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Classification of electrical noise
Noise: It may be defined as any unwanted form of electrical/electromagnetic energy
which tends to interfere with proper reception and reproduction of wanted signal.
1. External Noise:
Atmospheric noise---discharge of thunderstorms, natural electrical discharge etc.
Extraterrestrial noise (space noise) ---- Solar and Cosmic noises.
Man made noise (Industrial noise) --- automobile, aircraft, electrical motors,
leakage from high voltage line, fluorescence light etc.

2. Internal noise:
Thermal /white/Johnson noise---The random noise generated in a
resistor/resistive components. Noise voltage
Shot noise (another form of thermal noise)--- results from shot effect present in
all amplifying devices. It is caused by random variation in the arrival of electrons
(holes) at the output electrodes. Noise current
Transit noise: In VHF range the transit time become comparable with period of
the signal to be amplified. As a result the input admittance of the transistor
increases and thermal noise is generated.
Miscellaneous noise: (i) Flicker noise due to VLF signal, (ii) Transistor thermal
noise due to heat, (iii) Partition noise due to current division at collector/base.
RkTB V
n
4 =
B qI I
p n
2 =
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Thermal noise
It is seen that the noise power generated in a resistor is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature and the bandwidth over which the noise is to be measured.
16
17
Noise due to more than one sources
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Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in cascade:
The rms noise voltage across R
3

3 3
4 fR kT V
n
o =
3
R
'
The same noise voltage would be present at the output if there were no R
3
there,
instead was present at the input of stage 2. corresponding voltage would be
3
2
3
2
3
3
4
4
R f kT
A
fR kT
A
V
V
n
n
'
= = =
'
o
o
Where is the resistance which if placed at the input of the second stage would
produce the same noise voltage at the output as does R
3
3
R
'
2
2
3
3
A
R
R = '
Equivalent noise resistance at the input of second stage is


2
2
3
2 3 2
A
R
R R R R
eq
+ = ' + = '
Similarly a resistance may be placed at the input of first stage to replace


2
R
'
eq
R
'
Scan Figure
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2
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 3 2
2
1
2
/
A A
R
A
R
A
A R R
A
R
R
eq
+ =
+
=
'
=
'
Therefore the actual noise resistance present at the input of the
first stage is
2
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
1 2 1
A A
R
A
R
R R R R
eq
+ + =
'
+ =
These can be apply for n stage amplifier.
Scan Problems.
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Signal to noise ratio (S/N):
Why equivalent noise resistance is so important?
Comparison of two kinds of equipment in evaluating their performance
Comparison of noise and signal at the same point to ensure that the
noise is not excessive.
If equivalent noise resistance is difficult to obtain then S/N ratio is very
often used and defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power at the
same point. Thus


2
2
2
/
/
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
n
s
n
s
n
s
V
V
R V
R V
X
X
N
S
Noise Figure:
For comparison of receivers or amplifiers working at different impedance levels
the use of equivalent noise resistance is misleading, and another quantity known
as noise figure or noise factor is defined as follows
N S Output
N S Input
F
/
/
=
For ideal receiver F = 1
Practical receiver F > 1
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