Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Viruses do
Infect cells and use the cell to make more viruses Cause disease in many organisms
RNA or DNA?
Viruses with RNA
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Influenza viruses Rabies
Virus Shapes
Helical Rodlike with capsid proteins winding around the core in a spiral
Virus Shapes
Polyhedral Has many sides Most polyhedral capsids have 20 sides and 12 corners
Virus Shapes
Polyhedral capsid attached to a helical tail.
In the lytic cycle, the virus reproduces itself using the host cell's chemical machinery. The red spiral lines in the drawing indicate the virus's genetic material. The orange portion is the outer shell that protects it.
In the lysogenic cycle, the virus reproduces by first injecting its genetic material, indicated by the red line, into the host cell's genetic instructions.
Mutating viruses
Viruses can mutate when they copy the genetic material
Copy something wrong Mistake proves useful More powerful virus (more infectious)
The spread of West Nile virus (1999 2002) bird, horse, mosquito or human
Also important
Any agent (not just viruses) that causes disease is a pathogen. When a virus inserts its genetic material into a hosts DNA, it is called a provirus. Some viruses replicate very slowly and only cause damage when the conditions are right. (cold sores)
Basic Structure
Viral envelope lipid bilayer; glycoproteins protrude from surface
Glycoproteins enable virus to recognize surface proteins of special immune cells and to enter the cell (like a key to the cells door)
2 strands RNA only 9 genes; 3 are found in many viruses (structural proteins) Reverse Transcriptase turns RNA into DNA (this makes HIV a retrovirus); DNA instructs cell to make more viruses
DNA enters nucleus & binds with host DNA mRNA is created (carries instructions for making new viral proteins) and leaves nucleus Uses host cells enzymes to make new viruses New virions exit cell through exocytosis to infect other cells (notice cell isnt destroyed)
Think about it
In the US, there is better than a 1/1000 chance of contracting HIV during unprotected sex A person can be contagious for more than 10 years before any sign of the disease is apparent HIV becomes AIDS when the number of immune cells drops below a predetermined number No one dies from HIV or AIDS; people die from secondary infections (ranging from the common cold to cancer) More than 3 million people (size of Chicago) die each year
There are approx. 14,000 new cases of HIV worldwide every day
http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.