DISCUSS CONTENT: A. Electron Configuration Stability 1.

Octet Rule

2. Lewis Structure
B. Kind of Chemical Bond 1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Coordination C. Hybridization and Molecule Shape 1. sp 4. sp3d

2. sp2
3. sp3

5. sp3d2

D. Complex Ion Hybridization E. Noble Gas Compound

A. Electron Configuration Stability The Stable Configuration is Electron Configuration which owned by the noble gas. Those Configuration are: He 2

Ne Ar
Kr

2 2
2

8 8
8

8
18 8

Xe
Rn

2
2 2

8
8 8

18
18 18

18
32 32

8
18 32 8 18 8

Octet Rule (Lewis Rule)

We have Known that

Except of Ne, The end Noble gas electron configuration is 8 electron, so, all particle with 8 electrons at the outer shell is stable because of this fact

All Elements (specially representative group) tend to have 8 electrons at their outer shell

Octet Rule (Lewis Rule)

Elements Tendency

Metal Tendency The atoms of Metal element tend to release the electron

Non Metal Tendency The atoms of Non Metal element tend to accept/catch the electron

WHY
The Metal element electrons are more than noble gas electron

The Non Metal element electrons are less than noble gas electron

Fill in The Blank

Element Tendency Stable Form
11Na 20Ca

release release/accept release stable accept

+ 11Na 2+ 20Ca 10X 252Y

10X
52Y 33A 17Cl 35Br 53X 86X 18Z

accept accept
accept accept stable stable

333A 17Cl
35Br -

53X 86X 18Z

Write the electronic formula/Lewis Structure of all particle in the above table.

Note:
Lewis Structure is atomic symbol with the electron valence

Write the electronic formula/Lewis Structure of representative group Lewis Formula of Sodium Lewis Formula of Berilium Lewis Formula of Boron
`

Na Be B C N O F Ne

Lewis Formula of Carbon

Lewis Formula of Nitrogen Lewis Formula of Oxygen Lewis Formula of Fluorine Lewis Formula of Neon

Formed by Transfer of electron from metal to non metal atom (Ionic bond)

CHEMICAL BOND Covalent Bond + Formed by Sharing of electron between non metal and non metal atom

Coordination Bond +

Ionic Bond:
11Na

+ 11Na

+
17Cl

17Cl

+ e

Na+

Cl-

bonded by attractive force/electrostatic force/ Coulomb force

Ionic Bond Characteristic : 1. Very High bond strength 2. High melting and boiling point 3. Conductor in melt or solution condition 4. Formed by cationic and anionic 5. Can form cationic and anionic How ionic mechanism of these following couple : a. b. c. d.
19K 20Ca 31X 11X

and 8O and 9F and 16Y and 7Y

Covalent Bond : a. H2 H H H H

b. O2 O O

b. O2
`

O O

Covalent bond is the binding of single electron orbital of non metal atom with single electron orbital of another non metal atom

C. N2

NN N

How is the Lewis formula of covalent compound formed of: (Made by your self) 1. P and O 2. S and H 3. Cl and O

Write the Lewis Formula of .............. 1. Cl2O3 2. CO2 3. P2O3 4. P and Cl

Coordination Bond
Let we look N and H binding:

H N H

If the fourth H atom came to NH3 molecule , Can NH3 accept it ?

H
No, if the fourth H came as neutral atom, but will be
accepted if H came as H+ ion. Illustration of binding between NH3 and H+ is

WHY ?????

H
Coordination /dative bond

H N H H

Coordination bond is binding between lone pair orbital (as electron pair donor) and empty orbital (as electron pair acceptor)

Exercise :

Write Structure Formula, Lewis Formula of these following substance. Determine how many covalent binding , coordination binding and lone pair elektron of them.
(Do by your self) 1) SO 6) H2SO4 NOTE: 2) SO2 7) H3PO4 3) SO3 8) CO2 4) P2O3 9) CO 5) P2O5 10) Ca3(PO4)2

The Exception of Lewis Rule.

Some molecule not agree to Lewis Rule ( octet rule) these molecule are: 1) BeX2 2) BX3 3) PX5 4) SX6

To prove them, write the electronic structure of them. Seem that each of them are not octet, but they are stable molecule.

Before one atom binds two or more another atoms, this atom will hybridize orbital (electron valence orbital) which will be used. The kind of covalent molecule hybridization are:

Hybridization Shape
sp Linear

bond angle
180o

sp2
sp3 sp3d sp3d2

planar triangle
tetrahedron hexahedron octahedron

120o
109.5o 1200 ; 900 ; 1800 900 ; 1800

1. Hybridization of BeCl2
4Be

= (2He) 2s2

2p0

Berilium must have two single electrons for binding two Cl atoms, so electron valence be:

these 2 orbital energy made be equal (hybridization) and called sp hybridization

2. Hybridization of BF3
5B

= (2He) 2s2

2p1

B must have three single electrons for binding three F atoms, so electron valence must be promote to:

these three orbital energy made be equal (hybridization) and called sp2 hybridization

3. Hybridization of CH4
6C

= (2He) 2s2

2p2

C must have 4 single electrons for binding 4 H atoms, so electron valence must be promote to:

these 5 orbital energy made be equal (hybridization) and called sp3 hybridization

4. Hybridization of PCl5
15P

= (10Ne) 3s2

3p3

3d0

P must have 5 single electrons for binding 5 Cl atoms, so electron valence must be promote to:

these 5 orbital energy made be equal (hybridization) and called sp3d hybridization

5. Hybridization of SF6
14S

= (10Ne) 3s2

3p4

3d0

S must have 6 single electrons for binding 6 Cl atoms, so electron valence must be promote to:

these 6 orbital energy made be equal (hybridization) and called sp3d2 hybridization

6. Hybridization of NH3
7N

= (2He) 2s2

2p3

N has 3 single electrons for binding 3 H atoms, so electron valence must be still in initial condition (no promotion):

these 4 orbital energy made be equal (hybridization) and called sp3 hybridization

7. Hybridization of H2O
8O

= (2He) 2s2

2p4

O has 2 single electrons for binding 2 H atoms, so electron valence must be still in initial condition (no promotion):

these 4 orbital energy made be equal (hybridization) and called sp3 hybridization

Illustration of molecular shape : Linear Molecule of sp hybridization. Example BeF2 F Be`

1800

Planar Triangle of sp2 hybridization of BF3 F 1200 B F F

Tetrahedron of sp3 hybridization of CH4 H

C
H

Cl

Hexahedron of sp3d hybridization of PCl5 Cl ``

Cl

P
Cl

Cl

Octahedron of sp3d2 hybridization of SF6 F

F F S F F

Covalent Molecule Polarity

POLAR Dd 0

Non POLAR Dd = 0

All asymmetric molecule or Molecule with lone pair elektron in central atom

All symmetric molecule (general)

or
Molecule without lone pair in central atom (Note: agree for diatomic molecule only)

Complete this blanc like the example

Molecule BF3 NH3 PCl5

Polarity non pol.

cov. bond

Polarity

Polarity

CH4
CH3Cl H2SO4 CO2 HCl H 2O BeCl2