Classical Physics

Newtons laws:

allow prediction of precise trajectory
for particles, with precise locations and
precise energy at every instant.

allow translational, rotational, and
vibrational modes of motion to be
excited to any energy by controlling
applied forces.
Wavelength () - distance between identical points on
successive waves.
Amplitude - vertical distance from the midline of a
wave to the peak or trough.
Fig 8.1 Characteristics of electromagnetic waves
Properties of Waves
Frequency (v) - the number of waves that pass through a
particular point in 1 second (Hz = 1 cycle/s).
Maxwell (1873) proposed that visible light consists
of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic
radiation - emission and
transmission of energy in
the form of
electromagnetic waves.
Speed of light (c) in vacuum = 3.00 x 10
8
m/s
All electromagnetic
radiation:

c
=
Figure 8.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
R O Y G B I V

c
=
Mysteries of classical
physics
Phenomena that cant be explained
classically:
1. Blackbody radiation
2. Atomic and molecular spectra
3. Photoelectric effect
Fig 8.4 Experimental representation
of a black-body
Capable of absorbing & emitting all frequencies uniformly
Fig 8.3

The energy distribution in a
black-body cavity at several
temperatures
Stefan-Boltzmann law:

E = aT
4

E
Fig 8.5
The electromagnetic vacuum
supports oscillations of the
electromagnetic field.
Rayleigh -
For each oscillator:

E = kT
Rayleigh Jeans law:
dE = d
where:
4
kT 8

t
=
Fig 8.6
Rayleigh-Jeans predicts
infinite energy density at
short wavelengths:

t
d
kT 8
4
dE =
Ultraviolet catastrophe
Fig 8.7
The Planck distribution
accounts for experimentally
determined distribution of
radiation.
dE = d
] 1
kT
hc
[exp
hc 8
5
|
.
|

\
|

t
=
Planck: Energies of the
oscillators are quantized.
Fig 8.10 Typical atomic spectrum:

Portion of emission
spectrum of iron

Most compelling evidence
for quantization of energy
Fig 8.11 Typical molecular spectrum:

Portion of absorption
spectrum of SO
2


Contributions from:

Electronic,

Vibrational,

Rotational, and

Translational excitations


E = h

E = hc/

Fig 8.12 Quantized energy levels
Light has both:

1. wave nature
2. particle nature
hv = KE +
Photoelectric Effect
Photon is a particle of light
KE = hv
hv
KE e
-

Solved by Einstein in 1905
Fig 8.13 Threshold work functions for metals
Fig 8.14 Explanation of photoelectric effect
For photons: E
Fig 8.15 Davisson-Germer experiment
Fig 8.16 The de Broglie relationship
p
h
mv
h
= =
Wave-Particle Duality

for:

Light and Matter