Metabolism

The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. Anabolism- build up of complex molecules Catabolism- break down of complex molecules

Fates of Organic Building Blocks in ATP Metabolism

ORGANIC BUILDING BLOCK MOLECULES Monosaccharides Amino acids Acetates Nucleotide bases

ATP
energy anabolic processes ADP+Pi

catabolic processes energy

Polymers & other energy rich molecules

CO2 & H 2O

Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36Pi

6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

Basic Steps Involved

1 2 Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Formation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport System

3
4

Overview of Glycolysis

Fats

Glycogen

Protein

Other Metabolic Pathways

Glucose

C C C C C C

Glycolysis
2 ATP

2 ADP 2 PGAL
C C C P C C C P

2 NAD+ 2 NADH

4 ADP
4 ATP
C C C

2 Pyruvate

Net: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate molecules

Balance Sheet for Glycolysis

Input
1 Glucose 2 ADP + Pi 2 NAD+

Output
2 Pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH

Transition Reaction

Transition Reaction

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Balance Sheet for the Transition Reaction and Krebs Cycle

Input
2 Pyruvate 2 ADP + 2 Pi 8 NAD+ 2 FAD

Output
6 CO2 2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2

Krebs Cycle
Handles other substrates
Intermediate molecules used: proteins and lipids Replenishment of intermediates necessary

Hans Krebs (1937): paper originally rejected

Krebs Cycle

Takes 2 complete cycles 8 steps, each with an enzyme

Krebs Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electrons are transferred from complex to complex and some of their energy is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.

Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis is powered by the flow of H+ back across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase.

Each Glucose Molecule

CO2 6

NADH
FADH2 ATP

10
2 4

Electron Transport System

CO2 6

used to make ATP

NADH
FADH2 ATP

10
2 4

Electron Transport System

Electron Transport System

+Pi

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electrons are delivered to O, forming O O attracts H+ to form H2O

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

NADH+H+

FADH2

Free energy relative to O2 (kcal/mol)

Enzyme Complex I

Enzyme Complex II

Enzyme Complex III Enzyme Complex IV

Figure 24.9

Electronic Energy Gradient

Transfer of energy from NADH + H+ and FADH2 to oxygen releases large amounts of energy This energy is released in a stepwise manner through the electron transport chain

ATP Synthase
Two major parts connected by a rod
1. Rotor in the inner mitochondrial membrane 2. Knob in the matrix

Works like an ion pump in reverse

Intermembrane space A rotor in the membrane spins clockwise when H+ flows through it down the H+ gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary.

As the rotor spins, a rod connecting the cylindrical rotor and knob also spins.

ADP +

Mitochondrial matrix

The protruding, stationary knob contains three catalytic sites that join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP when the rod is spinning.
Figure 24.11

Net ATP Yield

ATP

34 to 36 molecules ATP for every glucose molecule

about 40% efficiency

Transition cycle

Overall ATP Production

Electron Transport System 34 Citric Acid Cycle 2 Glycolysis 2 SUBTOTAL 38 NADH Transport into Mitochondrion* -2 TOTAL 36

Fermentation
(Anaerobic Respiration)

Lactic Acid Fermentation

NAD+ NADH NADH
C C C C C C

NAD+

C C C C C C

(Glycolysis)
Glucose 2 Pyruvate

(Lactic acid fermentation)

2 Lactic Acid

Glucose Anaerobic Respiration Pyruvate

Aerobic Respiration

Ethanol or Lactate

Acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle

INQUIRY
1. What is the end product in glycolysis? 2. What substance is produced by the oxidation of pyruvate and feeds into the citric acid cycle? 3. Name a product of fermentation. 4. What role does O2 play in aerobic respiration? 5. What stage during cellular respiration is the most ATP synthesized? 6. What is chemiosmosis? 7. When NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced what do they form? 8. What are they used for?