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AN EXACT REPLICA

Imagine Having A Copy Of Yourself Identical Twin

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What Is Cloning ?

Replication of certain type of cells or certain part of the cell/ DNA from a "parent" cell To PROPAGATE a certain DESIRABLE genetic trait.

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To Understand CLONING we have to Differentiate between its different types

DNA cloning Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning

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DNA CLONING Transferring a fragment of DNA from one organism to a self-replicating genetic element (bacterial plasmid ) DNA of interest can then be PROPAGATED in foreign host cells.

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THERAPEUTIC CLONING (Embryo Cloning ) Production of human embryos for use in research, for example, extracting stem cells from these embryos for study & for producing tissues to treat diseases.

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Reproductive cloning A technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another animal, so that every single gene is exactly the same between the two in a process called "Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer", or (SCNT), and this type of cloning is our subject to discuss.

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HISTORICAL VIEW

1952 Trial On a tadpole. 1997 - Dolly The Sheep by a Scottish scientist at Rosaline Institute ( first cloning of a live mammal)

Dolly The Sheep

www.layyous.com How Is Cloning Done?

How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? It can be done by different ways: somatic cell nuclear transfer and artificial embryo twinning. What is the difference between these processes?

www.layyous.com Artificial embryo twinning (natural process of creating identical twins) Occurs in a Petri dish Manual separation of a early embryo into separate cells Allowing each cell to divide on its own Placement of Embryo into a surrogate mother Term Completion and delivery of Baby

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Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) - an exact clone of an individual Dolly the sheep was created by this method.

Isolation of a somatic cell from an adult Nucleus( somatic cell) implantation to an egg cell after removing the egg nucleus Fertilization & zygote formation by chemical reactions and interventions Embryo implantation into a surrogate mother to complete the term.

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The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep who donated the somatic cell nucleus to the enucleated egg, resulting in the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell

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Difference between Natural Fertilization and SCNT

Sperm 1 Set

Origin Of 2 Set Chromosome In Embryo

Egg 1 set

Both Set From Somatic Cell

Natural Way

SCNT

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What are the risks of cloning?

Reproductive cloning is expensive not highly efficient 90% failure rate (one viable clone needs more than 100 nuclear transfer). Compromised immune function Higher rates of infection, tumor growth, Death at Young age Clones have been known to die without identifiable cause.

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Potentially Dangerous And Ethically Irresponsible

Reproductive Semi-Cloning Respecting Biparental Embryo Origin

Gamete nucleus and a haploidized somatic cell nucleus Replace either the male or the female gamete Treatment of both male and female infertility Alleviate some of the ethical concerns against conventional cloning in human assisted-reproduction

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Learn More To Get World Class Infertility IVF Gynecology and Obstetrics Facilities

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Dr Najeeb Layyous Amman, Jordan

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