Mr Van Vida Mr Khiev Khemmara Mr He Ravy Miss Thang Kim Hoeurn Miss Tuy Phearun

Institute of Technology of Cambodia Presentation of Unit Operation &* Professor: Mr Hak Sokchea Group 10 Students

Kwang-Sup Youn, Joo-Heon, Dong-Ho Bae, Seok-Joong Kim, Soon-Dong Kim

&Plan of Presentation*
I. Introduction II. Experimental III. Result and discussion IV. Conclusion

&Introduction*
The apples are the fruits we can make the juice for

drinking Reported raw apple juices contain relative high quantities of polymer such as polysaccharides, pectin and protein, etc Membrane technology for getting the juice, microfiltration and ultra filtration with filter-aids

&Experimental'
1. Materials 2. Condition for pretreatment with filter aids 3. Membrane filtration 4. Quality analysis

5. Resistance in series model

1. Materials
Apple juice concentrate (cloudy, 45o Brix)
The apple was supplied by the apple juice-processing

factory Apple Argricultural used for further experiment after reconstituted with pure water into 12.5o Brix
Degrees Brix (symbol Bx) is a measurement of the fraction of sugar per hundred parts aqueous solution, by mass. It is measured with a saccharimeter, an instrument that measures specific gravity the liquid, or more easily with a refractometer. For example, a 25Bx solution is 25% sugar, or 1 part sugar to 3 parts water.
Definition:

2. Condition for pretreatment with filter-aids

As pretreatments prior to membrane filtrations, Microfiltration and Ultra filtration The use of filter-aids such as : Bentonite

Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP)
Activated

carbon

These materials are generally used to absorb impurities, particles and microorganism in conjugation with membrane filtration Enzyme : Pectinase Amilase

3. Membrane filtration
The pretreatment apple juices were applied to two kind of membrane
Microfiltration (MF) Ultra filtration (UF)

Both of them are the hollow fiber type made of polysulfone material and their characteristics are compared in the table following

Unit

Ultrafiltration Membrane (SKUF30-103) 0.8/1.4 30000

Microfiltration Membrane (SKMF01-103) 0.4/0.6 -

Membrane i.d./o.d MWCO

mm -

Membrane pore size

Membrane area Initial fluxa Operating pressure Maximum pressure Maximum temperature

m2 1/h kgf/cm2 kgf/cm2

oC

0.06 28.8 1-2 3 60

0.01
0.07 40.0 0.5-3 5 95

4. Quality analysis
Apple juice concentrate (45o Brix)

1. pH and titratable acidity Reconstituted juice (12.5o Brix) by dilution 2. Turbidity 3. Tannin content Pretreatment by filter aid 4. Color Filter aid 1 Filter aid 2 5.Bentonite Free sugars (0.5%) content Enzyme: - pectinase 0.03% (0.2%) acids content - amylase 0.003% 6.PVPP Organic Activated carbon (10-14mesh, 1.0%) Conditions : 40oC, 60 min. oC, 130rpm, 60min. Inactivated 80oC, 5 min. 7.Conditions: Vitamin20 C content
Membrane separation by UF and MF

Clear apple juice

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of BUS-200 system for microltration and ultraltration: (1) feed tank, (2) valve, (3) feed pump, (4) rotameter, (5) pressure gauge, (6) membrane, (7) permeate, (8) retenate, (9) owmeter

4.Resistance in series model

Permeate flux(Jt) of a membrane can be expressed with the filtration resistance model, whose concept was based on the resistance series model.

Permeate flux(Jt) was calculated using the equation :

Jt = P / Rt = P / (Rm + Rc + Rf) Rm = P / w Jw Rc = Rt - Rf - Rm Rf = P / w Jf - Rm Rt = P / Jf P : average transmembrane Rt : total resistance Rc : cake layer resistance Rf : fouling resistance Rm : intrinsic resistance : viscosity Jw : water flux

1. Condition for pretreatment with filter- aids

&Results and discussion'

Follow the filtration we can remark : - Bentonite 0.5%, PVPP 0.2%, Activated carbon 1.0% , Pectinase 0.03% Amilase 0.003% at 40oC All pretreatments were done for 60 min Bentonite has the highest clarification ability followed by enzyme , PVPP, and activated carbon The pH and total acidity were not changed significantly by two types of membrane filtration as well as by pretreatment Among filter-aids, bentonite was the best in both membrane processes Activated carbon was not appropriate to enhance the permeate flux Total resistance (Rt) during UF was higher than MF due to the higher operation pressure Bentonite, especially, can reduce the the Rc/Rt without the raise of Rf/Rt

2. Effect of various treatments on apple juice turbidity

3. Permeate flux during membrane filtrations

4. Resistance change during membrane filtrations

&Results and discussion'

5. Color change during membrane filtrations

&Results and discussion'

In PO group, bentonite was superior because it changed the color closer to yellow than others, from 136.8 to 125.1 Free sugar : content was not changed by membrane filter-aid Organic acid content was not changed by each treatment Vitamin C : filter-aid did not have any problem in Vitamin C ultilzation from the final permeated juice.

6. Quality change during membrane filtration

&Conclusions'
This study was conducted to establish the optimal condition for apple juice clarification by the membrane filtration with filter-aid
Through the study filter-aids to reduce the juice turbidity by using Bentonite, PVPP and activated carbon for pretreatment The things happened after the result of process were analyzed The color of apple juice was improved toward yellowish by bentonite

Quality index was kept well during the clarification process

So the utrafiltration with bentonite filter-aid was optimal to clarify apple juice effectively

Thank you very much!

Good luck!