Introduction

What is an Embedded System ? What is a CPU ? What is a Raw Program ? What is an RTOS?

What is an Embedded System ?

A system that contains at least one programmable CPU (typically in the form of a microcontroller, a microprocessor or digital signal processor chip) used for controlled specific application.

What is an RTOS?
A real-time operating system is a background program that controls the execution of a number of application subtasks and facilitates communication, synchronization, resource handling between the subtasks.

Inside a CPU (sub units)

Definitely: ALU, Storage Unit (Registers), Instruction Decoding Unit (IDU), Bus Unit, Interrupt control logic, Clock ckt Depends: Pre fetch unit, Pipelining, Peripherals, etc

Micro Processor versus Micro Controller

ALU ACC. REGISTERS ALU ACC. REG. INT. ROM T/C I/O I/O UART SP INT. RAM INT

PC

SP

PC
CLK

CLK

INT

MICROPROCESSOR

MICRO CONTROLLER

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CPU Design Architectures

Based on Memory Organisation: Harvard Von Neuman Based on Instruction Set: CISC RISC

 CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing. Large no. of instructions, each carry out a different permutation of the same operation.

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing. The instructions are at as bare a minimum as possible .

 Instructions which support some complex operations are made available by the processors designer. Software burden is less

The user needs to design (through software) some complex operations by them selves. Software burden is more

 Instruction decoding unit size is more . Power Consumption is more. Less no. of internal CPU registers, Hence processing is memory intensive.

Instruction decoding unit size is less comparatively. Power consumption is less comparatively. More no. of internal CPU registers, Hence processing is register intensive.

 Hence impacts CPU operations speed because of frequent memory devices (slow) access. Instructions sizes and machine cycles required for executions vary.

Has a positive impact on CPUs processing speed comparitively.

Mostly instructions sizes and machine cycles required for execution is same

 Supports symmetry or orthogonality of the processor. Preferable for Complex applications,where power consumption & efficiency can be sidelined.

Preferable for applications which need to save power and CPU having efficiency.

 Many Address Modes are available.

Few Addressing modes