WATER SAMPLING

INTRODUCTION
Water is life, however not all water is safe for human standards. Water samples can provide a lot of information on a water source such as nutrient content, pollution detection and

bacterial counts. Many different industries submit water samples

for testing in order to improve water quality. Not only does water samples provide constituents for drinking, but also for the

environment.

WHAT IS WATER SAMPLING?

Water sampling is a technique used to analyze water from a variety of different sources. Sampling is a way of taking a small of amount of the source and testing it to provide information on the whole. Many different agencies use these samples to monitor pollution, biological or chemical changes, erosion and watershed

management.

WHY WE DO THIS ?
Homeowners take samples of their drinking water for health concerns. Ranchers and farmers may sample their wells for livestock and pasture management issues. State officials may test for water recreation and fishing reasons. No matter what the water is being used for, if it will impact humans in some way it needs to be tested

Analysis Methods

Bacteriological

Physicochemical

ANALYSIS METHODS
Bacteriological Analysis Membrane-Filtration method
10 ml water is introduced aseptically into a sterile or properly disinfected filtration assembly containing a sterile membrane filter. Advantages 1) All indicator organisms are retained on or within the filter Disadvantages 1) inappropriate for waters with a level of turbidity that would cause the filter to become blocked before an adequate volume of water had passed through

ANALYSIS METHODS
Multiple-tube method :
Indirect assessment of microbial density in the water sample by reference to statistical tables to determine the most probable No. of microorganisms in the original sample Advantages

1) It is essential for highly turbid samples (cannot be analysed by membrane filtration) 2) more sensitive than membrane filtration Disadvantages 1) it is time-consuming to perform and requires more equipment, glassware, and consumables than membrane filtration

ANALYSIS METHODS

Presenceabsence tests :

appropriate for monitoring good quality drinking-water where positive results are known to be rare, indicate the presence or absence of the indicator sought Advantages

1) Determine the degree of contamination rather than indicate whether or not contamination is present Disadvantages 1) They are not quantitative 2) they indicate only the presence or absence indicator sought. Such results are of very little use in countries or situations where contamination is common 3) presenceabsence tests are not recommended for use in the analysis of surface waters, untreated small-community supplies, or larger water supplies that may experience occasional operational and maintenance difficulties

ANALYSIS METHODS
Physicochemical Analysis Chlorine Residual method:
The disinfection of drinking-water supplies constitutes an important barrier against waterborne diseases. Although various disinfectants may be used, chlorine in one form or another is the principal disinfecting agent employed in small communities in most countries

Advantages
cheapness, efficacy, and ease of measurement, both in laboratories and in the field chlorine leaves a disinfectant residual that assists in preventing recontamination during distribution, transport, and household storage of water

1) 2)

Disadvantages

1) the absence of a chlorine residual in the distribution system in certain circumstances ,indicate the possibility of post-treatment contamination

ANALYSIS METHODS

pH:
Advantages

It is important to measure pH at the same time as chlorine residual since the efficacy of disinfection with chlorine is highly pH-dependent: where the pH exceeds 8.0,disinfection is less effective

1) it is possible to measure pH and chlorine residual 2) simultaneously (With some chlorine comparators) 3) portable pH electrodes and meters are available

Disadvantages

1) Results may be inaccurate if the water has a low buffering capacity NOTES 1) pH electrodes and meters are available which are used in the laboratory must be calibrated against fresh pH standards at least daily 2) For field use, they should be calibrated immediately before each test

ANALYSIS METHODS

Turbidity method:

it affects the acceptability, the selection and efficiency of treatment processes, particularly the efficiency of disinfection with chlorine since it exerts a chlorine demand and protects microorganisms and may also stimulate the growth of bacteria. If disinfection is used, the turbidity must be lowpreferably below
1)

Advantages
low-cost equipment that does not require batteries and is readily transportable in the field
Disadvantages

1)

Turbidity may change during sample transit and storage, and should therefore be measured on site at the time of sampling

ANALYSIS METHODS

The Color :

Color due to the presence of : 1. colored organic matter ,e.g. humic substances 2. metals such as iron and manganese 3. highly colored industrial wastes. Drinking-water should be colorless.
1)

Advantages
It is useful to note the presence or absence of observable color at the time of sampling

2) Changes in the color of water and the appearance of new colors serve as indicators that further investigation is needed

ANALYSIS METHODS
The Odor :
Odors caused by the presence of ; 1) organic substances. 2) increased biological activity 3) industrial pollution 4) Sanitary inspections should always include the investigation of possible or existing sources of odor

ANALYSIS METHODS
The Taste :
1) the taste buds in the oral cavity detect the inorganic compounds of metals such as magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron, and zinc.

2) should be free of objectionable taste

3) should not be offensive to the majority of the consumers

Name Mirna Wadie Merehan Ashraf Mirette Hanna

ID 844 845 846

Mission Intro Presentation Leader

Mayada Ahmed
Mina Samy Mina Wageah Mina Wadie Mina Onsy

834
848 849 850 847

Presentation
Analysis Methods Equipment Procedures Power Point